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Synthesis Report: Research Synthesis: Employment Programs and Demonstrations for SSI and SSDI Beneficiaries
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Findings:
Evidence echoes previous literature reviews on the challenges of generating substantive impacts, though customized supports to well-targeted populations show some potential.
The most effective interventions provided intensive, customized supports and services focused on job training, placement, and retention to narrowly defined target populations.
Interventions that provided support services or incentives to help beneficiaries keep more of their benefits when working had small or no impacts on employment, even if spending on services was high.
There is no evidence of SSI or SSDI caseload reductions, even among interventions that improved employment and/or earnings.
Little is known about interventions for improving earnings of people with TBI and PTSD.
Recruiting beneficiaries to participate in demonstrations was difficult, which limited the generalizability of study findings.
Fidelity to the demonstration model is important.
Work incentives and supports can be difficult to implement in the context of SSA’s existing work incentives, creating potential confusion for beneficiaries and program staff.
A strong technical assistance component, with incentives for service providers to accept the assistance, is important to successful implementation.
Demonstrations should be pilot tested before being implemented on a national scale.
Ottomanelli, L., Goetz, L. L., Suris, A., McGeough, C., Sinnott, P. L., Toscano, R., … Thomas, F. P. (2012). Effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries: Results from a randomized multisite study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(5), 740-747.
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEmployment
Ottomanelli, L., Goetz, L. L., Suris, A., McGeough, C., Sinnott, P. L., Toscano, R., … Thomas, F. P. (2012). Effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries: Results from a randomized multisite study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(5), 740-747. [CONTRAST 1: Non-experimental study]
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
Greenberg, G. A., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2007). Compensation of veterans with psychiatric or substance abuse disorders and employment and earnings. Military Medicine, 172(2), 162-168.
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Low-Unfavorable impactsEmployment
Twamley, E., Jak, A., Delis, D., Bondi, M., & Lohr, J. (2014). Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) for veterans with traumatic brain injury: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 51(1), 59-70.
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy, Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
Coile, C., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2015). Veterans’ labor force participation: What role does the VA’s disability compensation program play? American Economic Review, 105(5), 131-136.
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment
Heaton, P. (2012). The effects of hiring tax credits on employment of disabled veterans. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Occasional Paper. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occassional papers/2012/RAND_OP 366.pdf.
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEmployment
Resnick, S., Neale, M., & Rosenheck, R. (2003). Impact of public support payments, intensive psychiatric community care, and program fidelity on employment outcomes for people with severe mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(3), 139-144.
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impactsEmployment
Coile, C., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2016). To work for yourself, for others, or not at all? How disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans. Unpublished manuscript.
Topic Area: Veterans
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Mod/high-No impactsEmployment
- Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impactsPublic benefit receipt
Penk, W., Drebing, C. E., Rosenheck, R, A., Krebs, C., Van Ormer, A., & Mueller, L. (2010). Veterans Health Administration transitional work experience vs. job placement in veterans with co-morbid substance use and non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33(4), 297-307.
Topic Area: Disability Employment Policy
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Outcome Effectiveness:- Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impactsEarnings and wages
- Employment-Low-Favorable impactsEmployment