Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol" "Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents' education, employment, and psychological wellbeing.","Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sabol, T. J., Eckrich Sommer, T., Chor, E., Cooperman, A. W., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., King, C., & Morris, A. (2019). Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents’ education, employment, and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(4), 433-443.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of CareerAdvance on education, employment, and earnings outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of parents who participated in CareerAdvance to outcomes of parents who did not participate. The study found that parents in the treatment group had significantly higher rates of certification, more years of education, and higher rates of enrollment in education and training programs than parents in the comparison group. The treatment group also had significantly higher rates of employment in the healthcare sector, higher rates of part-time employment, and worked more irregular hours than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CareerAdvance program, but other factors might also have contributed.","CareerAdvance Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2019,https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-a-two-generation-human-capital…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the PSSN group (both treatment groups) versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the probability of attending school significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact","Dillon, A., Porreca, E., & Rosati, F. (2018). Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mali Speed School Program on child labor and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children who participated in the Mali Speed School Program with children who did not. Using survey data, the authors conducted difference-in-differences models to examine long-term program outcomes between the groups. The study found that the percentage of children who worked in agriculture in the last seven days or wage employment in the previous 12 months was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group. The study also found that the percentage of children enrolled in school five years after program implementation was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mali Speed School Program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers with Public Works Program component treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PWP households compared to children in control group households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the likelihood of dropping out of school significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG 1.0) impact study interim report: Program implementation and short-term impacts. (Report No. 2018-16a)","Peck, L. R., Werner, A., Harvill, E., Litwok, D., Moulton, S., Fountain, A. R., & Locke, G. (2018). Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG 1.0) impact study interim report: Program implementation and short-term impacts. (Report No. 2018-16a). Washington, DC: Office of Planning. Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health and Human Services.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Health Profession Opportunity Grant (HPOG) program on educational progress, earnings, and employment. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to analyze the effects of the program between a treatment group, an enhanced treatment group, and a control group. The study found that HPOG participants had significantly higher rates of educational progress, significantly higher earnings in the fifth quarter, and a significantly higher likelihood to be employed in healthcare than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is high for the employment and earnings outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for the educational progress and employment in healthcare outcomes because sample attrition for these outcomes was high, but the authors controlled for key differences between the treatment and control groups at baseline. This means we are somewhat confident that estimated effects on these outcomes would be attributable to HPOG, but other factors might have also contributed.","the Health Profession Opportunity Grant (HPOG)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2018,https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/hpog_interim_appendices_final_…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers (CCT) only treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in households receiving the CCT only compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy","de Hoop, J., Friedman, J., Kandpal, E., & Rosati, F. (2017). Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, on children’s school attendance and participation and their participation in work inside and outside of their households. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The researchers used household surveys, administered at baseline and two and half years after the intervention began, to assess program impact on schooling and child labor outcomes between the treatment and control groups. The study found that, two and a half years after the program began, a significantly higher proportion of children participating in the program worked for pay outside of their household than children not participating in the program. However, there was a significantly greater proportion of children in the treatment group than the control group who attended school and attended school regularly. Similarly, children in the treatment group attended a significantly greater number of days of school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, and not to other factors.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report","Price, D., Childress, L., Sedlak, W., & Roach, R. (2017). Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: DVP-PRAXIS LTD.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC) on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. This summary focuses on the comprehensive support services strategy. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of NRC students who received comprehensive support services to a matched comparison group. The study found a significant association between receipt of support services and increased program completion, credential attainment, credit accumulation, earnings for incumbent workers, and employment attainment and retention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NRC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Northeast-Resiliency-Cons…,"Community College Review Protocol" "The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2017). The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Child Grant Programme (CGP) on child labor and education outcomes in Lesotho. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that participation in the CGP was significantly associated with increased school enrollment two years after the introduction of the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the treatment group received a second grant payment, the Food Emergency Grant, which presents a confound. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Child Grant Programme (CGP); other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report","Price, D., Childress, L., Sedlak, W., & Roach, R. (2017). Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: DVP-PRAXIS LTD.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC) on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. This summary focuses on the continuing education to credit-based educational pathways strategy. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of NRC students who enrolled in continuing education to credit pathways to a matched comparison group. The study found a significant association between NRC program participation and increased credit accumulation, matriculation, and employment attainment and retention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NRC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Northeast-Resiliency-Cons…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Zambia Multiple Categorical Targeting Group (MCTG) program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that children in the treatment group were significantly more likely than children in the control group to participate in livestock herding and collect water or firewood. However, program participants were significantly more likely to attend school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Zambia's Multiple Categorical Targeting Group program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found children in the treatment group were less likely to work for pay outside of the household, had less time spent in paid work, were more likely to attend school, but had an increase in hazardous work than children in the control group; these findings were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J. W. (2016) Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of a conditional cash transfer was significantly associated with a reduction in child work and increases in school attendance for the poorest households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi","de Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi. Retrieved from http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of Malawai’s Labour Intensive Public Works program (LIPW) on children’s school participation and involvement in paid work and household chores. The study was a randomized controlled trial where eligible villages were randomly assigned to a control group that would not receive any benefits, or to one of four treatment groups that differed by agricultural season (lean vs. post-harvest) and payment schedule (lump sum vs. installments). Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and work 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months after implementation. The study found that post-harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of paid work 6 months after participation for boys, whereas lean harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of household chores for girls one year after treatment. Lean program participation was also significantly related to school attendance 6 months after participation for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Malawi’s LIPW program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings","Lincove, J. A., & Parker, A. (2016). The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings. Education Economics, 24(4), 352-373.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Nicaragua’s Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on attending school, working, and hours worked for children ages 6 to 16. The authors used data from an experimental design where communities were randomly assigned to participate in the program. The authors used difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the program, controlling for child and family demographics separately by child gender and child age groups. The CCT was not associated with the probability of attending school and working for boys, but was associated with a statistically significant decrease in hours worked for boys ages 6-11 (2.8 hours) and for boys as 12-13 (8.7 hours). The program was also associated with a statistically significant 15.8 percent increase in the probability of school enrollment for girls ages 6-11. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the RPS conditional cash transfer program, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.janelincove.com/uploads/3/7/2/0/37205101/educaton_economics_2015.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the UCT group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that the CCT group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the UCT group for the least poor households. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in the number of hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R, Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the UCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of an unconditional cash transfer was significantly associated with an increases in school attendance for the poorest households, but not significantly related to child labor outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the unconditional cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evidence from a randomized evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers","Akresh, R., de Walque, D., & Kazianga, H. (2016). Evidence from a randomized evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers (Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team Working Paper 7730). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on child labor and education outcomes.   The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in a rural province of Burkina Faso. Using household surveys and administrative data records, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences in outcomes between the groups over two years. The study found that at the two-year follow-up, rates of school enrollment and attendance were significantly higher for children in households receiving conditional cash transfers relative to the control group. At the two-year follow-up, child labor rates were significantly higher when cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) were given to fathers rather than to mothers. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Nahouri Cash Transfer Pilot Project, and not to other factors.  ",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Child, Low income",,International,2016,https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/944741467047531083/pdf/WPS7730.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment","Benedetti, F., Ibarrarán, P., & McEwan, P. J. (2016). Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64(4), 759-793. doi:10.1086/686583","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer on school enrollment and child labor. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in in low-income villages in Honduras. Villages were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. Baseline and follow-up survey data were collected from randomly selected households and analyzed using regression. The Bono 10,000 program significantly increased school enrollment but did not significantly reduce child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono 10,000 program and not to other factors.","Bono 10,000","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/bono.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance?","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2016). Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance? Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the reformed Prospera cash transfer program on child work and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not in two urban areas in Mexico. Outcomes were compared between the treatment and control groups at six months and 18 months post-intervention. The study found that for households with eligible primary and secondary school children, the rates of children working and working for pay were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at six months post-intervention. The study also found that for households with only eligible secondary school children, the rates of school attendance were significantly lower among children in the treatment group than the control group at 18 months post-intervention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the reformed Prospera cash transfer program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers","Martinson, K., Williams, J., Needels, K., Peck, L., Moulton, S., Paxton, N., Mastri, A., Copson, E., Comfort, A., & Brown-Lyons, M. (2016). The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers. Retrieved from https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20from%20the%20Impact%20Study.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used a baseline information form, the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH), a follow-up survey, and administrative program data to compare the outcomes between the treatment and control groups over an 18-month follow-up period. The study found that the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program had a significant positive impact on completion rates for vocational training and life skills classes, and receipt of a vocational credential. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program and not to other factors.","the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity Program","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Justice-involved, Other barriers, Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20f…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Making the Future: The Wisconsin strategy: Final evaluation report","Price, D., Sedlak, W., Roberts, B., & Childress, L. (2016). Making the Future: The Wisconsin strategy: Final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: Northeast Wisconsin Technical College.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Wisconsin Making the Future program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the Making the Future program to a matched comparison group. Using institutional research data from the community colleges and workforce, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences between the groups. When compared to non-participating students, the study found that Making the Future program participation was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of credential attainment, credit accumulation, and receipt of a one-year technical diploma, a less than one-year technical diploma, and a local certificate. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Making the Future program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Making the Future","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2016,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Final-Evaluation-Report-W…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Honest Money Box program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Honest Money Box program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Honest Money Box program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Honest Money Box Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report","Cunningham, M. K., Biess, J., Emam, D., & Burt., M. R. (2015). Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the effect of the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program on the employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and education and training outcomes of veterans at risk of homelessness. The study uses a nonexperimental design to examine whether there were changes in veterans’ outcomes from before the program began to six months after the program ended using self-reported data directly from the veterans. The study found statistically significant positive relationships between the VHPD program and veterans’ employment and earnings six months after the program ended compared with before the program. The study found mixed relationships between the VHPD program and public benefit receipt: significantly fewer veterans in the study received several types of public benefits, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Significantly more veterans in the study, however, received Veterans Pension benefits after the program compared with before it. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the VHPD program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income, Veteran or military, Homeless",,"United States",2015,http://apps.urban.org/features/homeless-veterans/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program","Lopez-Calva, L. F., & Patrinos, H. A. (2015). Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 16(3), 452-467. doi:10.1080/19452829.2015.1072378","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor and school attendance for children ages 8 to 17 across 3 indigenous, Spanish-speaking, and bilingual households. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on indigenous households versus individuals who were bilingual or Spanish-speaking. The study found that the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program was significantly related to a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance for indigenous speaking children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for the required variables. As a result, we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242464961_Exploring_the_Differential_I…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Aflatoun program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Aflatoun program compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Aflatoun program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Aflatoun Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report","Berhane, G., Devereux, S., Hoddinott, J., Hoel, J., Roelen, K., Abay, K. Kimmel, M., Ledlie, N., & Woldu, T. (2015). Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report. New York, NY: UNICEF","Child Labor",,,"Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment in two districts in Ethiopia (Abi Adi and Hintalo Wajirat). The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children who received the cash transfer to those who did not. Outcomes were measured using baseline and follow-up household surveys and analyzed using regression. The study found that the number of days that girls were engaged in household business (non-farm activities) significantly decreased in Abi Adi; no significant impacts were found for boys in Abi Adi or any children in the Hintalo Wajirat. The study also found that the rates of school enrollment significantly increased for girls aged 6-11 in Hintalo Wajirat; there were no significant impacts for boys in Hintalo Wajirat or any children in Abi Adi. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the scholarship treatment and control groups. There was also no statistically significant difference in rates of school attendance or school enrollment between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Scholarship, and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya","Owoko, S. A. (2014). Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya (Unpublished master's thesis). Nairobi, Kenya: University of Nairobi.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of Kenya’s Cash Transfer to the Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) program on children’s participation in work and school. The study used a post-test only design to assess differences in school enrollment and work participation between 5-17 year-old children in the CT-OVC program and those who were not in the program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly related to lower rates of child labor and higher rates of school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program (Kenya CT-OVC)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.deveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the stipend treatment group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the scholarship treatment group at the end of the school year. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor","de Lima Amaral, E. F., Goncalves, G. Q., & Weiss, C. (2014). The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications, 2, 101-125","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Familia, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 who resided in families who met the income threshold for the Bolsa Familia program compared with those who had not, based on data from the 2010 Brazilian Census. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment. However, receipt of the transfer was also associated with significantly higher rates of work. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children's activities","de Hoop, J., Ranzani, M., Rosati, F. C. (2014). The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children’s activities (Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_144552.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program on child labor and school participation. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assess the intervention. Child outcomes were compared between the treatment and control group households, using data from follow-up surveys administered two years after the start of the intervention. The study found a 5 percent reduction in the proportion of children in the treatment group who were working in unpaid labor or conducting household chores compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because randomization was compromised and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means that if there were significant effects, we would not be confident that they were attributable to Kenya CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_14…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the stipend treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance and lower rates of carpet weaving than the control group at the end of the school year. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Stipend, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour","Ranzani, M., & Rosati, F. (2014). The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour. Rome, Italy: Understanding Children’s Work.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades) on school attendance and participation in work for children ages 8 to 14 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the Oportunidades program on schooling and work for boys and girls using a statistical model. The study found that Oportunidades significantly increased school participation for boys and girls and significantly decreased participation in work for boys only. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Oportunidades, although other factors could also have contributed.",Oportunidades,"Child labor",Other,,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/Oportunidades_school_part_child_labour_Ja…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya","Asfaw, S., Davis, B., Dewbre, J., Handa, S., & Winters, P. (2014). Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(8), 1172-1196. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2014.919383","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a monthly cash transfer program on household food consumption, resources, and work, including child labor. The study used survey data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. Households from seven districts in Kenya were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. Within those locations, 20 percent of the poorest households were recruited if they had one or more children 17 years old or younger who was an orphan or had a chronically ill parent or caregiver.  The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in farm labor for children ages 10-15. This relationship was significant for boys but not for girls. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the program and an increase in school enrollment for children ages 12-18. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Experiment","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES","Amarante, V., Ferrando, M., & Vigorito, A. (2013). Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES. Economia, 61-93.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,"Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: This objective of this study was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES), on child labor and school attendance for children 14-17 years old in Uruguay. The primary design was a regression discontinuity design (RDD) using households within a 2 percent range of the cutoff score. The authors also used a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The study used administrative data collected before the launch of the program and household surveys implemented in two follow-up waves (at two months and 18 months after the program ended). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the program on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the comparison group. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the PANES program and child labor or schooling. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report under the DID design is low. The RDD does not receive a causal rating.","National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265975653_Teenage_School_Attendance_an…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012","ICF International. (2013). Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012. Calverton, MD: Author.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Combating Worst Forms of Child Labor by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt (CWCLP) on schooling and work for children ages 6 to 11 (at the time of the baseline survey). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the CWCLP program on schooling and work after approximately 12-16 months of implementation (the timing of implementation varied). When compared to control group children, the study found that CWCLP participating children spent significantly less time in economic activities and unpaid household services and significantly more time in school-related activities. Participating children also had significantly higher school enrollment and significantly higher school attendance than children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CWCLP program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the take home rations treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the take home rations program significantly decreased productive labor for all children, with a larger decrease for girls than boys. For children enrolled in school at the time of the survey, the program significantly decreased productive labor for all children. The study also found that the take home rations program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the take home rations program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Miller, C., Tessler B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in the Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment, and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Department of Labor, the Department of Social Services in Connecticut, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors also used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 3.9 percentage points less likely than the control group to have ever been employed in a Unemployment Insurance-covered job one year after the program began, and that members of the treatment group were 8.9 percentage points more likely to obtain a license or certificate one year after the program began than members of the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport and not to other factors.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration, Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data","Luseno, W. K. (2012). Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (Accession No. 1240627043).","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS) on child labor and school outcomes.  The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Mchinji district of Malawi. Within the district, eight villages were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control groups. Using survey data, the author compared the child labor and school outcomes of children ages 6-17 in households that received the cash transfer with those that did not receive the cash transfer. The study found that when compared to the control group, children in the Mchinji SCTPS program had significantly: 1) increased school enrollment; 2) fewer school absences; and 3) worked fewer hours outside of the home. An unexpected finding was that children participating in the Mchinji SCTPS also had significantly higher rates of domestic work when compared to children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme and not to other factors.","Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:7052544c-df44-46b5-aa01-500991b72…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme","Covarrubias, K., Davis, B. & Winters, P. (2012). From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 50-77.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) on household work activities, including child labor. The study used household survey data from a randomized controlled trial. Due to pre-existing baseline differences between the original treatment and control groups, the authors used a matched comparison group design to compare child schooling and labor outcomes between children in the treatment group and those in the control group. The study found that the SCTS program significantly decreased the proportion of children in paid domestic work outside of the household and the proportion of children pulled from school to work for food or money. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS); however, other factors might have also contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/p2p/Publications/MalawiSCT_ProductiveI…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor","Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of an unconditional cash transfer program, the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS), on child school participation and child labor. To assess the program’s effects, the authors used a randomized controlled trial in which villages were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which would receive the intervention, and the control group, which would not. Child labor was assessed using household surveys, and schooling outcomes were assessed using household surveys and school records. To understand the program’s impact on child school and work participation, the authors compared change in these outcomes over the first year of the program. The study found that children participating in the intervention had significantly greater decreases in school absences over one year, relative to the comparison group. In addition, over one year there was a significantly lower increase in the percent of both boys and girls who worked for income if they were in the intervention group rather than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme, but other factors might also have contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://interactions.eldis.org/sites/interactions.eldis.org/files/database_sp/Ma…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico","Behrman, J. R., Gallardo-Garcıa, J., Parker, S. W., Todd, P. E., & Velez-Grajales, V. (2012). Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico. Education Economics, 20(3), 233-259.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on school enrollment and employment in paid activities for children ages 6 to 18 in urban areas. The study used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes from PROGRESA/Oportunidades program 1 and 2 years after implementation in urban areas. The study found that PROGRESA/Oportunidades was significantly related to reduced labor rates for boys who were 12-14 in the first and second year, and girls ages 15 to 18 in the first year. The program was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment for boys and girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Urban",2012,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Poverty alleviation and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), 100-124.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor, within the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where households within each local parish were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, who are eligible for the cash transfers, or the control group, who are not. The authors compared child labor and school enrollment outcomes, using a follow-up survey administered over a year after the program began. The study found that children were significantly less likely to participate in child labor and more likely to be enrolled in school if they were assigned to the treatment group than if they were assigned to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program, and not to other factors.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.100,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [San Diego—EARN!]","Miller, C., Tessler, B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [San Diego—EARN!]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in San Diego—EARN!, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC), on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Employment Development Department in California, the San Diego County Health and Human Service Agency, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 5.7 percentage points more likely than the control group to have ever received Food Stamps one year after the program began. The study also found that members of the treatment group received an average of $155 more in Food Stamps than the control group one year after the program began and an average of $320 more in Food Stamps than the control group three years after the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for outcomes measured with administrative data. This means we are confident that the estimated effects on these outcomes are attributable to San Diego—EARN! and not to other factors. However, outcomes measured with survey data receive a low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to San Diego—EARN!; other factors may have contributed.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration (WASC), San Diego—EARN!","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Compliance-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Compliance Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the school meals treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the school meals program significantly increased all labor (productive labor plus domestic labor/household chores) for boys enrolled at the time of survey. However, the study also found that the school meals program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the school meals program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades","Behrman, J. R., Parker, S. W., & Todd, P. E. (2011). Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades. Journal of Human Resources, 46(1), 93-122. doi:10.3368/jhr.46.1.93","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on long-term schooling and work for children ages 9 to 15 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on schooling and work 18-months after implementation. The authors also used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes five-and-a-half years post-implementation. The study found that 18 months of program exposure significantly increased the school grade completion by 2.4 percent for boys and 2.7 percent for girls. The 18-month program exposure significantly decreased participation in work by 4.1 percent for boys but had no significant effect for girls. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and increased school grade completion five-and-a-half years post-implementation for all groups except for girls aged 17-19. It also found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for boys aged 15-16 in 2003 but did not find a significant relationship between the program for girls or for any other age groups of boys. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for short-term outcomes (18 months) because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but low for longer-term outcomes (five-and-a-half years) because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,https://www.mcgill.ca/isid/files/isid/behrman_et_al_2011.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program","World Bank. (2011). Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-Harapan-impact-evaluation-of-Indonesias-Pilot-Household-Conditional-Cash-Transfer-Program","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), on child school and work participation. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared outcomes between the treatment and control groups using household surveys conducted before and two years after initial program implementation. The study found a significant increase in time spent working in family enterprises for children 13-15 and children 7-12 in the treatment group compared to the control group. The study found that relative to the control group, children aged 13-15 who participated in the program had significantly larger increases in the hours attending school two years after program implementation began. However, school enrollment rates significantly decreased for children aged 7-12 who participated in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because randomization was compromised but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Program Keluarga Harapan, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-H…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Three essays on investments in children's human capital","Bustelo, M. (2011). Three essays on investments in children's human capital (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4837518.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program, Red de Proteccion Social (RPS), on child work participation and school enrollment. The study was a randomized controlled trial that took place in Nicaragua. Data were obtained from a baseline and two follow-up surveys administered to treatment and control group households. The study found that the RPS program significantly increased school enrollment for targeted children by 18% in the first year post-intervention and 14% in the second year post-intervention. The study found no statistically significant relationships between RPS and work participation for targeted children. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the author demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Red de Proteccion Social, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor",Other,,International,2011,https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/29654/Bustelo_Monserrat.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT","Arriaz, I., & Rozo, S. (2011). Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Evaluation & Oversight.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Red de Oportunidades (RdO), a conditional cash transfer program in Panama, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used cross-sectional data to compare the treatment group to the comparison group on several outcomes, including child labor (if the child worked in the previous week) and school enrollment (if the child was enrolled in formal schooling). In the analyses for rural areas, the study found that the receipt of the RdO was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor by 6.2 percentage points and an increase in school enrollment by 8.8 percentage points. In the analyses for the indigenous areas, the receipt of RdO was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment by 6.3 percentage points, but not related to child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Oportunidades (RdO) program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Oportunidades (RdO)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2011,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1847124,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Direct Support Program (DSP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among DSP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in the DSP was significantly associated with a lower amount of total time spent in work outside home, time spent in unpaid work outside the home and a composite measure of total work (paid and unpaid outside the home plus child care and household chores). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Direct Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil","Helfand, S.M., & Souza, A.P. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil. University of California, Riverside, CA: Sao Paulo School of Economics.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Escola program on school enrollment, school progression, and child labor for children ages 6 to 15 in rural areas. Using data from the 2001 and 2003 Brazilian Census, the authors used a structural model to examine the average program impact of the Bolsa Escola program. The study found that the Bolsa Escola program was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment and school progression. However, the study did not find a statistically significant relationship between program participation and child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil","Ferro, A. R., Lúcia Kassouf, A., & Levison, D. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition between School and Work (pp. 193-218). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Escola program, which provided conditional cash transfers to families in Brazil, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental matched comparison group design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had applied but who had not received it (waitlisted families), based on data from Brazil’s national household survey. The study found that receipt of the Bolsa Escola benefit was significantly related to higher rates of school enrollment and lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,http://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2009/inscricao.on/arquivos/000-dde4869521f17def…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Agricultural Extension Support Program (AEP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among AEP participants and non-participants. The study found that AEP participation was significantly related to lower amounts of time spent in paid work and in a combined measure of all work, as well as greater amounts of time spent in school. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Agricultural Extension Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia","Attanasio, O., Fitzsimons, E., Gomez, A., Gutierrez, M. I., Meghir, C., & Mesnard, A. (2010). Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(2), 181-210. doi:10.1086/648188.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the conditional cash transfer program, Familias en Acción, on children’s work and school participation in Columbia. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor and schooling outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a survey. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with a decrease in the likelihood of participating in domestic work for urban children aged 10 to 17, a decrease in the hours spent in income-generating work for urban children aged 14 to 17, and a decrease in the hours spent in domestic work for all but rural children aged 14 to 17. Receipt of the cash transfer was also significantly related to an increase in the hours spent in school for all children in urban and rural areas. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Familias en Acción program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Familias en Acción","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5381/1/Child_Education.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Public Work Program (PWP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among PWP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in PWP was significantly associated with a lower amount of time spent on child care and household chores. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Public Work Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving both the PSNP and OFSP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from both PSNP and OFSP and an increase in domestic chores for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program or the Other Food Security Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program","Borraz, F., & González, N. (2009). Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program. Cuadernos de economia, 46(134), 243-271. doi:10.4067/S0717-68212009000200006","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program (Ingreso Ciudadano) on school attendance (ages 8 to 14) and child labor (ages 6 to 14) among children in Uruguay from 2005 to 2007. Using the annual Uruguayan National Household Survey with cross sectional data from 2006 and 2007, the authors compared school attendance and child labor for households who received the conditional cash transfer to a group of non-participating households who had similar characteristics. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the conditional cash transfer program and school attendance. However, the study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for females in the Montevideo region, but not for males in any region or females in the rest of the country. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Ingreso Ciudadano; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ingreso Ciudadano","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cecon/v46n134/art06.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving a certain amount of the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that for boys ages 6-16, there was a significant relationship between households receiving a certain amount of cash transfer and increased school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil","Cardoso, E., & de Souza, A. F. (2009). The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An Economic perspective. Houndmills, U.K. and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two Brazilian income transfer programs (Minimum Income and Bolsa Escola) on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 10 to 15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had not, based on data from the 2000 Brazilian Census. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who had not received the transfers but who had similar characteristics to the treatment group to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that the income transfer programs were significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the income transfer programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Income Transfer Programs (Minimum Income Program and Bolsa Escola)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://ideas.repec.org/p/van/wpaper/0407.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study did not find a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from PSNP and the number of hours worked (in domestic labor, agricultural labor, or total labor hours) or school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program","Maluccio, J. A. (2009). Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An economic perspective (pp. 187-204). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_12","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) cash transfer program on school attendance and enrollment and on child labor for children aged 7-13 in rural Nicaragua. Using panel survey data collected before and one year after program implementation, the author measured the impact of RPS using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study found that participation in RPS was significantly related to a reduction in child labor and a significant increase in school enrollment and attendance. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because, while it was based on an RCT, attrition was high and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Proteccion Social; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil","Yap, Y. T., Sedlacek, G., & Orazem, P. F. (2009). Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child Labor and Education in Latin America (pp. 147-165). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_10","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor on child labor and hours in school. The authors used an experimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 residing in municipalities who received income transfers with those residing in municipalities who did not receive income transfers. Based on data from Brazil’s national household survey, the authors used statistical models to assess the impact of the program in each group. The PETI program was significantly associated with an increase in time in school and less time in work for participating children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PETI program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in grades 6-10 who received the basic treatment worked significantly fewer hours in the last week than students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of success in adult education programs: Evidence from experimental data with low-income welfare recipients","Leininger, L. J., & Kalil, A. (2008). Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of success in adult education programs: Evidence from experimental data with low-income welfare recipients. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27, 521-535. doi: 10.1002/pam.20357","Literacy, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an education-focused intervention and an employment-focused intervention on education outcomes. The authors used data from a randomized controlled trial, the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS). The NEWWS study randomly assigned individuals within seven geographic locations to one of three conditions: an education-focused intervention, an employment-focused intervention, or the control group. The current study used a subsample to examine participants’ completion of a high school diploma or equivalent two years after being assigned to one of the conditions. The study found that participation in the education-focused intervention was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of receiving a high school diploma or equivalent relative to the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the education-focused or employment-focused interventions, although other factors could also have contributed.","the Education-Focused and Employment-Focused Interventions","Basic skills Other training and education","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2008,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.20357,"Literacy, Low-Income Adults Review Protocol" "Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 08-024. [TANF/VIEW]","Hollenbeck, K., Huang, W.