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Synthesis Report: Research Synthesis: Employment Programs and Demonstrations for SSI and SSDI Beneficiaries
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Findings:
Evidence echoes previous literature reviews on the challenges of generating substantive impacts, though customized supports to well-targeted populations show some potential.
The most effective interventions provided intensive, customized supports and services focused on job training, placement, and retention to narrowly defined target populations.
Interventions that provided support services or incentives to help beneficiaries keep more of their benefits when working had small or no impacts on employment, even if spending on services was high.
There is no evidence of SSI or SSDI caseload reductions, even among interventions that improved employment and/or earnings.
Little is known about interventions for improving earnings of people with TBI and PTSD.
Recruiting beneficiaries to participate in demonstrations was difficult, which limited the generalizability of study findings.
Fidelity to the demonstration model is important.
Work incentives and supports can be difficult to implement in the context of SSA’s existing work incentives, creating potential confusion for beneficiaries and program staff.
A strong technical assistance component, with incentives for service providers to accept the assistance, is important to successful implementation.
Demonstrations should be pilot tested before being implemented on a national scale.
Heller, S., Pollack, H. A., Ander, R., & Ludwig, J. (2013). Preventing youth violence and dropout: A randomized field experiment (No. w19014). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Topic Area: Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains
Cook, P., Dodge, K., Farkas, G., Fryer, R., Guryan, J., Ludwig, J. Mayer, S., Pollack, H., & Steinberg, L. (2014). The (surprising) efficacy of academic and behavioral intervention with disadvantaged youth: Results from a randomized experiment in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Topic Area: Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains
Zhang, S.X., & Zhang, L. (2005). An experimental study of the Los Angeles County repeat offender program: Its implementation and evaluation. Criminology and Public Policy, 4(2):205–236.
Topic Area: Justice-Involved Youth, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impactsEducation and skills gains
McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II). Chapel Hill, NC: McNeil Education.
Topic Area: Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEmployment
Valentine, E.J., Skemer, M., & Courtney, M.E. (2015). Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation. New York: MDRC.
Topic Area: Justice-Involved Youth, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Low-No impactsEducation and skills gains
A pilot study connecting youth with emotional or behavioral difficulties to summer work experiences.
Carter, E.W., Trainor, A.A., Ditchman, N., & Owens, L. (2011). A pilot study connecting youth with emotional or behavioral difficulties to summer work experiences. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 34(2), 95-106. doi:10.1177/0885728810395745
Topic Area: Job Search Assistance, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
Lane, J., Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2005). Evaluating an experimental intensive juvenile probation program: Supervision and official outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, 51(1), 26-52.
Topic Area: Justice-Involved Youth, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
- Gardiner, K., & Juras, R. (2019). PACE Cross-Program Implementation and Impact Study Findings (Report No. 2019-32). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Year Up]
Topic Area: Low-Income Adults, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains
Mackin, J., Lucas, L., Lambarth, C., Herrera, T., Waller, M., Carey, S., & Finigan, M. (2010). Baltimore County Juvenile Drug Court outcome and cost evaluation. Portland, OR: NPC Research.
Topic Area: Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis