Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol" "Oregon Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) evaluation report: Results, key issues and implications for policy, practice and systems","Watrus, B., & Fercho, H. (2015). Oregon Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) evaluation report: Results, key issues and implications for policy, practice and systems. Retrieved from https://www.roguecc.edu/Programs/CareerPathways/pdf/CASE%20final%20evaluation%20report_Final.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) program on education and employment outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the CASE program to a matched comparison group. The study found a positive relationship between participation in the CASE program and program completion and employment; however, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar or use sufficient. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CASE program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2020,https://www.roguecc.edu/Programs/CareerPathways/pdf/CASE%20final%20evaluation%2…,"Community College Review Protocol" "SUN PATH comparison group study","Dauphinee, T., & Bishwakarma, R. (2018). SUN PATH comparison group study. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Career to Cradle Policy Institute.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Skill‐UP Network Pathways Acceleration in Technology and Healthcare (SUN PATH) program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the SUN PATH program to a matched comparison group of students. The study found that SUN PATH students had higher rates of program completion, certificates/degree attainment, program retention, employment, and earnings than students in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SUN PATH program, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Skill‐UP Network Pathways Acceleration in Technology and Healthcare (SUN PATH) Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Other, Low-skilled, Veteran or military",,"United States",2018,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/18108/SUN%20PATH%20Compa…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact","Dillon, A., Porreca, E., & Rosati, F. (2018). Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mali Speed School Program on child labor and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children who participated in the Mali Speed School Program with children who did not. Using survey data, the authors conducted difference-in-differences models to examine long-term program outcomes between the groups. The study found that the percentage of children who worked in agriculture in the last seven days or wage employment in the previous 12 months was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group. The study also found that the percentage of children enrolled in school five years after program implementation was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mali Speed School Program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the PSSN group (both treatment groups) versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the probability of attending school significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers with Public Works Program component treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PWP households compared to children in control group households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the likelihood of dropping out of school significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Developmental students' persistence towards graduation in paired coursework programs among African American and Latino males in community colleges","Davis, E. (2018). Developmental students' persistence towards graduation in paired coursework programs among African American and Latino males in community colleges. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of accelerated paired courses on male African American and Latino students’ academic persistence. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who completed paired coursework to students who did not. The author examined enrollment and course completion using college administrative records. The study found that students who completed paired coursework were significantly more likely to enroll in college the following semester than students in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the paired coursework; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Accelerated paired courses","Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Male, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2018,https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/59950,"Community College Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers (CCT) only treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in households receiving the CCT only compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up Plus intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up Plus program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up Plus program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Plus Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil","Pais, P. S. M., Silva, F. D. F., & Teixeira, E. C. (2017). The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(2), 206-221.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a matched comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a national household survey. The study found that the program was significantly related to an increase in child labor, with a 52.5 percent increase in hours spent on child labor for those receiving Bolsa Familia. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Zambia Multiple Categorical Targeting Group (MCTG) program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that children in the treatment group were significantly more likely than children in the control group to participate in livestock herding and collect water or firewood. However, program participants were significantly more likely to attend school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Zambia's Multiple Categorical Targeting Group program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found children in the treatment group were less likely to work for pay outside of the household, had less time spent in paid work, were more likely to attend school, but had an increase in hazardous work than children in the control group; these findings were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy","de Hoop, J., Friedman, J., Kandpal, E., & Rosati, F. (2017). Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, on children’s school attendance and participation and their participation in work inside and outside of their households. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The researchers used household surveys, administered at baseline and two and half years after the intervention began, to assess program impact on schooling and child labor outcomes between the treatment and control groups. The study found that, two and a half years after the program began, a significantly higher proportion of children participating in the program worked for pay outside of their household than children not participating in the program. However, there was a significantly greater proportion of children in the treatment group than the control group who attended school and attended school regularly. Similarly, children in the treatment group attended a significantly greater number of days of school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, and not to other factors.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2017). The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Child Grant Programme (CGP) on child labor and education outcomes in Lesotho. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that participation in the CGP was significantly associated with increased school enrollment two years after the introduction of the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the treatment group received a second grant payment, the Food Emergency Grant, which presents a confound. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Child Grant Programme (CGP); other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Final evaluation of Southwest Virginia Community College’s PluggedInVA TAACCCT Grant initiative","Topper, A., Munn, W., Bor, E., Clery, S., & Smith, B. (2016). Final evaluation of Southwest Virginia Community College’s PluggedInVA TAACCCT Grant initiative. Retrieved from: https://www.skillscommons.org//handle/taaccct/15650","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the PluggedInVA (PIVA) program on education and employment outcomes. Using college administrative and state workforce data, the authors conducted a nonexperimental study to compare outcomes between students in the PIVA program with a comparison group of non-participating students. The study found no statistically significant relationships between participation in the PIVA program and education or employment outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure the groups being compared were similar before the intervention or include sufficient control variables. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PluggedInVA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","PluggedInVA (PIVA)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org//handle/taaccct/15650,"Community College Review Protocol" "Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment","Benedetti, F., Ibarrarán, P., & McEwan, P. J. (2016). Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64(4), 759-793. doi:10.1086/686583","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer on school enrollment and child labor. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in in low-income villages in Honduras. Villages were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. Baseline and follow-up survey data were collected from randomly selected households and analyzed using regression. The Bono 10,000 program significantly increased school enrollment but did not significantly reduce child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono 10,000 program and not to other factors.","Bono 10,000","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/bono.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi","de Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi. Retrieved from http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of Malawai’s Labour Intensive Public Works program (LIPW) on children’s school participation and involvement in paid work and household chores. The study was a randomized controlled trial where eligible villages were randomly assigned to a control group that would not receive any benefits, or to one of four treatment groups that differed by agricultural season (lean vs. post-harvest) and payment schedule (lump sum vs. installments). Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and work 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months after implementation. The study found that post-harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of paid work 6 months after participation for boys, whereas lean harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of household chores for girls one year after treatment. Lean program participation was also significantly related to school attendance 6 months after participation for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Malawi’s LIPW program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance?","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2016). Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance? Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the reformed Prospera cash transfer program on child work and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not in two urban areas in Mexico. Outcomes were compared between the treatment and control groups at six months and 18 months post-intervention. The study found that for households with eligible primary and secondary school children, the rates of children working and working for pay were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at six months post-intervention. The study also found that for households with only eligible secondary school children, the rates of school attendance were significantly lower among children in the treatment group than the control group at 18 months post-intervention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the reformed Prospera cash transfer program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the UCT group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that the CCT group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the UCT group for the least poor households. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in the number of hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Third party evaluation of MoManufacturingWINS: Implementation, outcomes, and impact","Cosgrove, J. J., Cosgrove, M. S., & Bragg, D. D. (2016). Third party evaluation of MoManufacturingWINs: Implementation, outcomes, and impact. St. Louis, MO: Cosgrove & Associates and Bragg & Associates.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Missouri’s Manufacturing Workforce Innovation Networks(MMW) program on student education and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in MMW to a comparison group of students in other manufacturing-technology related programs. The study found that MMW participation was significantly associated with higher retention and employment rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention and they did not include sufficient controls. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MMW; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Missouri’s Manufacturing Workforce Innovation Networks (MMW)","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other, Low-skilled, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/10116/ThirdPartyFinalEva…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training II Grant Program (TAACCCT II): Summative Evaluation of the University of District of Columbia, Community College’s Transportation Academy","Yoder, B., & Ryland, A. (2016). Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training II Grant Program (TAACCCT II): Summative Evaluation of the University of District of Columbia, Community College’s Transportation Academy. Retrieved from https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/15654/University%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%20-%20Final%20Evaluation%20-%202017.01.05.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the TAACCCT funded Transportation Academy program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare education, earnings, and employment outcomes of Transportation Academy participants to a matched comparison group from three different institutional data sources. The study did not find a significant association between participation in the Transportation Academy program and education, earnings, or employment outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Transportation Academy program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Transportation Academy Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/15654/University%20of%20…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R, Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the UCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of an unconditional cash transfer was significantly associated with an increases in school attendance for the poorest households, but not significantly related to child labor outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the unconditional cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets","Mert, K., & Kadioglu, H. (2016). Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets. International Nursing Review 63, 429–436. doi:10.1111/inr.12301","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a program developed to prevent children under 18 years of age from working on the street. The study was an interrupted time series design conducted in one neighborhood in the city of Izmit, Turkey. The authors compared the outcomes for mothers and their children before, immediately after, and three months after participating in The Streets are Not the Solution program. The study found that participating in the program was associated with a 44 percentage point decrease from pretest to posttest in the percentage of children who worked on the streets. However, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the effects are attributable to the Streets are Not the Solution program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","The Streets are Not the Solution","Child labor","Female, Other, Parent",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Final external evaluation report: Trade Adjustment and Assistance Community College and Career Training Program Clovis Community College","Caffey, D. L. (2016). Final external evaluation report: Trade Adjustment and Assistance Community College and Career Training Program Clovis Community College. Fresno, CA: Clovis Community College.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Clovis Community College’s (CCC) inclusive Nursing and enhanced Radiologic Technology (RADT) programs on education outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the inclusive Nursing or enhanced RADT programs to a comparison group of students. The study found that participation in the Nursing and enhanced RADT program was significantly associated with higher program retention rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention and did not include sufficient controls. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the inclusive Nursing or enhanced RADT program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Inclusive Nursing and Radiologic Technology Programs","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Other",,"United States",2016,,"Community College Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing: Final Report","Westat. (2016). Evaluation of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing: Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat & GEM Software Development, Inc.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing (INAM) program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the INAM program to a comparison group of students who took similar courses before the creation of INAM. Using data from college databases and the Illinois Department of Employment Security, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences in outcomes between the groups. The study found that participation in the INAM program was significantly associated with improved rates of certificate or degree completion. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the INAM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing (INAM)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed, Other, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315664265_Evaluation_of_the_Illinois_N…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J. W. (2016) Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of a conditional cash transfer was significantly associated with a reduction in child work and increases in school attendance for the poorest households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor","Del Carpio, X. V., Loayza, N. V., & Wada T. (2016). The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor. World Development, 80, 33-47. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.013","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the amount and type of child labor conducted by children ages 8 to15. Types of child labor included household chores, farm labor (both at home and outside the home), and skill-forming activities defined as work in commerce, sales, or manufacturing activities outside the home. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in six municipalities in Nicaragua. Households from each community were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Treatment households received either the basic CCT or the basic CCT plus an additional a household grant for the creation of a micro business. Survey data were collected and child labor outcomes were analyzed using two statistical models. The study found that the program significantly reduced overall child labor, household chore labor, and farm labor for both treatment groups compared to the control group. The program had no effect on skill-forming labor for the treatment group that received the basic CCT but increased skill-forming labor for the children in the households that received the basic CCT plus the business grant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Atención a Crisis program and not to other factors.","Atención a Crisis (“Attention to the Crisis”)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002934,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings","Lincove, J. A., & Parker, A. (2016). The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings. Education Economics, 24(4), 352-373.