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Synthesis Report: Research Synthesis: Employment Programs and Demonstrations for SSI and SSDI Beneficiaries
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Findings:
Evidence echoes previous literature reviews on the challenges of generating substantive impacts, though customized supports to well-targeted populations show some potential.
The most effective interventions provided intensive, customized supports and services focused on job training, placement, and retention to narrowly defined target populations.
Interventions that provided support services or incentives to help beneficiaries keep more of their benefits when working had small or no impacts on employment, even if spending on services was high.
There is no evidence of SSI or SSDI caseload reductions, even among interventions that improved employment and/or earnings.
Little is known about interventions for improving earnings of people with TBI and PTSD.
Recruiting beneficiaries to participate in demonstrations was difficult, which limited the generalizability of study findings.
Fidelity to the demonstration model is important.
Work incentives and supports can be difficult to implement in the context of SSA’s existing work incentives, creating potential confusion for beneficiaries and program staff.
A strong technical assistance component, with incentives for service providers to accept the assistance, is important to successful implementation.
Demonstrations should be pilot tested before being implemented on a national scale.
Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Youth]
Topic Area: Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029. [WIA Youth]
Topic Area: Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
- Fein, D., Dastrup, S., & Burnett, K. (2021). Still bridging the opportunity divide for low-income youth: Year Up’s longer-term impacts (Report No. 2021-56). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Topic Area: Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
Valentine, E.J., Skemer, M., & Courtney, M.E. (2015). Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation. New York: MDRC.
Topic Area: Justice-Involved Youth, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Low-No impactsEducation and skills gains
Cave, G., Bos, H., Doolittle, F. & Toussaint, C. (1993). JOBSTART: Final report on a program for school dropouts. New York: MDRC.
Topic Area: Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains
- Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsEmployment
- Geckeler, C., Betesh, H., Diaz, H., Folsom, L., Kim, H., & Paprocki, A. (2017). Helping dropout youth find education and employment: Final impact report for the evaluation of the Los Angeles Reconnections Career Academy (LARCA) program. Oakland, CA: Social Policy Research Associates.
Topic Area: Low-Income Adults
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains
- Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsEmployment
- Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsPublic benefit receipt
- Hemmeter, J. (2014). Earnings and disability program participation of Youth Transition Demonstration participants after 24 months. Social Security Bulletin, 74(1), 1-25. [New York: CUNY site]
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEmployment
- Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsPublic benefit receipt
- Hemmeter, J. (2014). Earnings and disability program participation of Youth Transition Demonstration participants after 24 months. Social Security Bulletin, 74(1), 1-25. [New York: Erie County Transition WORKS site]
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Mod/high-No impactsEmployment
- Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impactsPublic benefit receipt
- Gardiner, K., & Juras, R. (2019). PACE Cross-Program Implementation and Impact Study Findings (Report No. 2019-32). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Year Up]
Topic Area: Low-Income Adults, Opportunities for Youth
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEducation and skills gains