-J., and WE Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (2008). Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 08-024. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [TANF/VIEW]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (TANF/VIEW) program on employment and credential completion rates. The authors used administrative records to compare outcomes for low-income adults who took part in the TANF/VIEW program to a nonexperimental matched group of adults who did not take part in the program. The study found that, compared with those who did not take part in the program, the employment rate was significantly lower for those who took part in the TANF/VIEW program, but the TANF/VIEW group earned significantly more educational or training credentials. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TANF/VIEW program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (TANF/VIEW) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the basic treatment group had a significant increase in self-reported school attendance compared to students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the savings treatment group and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor, school attendance, or school enrollment between students receiving the savings treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 08-024). [WIA-Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2008). Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 08-024). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA-Adult]","Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Title I program for adults (including dislocated workers) on participants’ employment and credential completion rates. The study used administrative records to compare the outcomes for low-income adults who took part in the WIA program with a nonexperimental-matched group of adults who did not take part in the program. The study found that the WIA program participants had higher employment and credential completion rates than those of people who did not participate in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Title I program for adults (including dislocated workers); other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Title I Program for Adults","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2008,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay","Hirata, G. I. (2008). The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay. Brazil: International Poverty Centre/UNDP.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Tekoporã conditional cash transfer program on children’s participation in non-domestic labor and school attendance. The author used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 4 to 14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from a program eligibility questionnaire and a follow-up survey. The author used statistical models to estimate the effects of the program. The study found no significant relationship between the Tekoporã program and the number of children in the household who participated in non-domestic labor. However, the program was significantly related to decisions between school and work, with a decrease in the probability that children would “only work” or “neither work nor attend school.” The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention or adequately control for time-varying characteristics that might influence the outcome. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Tekoporã; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Tekoporã,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/hirata.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the tertiary treatment group and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the tertiary treatment group worked significantly less in the past week than students in the control group. They were also significantly more likely to report their primary activity as studying and less likely to report their primary activity as work or home versus students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the tertiary treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia","Sparrow, R. (2007). Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 99-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00438.x","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Jaring Prengaman Sosial (JPS), a scholarship program in Indonesia, on child labor and school enrollment. The author used data from an annual Indonesian national survey to estimate an instrumental variable (IV) regression model to examine if scholarship receipt affected school enrollment, and probit models to examine the effects on child labor and school attendance. The study found that the receipt of a scholarship was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the JPS in the probit model and no evidence was provided on the strength of the instrument used in the IV model. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Jaring Prengaman Sosial","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2007,https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8f79/add16372936ea1e388e3a9c82e320435a87d.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador","Schady, N. & Araujo, M. C. (2006). Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3930. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program on child labor and school enrollment for children 6-17 years old. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare the outcomes of children in households assigned to participate in the program to outcomes of those who did not participate. The study found a significant relationship between being selected for the BDH program and whether children worked and hours per week children worked; both were significantly lower for those in the treatment group than those in the control group. The study also found that children selected into the BDH program had significantly higher rates of school enrollment and significantly lower rates of having dropped out since the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2006,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers","Galiani, S., & McEwan, P. J. (2013). The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers. Journal of Public Economics, 103, 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Honduran Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF-II) conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used census data from a randomized sample of municipalities to compare the outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer to those who did not. The authors used statistical models to estimate program effects. The study found a significant relationship between the PRAF-II and child labor, with work outside the home decreasing by 3 percentage points and work inside the home decreasing by 4 percentage points. Program participation was also significantly related to an 8-percentage point increase in school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Programa de Asignación Familiar; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2003,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004,"Child Labor Review Protocol"