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Nicaragua’s Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on attending school, working, and hours worked for children ages 6 to 16. The authors used data from an experimental design where communities were randomly assigned to participate in the program. The authors used difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the program, controlling for child and family demographics separately by child gender and child age groups. The CCT was not associated with the probability of attending school and working for boys, but was associated with a statistically significant decrease in hours worked for boys ages 6-11 (2.8 hours) and for boys as 12-13 (8.7 hours). The program was also associated with a statistically significant 15.8 percent increase in the probability of school enrollment for girls ages 6-11. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the RPS conditional cash transfer program, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.janelincove.com/uploads/3/7/2/0/37205101/educaton_economics_2015.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Does “ban-the-box” help or hurt low-skilled workers? Statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden","Doleac, J. L., & Hansen, B. (2016). Does “ban-the-box” help or hurt low-skilled workers? Statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden. (NBER Working Paper No. 22469). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine how preventing employers from asking about an applicant’s criminal record in the early stage of the hiring process (ban-the-box) affected employment outcomes for low-skilled African American and Hispanic men ages 25 to 34. The authors use a nonexperimental difference-in-differences design to compare the employment probability of White non-Hispanic, African American non-Hispanic, and Hispanic men in areas that adopted ban-the-box policies with the employment probability of their counterparts in areas that did not adopt ban-the-box policies. The authors use a linear probability model to estimate employment outcomes. Information on study participant characteristics were from the Current Population Survey in 2004 to 2014. The study found that the probability of African American men obtaining employment was 3.4 percentage points lower among those who lived in areas with ban-the-box policies than among those who did not. In addition, the authors found that ban-the-box policies reduced the probability of African American men obtaining employment by 5.1 percentage points between one and two years after the policy went into effect, by 8.3 percentage points between three and four years afterward, and by 2.3 percentage points four or more years afterward. The study found no statistically significant relationships between ban-the-box policies and employment outcomes for Hispanic men. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ban-the-box policies, but other factors might also have contributed.",Ban-the-Box,Reentry,"Male, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2016,https://www.nber.org/papers/w22469.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects","De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2015). How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM) program on child labor. The study used a nonexperimental design to assess the program’s impact. With data collected from a national survey, the authors compared the proportion of children that participated in work between those who received financial educational support in the past year before taking the survey, and matched comparison groups of children who had not received financial educational study. The study found that receipt of educational assistance was significantly associated with lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to BSM; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66767/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities.","Balcazar, F. E., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (2015). Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities. Women, Gender, and Families of Color, 3(2), 144-164.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of adult vocational rehabilitation (VR) services on employment outcomes for African American and white women. The authors used a statistical model and data from a Midwestern state VR system to compare the odds of employment after completing VR services for older versus younger women. The study found no significant difference in employment outcomes between older and younger women who completed VR services. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving VR services. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to participation in VR services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Services","Vocational rehabilitation","Adult, Older worker, Female, Black or African American, White, Disability",,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Honest Money Box program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Honest Money Box program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Honest Money Box program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Honest Money Box Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Aflatoun program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Aflatoun program compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Aflatoun program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Aflatoun Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program","Lopez-Calva, L. F., & Patrinos, H. A. (2015). Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 16(3), 452-467. doi:10.1080/19452829.2015.1072378","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor and school attendance for children ages 8 to 17 across 3 indigenous, Spanish-speaking, and bilingual households. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on indigenous households versus individuals who were bilingual or Spanish-speaking. The study found that the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program was significantly related to a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance for indigenous speaking children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for the required variables. As a result, we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242464961_Exploring_the_Differential_I…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Third-party evaluation of the outcomes and impact of the National Information, Security, & Geospatial Technologies Consortium (NISGTC)","Bridges, K., Bishop, C., & Giani, M. (2015). Third-party evaluation of the outcomes and impact of the National Information, Security & Geospatial Technologies Consortium (NISGTC). Champaign, IL: Office of Community College Research and Leadership, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of TAACCCT-funded programming offered at National Information Security & Geospatial Technology Consortium (NISGTC) colleges on educational and employment outcomes. Using student-level data collected by the colleges’ Institutional Research offices and states’ Unemployment Insurance data systems, the study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students enrolled in NISGTC programs with students enrolled in similar programs of study prior to the grant. The study found that students in the NISGTC-affected programs were significantly more likely to attain credentials and have higher average quarterly earnings than students in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not use sufficient controls in their analysis for the education outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NISGTC-affected programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","National Information Security & Geospatial Technology Consortium (NISGTC) Programs","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Adult, Other, Low-skilled",,"United States",2015,https://occrl.illinois.edu/docs/librariesprovider4/nisgtc/nisgtc-impact.pdf,"Community College Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report","Berhane, G., Devereux, S., Hoddinott, J., Hoel, J., Roelen, K., Abay, K. Kimmel, M., Ledlie, N., & Woldu, T. (2015). Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report. New York, NY: UNICEF","Child Labor",,,"Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment in two districts in Ethiopia (Abi Adi and Hintalo Wajirat). The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children who received the cash transfer to those who did not. Outcomes were measured using baseline and follow-up household surveys and analyzed using regression. The study found that the number of days that girls were engaged in household business (non-farm activities) significantly decreased in Abi Adi; no significant impacts were found for boys in Abi Adi or any children in the Hintalo Wajirat. The study also found that the rates of school enrollment significantly increased for girls aged 6-11 in Hintalo Wajirat; there were no significant impacts for boys in Hintalo Wajirat or any children in Abi Adi. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CEC treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children in schools receiving CEC services to those that were the same age as the CEC children but did not participate in the program. The study found that participation in the CEC program was significantly associated with a reduction in the number of hours that children worked per day but not the probability of children working. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s CEC program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the stipend treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance and lower rates of carpet weaving than the control group at the end of the school year. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Stipend, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya","Owoko, S. A. (2014). Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya (Unpublished master's thesis). Nairobi, Kenya: University of Nairobi.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of Kenya’s Cash Transfer to the Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) program on children’s participation in work and school. The study used a post-test only design to assess differences in school enrollment and work participation between 5-17 year-old children in the CT-OVC program and those who were not in the program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly related to lower rates of child labor and higher rates of school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program (Kenya CT-OVC)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal","Datt, G., & Uhe, L. (2014). A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal. Monash Business School Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 50/14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of school scholarships in Nepal on child labor. Using the 2010 Nepal Living Standards Survey III, the authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the labor outcomes of scholarship recipients to those who did not receive scholarships. The study found that scholarship receipt was significantly related to an increase in extended-economic work for girls. However, higher scholarship values were significantly related to a reduction in the number of hours spent in economic and extended-economic work for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.monash.edu/business/economics/research/publications/2014/5014childl…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the scholarship treatment and control groups. There was also no statistically significant difference in rates of school attendance or school enrollment between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Scholarship, and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor","de Lima Amaral, E. F., Goncalves, G. Q., & Weiss, C. (2014). The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications, 2, 101-125","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Familia, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 who resided in families who met the income threshold for the Bolsa Familia program compared with those who had not, based on data from the 2010 Brazilian Census. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment. However, receipt of the transfer was also associated with significantly higher rates of work. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Sustained gains: Year Up’s continued impacts on young adults’ earnings","Roder, A., & Elliott, M. (2014). Sustained gains: Year Up’s continued impacts on young adults’ earnings. New York: Economic Mobility Corporation.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Year Up program on employment, earnings, and education outcomes. Year Up is an intensive, yearlong program that provides training and internships in financial operations and information technology for young adults from low-income urban communities. About 200 students in three cities were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which was eligible to participate in Year Up beginning in September 2007, or the control group, which was not eligible to participate in Year Up in 2007. Members of the control group were eligible to reapply to the program after 10 months, and many did. The authors compared the outcomes of the treatment and control groups using data collected through telephone interviews with participants four years after random assignment. The authors reported a positive, statistically significant impact of Year Up on earnings measured three years after random assignment, but these impacts did not extend to the fourth year after random assignment. Cumulatively, treatment group members earned $13,645 more than the control group over years 2 through 4 after random assignment, and they were more likely to have been employed in a field targeted by the program. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Year Up, although other factors could also have contributed.","Year Up","Basic skills Other training and education Work based and other occupational training Youth programs","Youth, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States, Urban",2014,http://economicmobilitycorp.org/uploads/sustained-gains-economic-mobility-corp…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol" "The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children's activities","de Hoop, J., Ranzani, M., Rosati, F. C. (2014). The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children’s activities (Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_144552.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program on child labor and school participation. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assess the intervention. Child outcomes were compared between the treatment and control group households, using data from follow-up surveys administered two years after the start of the intervention. The study found a 5 percent reduction in the proportion of children in the treatment group who were working in unpaid labor or conducting household chores compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because randomization was compromised and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means that if there were significant effects, we would not be confident that they were attributable to Kenya CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_14…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya","Asfaw, S., Davis, B., Dewbre, J., Handa, S., & Winters, P. (2014). Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(8), 1172-1196. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2014.919383","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a monthly cash transfer program on household food consumption, resources, and work, including child labor. The study used survey data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. Households from seven districts in Kenya were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. Within those locations, 20 percent of the poorest households were recruited if they had one or more children 17 years old or younger who was an orphan or had a chronically ill parent or caregiver.  The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in farm labor for children ages 10-15. This relationship was significant for boys but not for girls. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the program and an increase in school enrollment for children ages 12-18. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Experiment","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Mentoring practices proven to broaden participation in STEM disciplines","Crumpton-Young, L., Elde, A., & Ambrose, K. (2014, June). Mentoring practices proven to broaden participation in STEM disciplines. Paper presented at 2014 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study identified effective mentoring practices, mostly at postsecondary institutions, for women and minority students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The authors surveyed 25 randomly selected mentor programs or individuals who received a National Science Foundation award for being successful in mentoring students who are typically underrepresented (including women) in STEM. The survey asked award recipients to rate their performance on 22 mentoring practices using a scale ranging from not doing well to doing exceptionally well. The authors deemed those mentoring practices rated most highly as best practices. The study found that the highest-rated mentoring practices were being passionate about mentees and their development, creating opportunities for mentees, setting high expectations for mentees’ performance, providing needed support to mentees, and respecting mentees’ confidentiality. Conversely, the lowest-rated practices set the mentor in an authoritative light and included providing constant feedback to and having constant contact with mentees.",,"Mentoring Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Black or African American, Asian, Hispanic of any race, Multiracial, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander",,"United States",2014,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiM7t…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour","Ranzani, M., & Rosati, F. (2014). The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour. Rome, Italy: Understanding Children’s Work.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades) on school attendance and participation in work for children ages 8 to 14 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the Oportunidades program on schooling and work for boys and girls using a statistical model. The study found that Oportunidades significantly increased school participation for boys and girls and significantly decreased participation in work for boys only. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Oportunidades, although other factors could also have contributed.",Oportunidades,"Child labor",Other,,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/Oportunidades_school_part_child_labour_Ja…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the EPA treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children receiving the EPA program to children over 12, who had not received the CEC program and were not attending school. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the EPA program and child work participation or hours worked. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the EPA program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s EPA program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project","de Hoop, J. & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project. Economics of Education Review, 39, 78-96. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.11.001","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the BRIGHT project on school participation and child labor in Burkina Faso in West Africa. The study used a regression discontinuity design. Villages were assigned to the treatment and comparison groups based on a numeric score (a constructed index score of how likely the program would be to benefit girls). Villages above the cut-off score received the program; villages below did not receive the program. Using survey data from schools and households, the authors analyzed the impact of the program on child labor, school enrollment, and school attendance for children aged 5-12. The study found that participation in the BRIGHT project was significantly associated with an increase in the probability of children working in the family business or selling goods on the streets. However, program participation was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment and attendance. This study used a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such, it does not receive a causal rating.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775713001556,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.deveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the stipend treatment group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the scholarship treatment group at the end of the school year. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The persistent effect of temporary affirmative action","Miller, C. (2014). The persistent effect of temporary affirmative action (Unpublished job market paper). Cambridge, MA: MIT Department of Economics.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect of affirmative action requirements for federal contractors through Executive Order 11246 on African American employment shares at the establishment level. The study used establishment transitions between federal contractor and non-contractor status to pinpoint the effects of affirmative action regulation using multiple regression analysis. The author based his analysis on EEO-1 Employer Information Report files from 1978–2004. The study found that federal contractors subject to the affirmative action Executive Order increased African American employment share by 0.13–0.15 percentage points each year relative to non-contractors not subject to the Order. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to affirmative action requirements under Executive Order 11246, but other factors might also have contributed.","Executive Order 11246","Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246)","Black or African American",,"United States",2014,http://economics.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/files/events/Conrad.Miller_jmp…,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES","Amarante, V., Ferrando, M., & Vigorito, A. (2013). Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES. Economia, 61-93.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,"Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: This objective of this study was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES), on child labor and school attendance for children 14-17 years old in Uruguay. The primary design was a regression discontinuity design (RDD) using households within a 2 percent range of the cutoff score. The authors also used a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The study used administrative data collected before the launch of the program and household surveys implemented in two follow-up waves (at two months and 18 months after the program ended). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the program on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the comparison group. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the PANES program and child labor or schooling. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report under the DID design is low. The RDD does not receive a causal rating.","National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265975653_Teenage_School_Attendance_an…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012","ICF International. (2013). Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012. Calverton, MD: Author.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Combating Worst Forms of Child Labor by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt (CWCLP) on schooling and work for children ages 6 to 11 (at the time of the baseline survey). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the CWCLP program on schooling and work after approximately 12-16 months of implementation (the timing of implementation varied). When compared to control group children, the study found that CWCLP participating children spent significantly less time in economic activities and unpaid household services and significantly more time in school-related activities. Participating children also had significantly higher school enrollment and significantly higher school attendance than children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CWCLP program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment","Orbeta, A., & Paqueo, V. (2013). Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment. Philippine institute for Development Studies. Retrieved from http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%20Statistics/IPS-09_2%20Impact_of_4Ps_on_Labor_Market_Outcomes%20AO-VP-new.pdf  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, called Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (Pantawid) on child work participation and hours children worked per week. Using household survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the Pantawid program on child work participation almost 24-months after implementation. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the program and child work participation or hours worked per week. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for pre-existing differences. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Pantawid; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%2…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Accelerating change for women faculty of color in STEM: Policy, action, and collaboration","Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (2013). Accelerating change for women faculty of color in STEM: Policy, action, and collaboration. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This report highlighted a 2013 convening of stakeholders who discussed barriers to becoming successful STEM faculty for black, Hispanic, and Native American women, and strategies to overcome those barriers. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research organized the convening. The report was compiled from a series of conference sessions presented at the convening by about 50 experts from various academic, political, corporate, and community sectors. Session topics included the current status of women of color in STEM, areas of progress and nonprogress, and current initiatives to increase the representation of women of color in STEM faculty positions. Attendees provided recommendations for improvement. Conference representatives identified three main barriers to the advancement of minority female faculty: workplace climate policies that did not meet the needs of female faculty of color, a lack of multicultural perspectives, and a lack of embracement of diversity in academic departments. Health, financial, and family issues and obligations; high community service demands; and a lack of social support also created unique challenges for this population. Recommendations for improvement included raising awareness of underrepresentation of minority women in STEM faculty positions, monitoring and publicizing institutions’ progress on diversity in STEM faculty, and tailoring faculty mentoring programs or tools to effectively serve female faculty of color.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Female, STEM professional, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race, American Indian or Alaska Native","Professional, scientific, and technical services","United States",2013,http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/accelerating-change-for-women-faculty-of-…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the take home rations treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the take home rations program significantly decreased productive labor for all children, with a larger decrease for girls than boys. For children enrolled in school at the time of the survey, the program significantly decreased productive labor for all children. The study also found that the take home rations program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the take home rations program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor","Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of an unconditional cash transfer program, the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS), on child school participation and child labor. To assess the program’s effects, the authors used a randomized controlled trial in which villages were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which would receive the intervention, and the control group, which would not. Child labor was assessed using household surveys, and schooling outcomes were assessed using household surveys and school records. To understand the program’s impact on child school and work participation, the authors compared change in these outcomes over the first year of the program. The study found that children participating in the intervention had significantly greater decreases in school absences over one year, relative to the comparison group. In addition, over one year there was a significantly lower increase in the percent of both boys and girls who worked for income if they were in the intervention group rather than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme, but other factors might also have contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://interactions.eldis.org/sites/interactions.eldis.org/files/database_sp/Ma…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973-2003","Kurtulus, F. (2012). Affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973-2003. Industrial Relations, 52(2), 213-246.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of affirmative action requirements for federal contractors on the occupational employment shares of minorities and women at federal contractors and noncontractors from 1973 to 2003. The author used a nonexperimental design to examine establishments’ employment share of race, ethnicity, and gender groups in seven occupational categories over time using data from annual EEO-1 Employer Information Report files. The study found that, among firms that became federal contractors from 1973 to 2003, the share of Hispanic women, white women, African American women, and African American men significantly increased in some skilled occupational categories compared with firms that did not become federal contractors in that period. The study also found that the share of African American men and women increased significantly in manual jobs at federal contractor firms, compared with nonfederal contractor firms in that period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a strong non-experimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to affirmative action requirements for federal contractors, but other factors might also have contributed.","Affirmative Action Legislation","Affirmative action Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246) Civil Rights Act of 1964",Other,,"United States",2012,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme","Covarrubias, K., Davis, B. & Winters, P. (2012). From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 50-77.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) on household work activities, including child labor. The study used household survey data from a randomized controlled trial. Due to pre-existing baseline differences between the original treatment and control groups, the authors used a matched comparison group design to compare child schooling and labor outcomes between children in the treatment group and those in the control group. The study found that the SCTS program significantly decreased the proportion of children in paid domestic work outside of the household and the proportion of children pulled from school to work for food or money. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS); however, other factors might have also contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/p2p/Publications/MalawiSCT_ProductiveI…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "A study of the impact of a first-year experience initiative on first-year developmental education student success and persistence","Spencer, K. (2012). A study of the impact of a first-year experience initiative on first-year developmental education student success and persistence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3542047)","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Achieving the Dream learning community program on students’ retention and completion of developmental English and math courses at a community college in Michigan. The study used students’ records to compare outcomes of developmental education students who enrolled in the Achieving the Dream program to outcomes of those who took standard developmental courses. The study found no significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups in retention rates or in completion of English or math developmental courses. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the author did not include sufficient controls in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Achieving the Dream. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","Achieving the Dream","Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Low income, Other",,"United States",2012,,"Community College Review Protocol" "Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico","Behrman, J. R., Gallardo-Garcıa, J., Parker, S. W., Todd, P. E., & Velez-Grajales, V. (2012). Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico. Education Economics, 20(3), 233-259.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on school enrollment and employment in paid activities for children ages 6 to 18 in urban areas. The study used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes from PROGRESA/Oportunidades program 1 and 2 years after implementation in urban areas. The study found that PROGRESA/Oportunidades was significantly related to reduced labor rates for boys who were 12-14 in the first and second year, and girls ages 15 to 18 in the first year. The program was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment for boys and girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Urban",2012,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Success of joint programs between junior and senior colleges","Krudysz, M., Walser, A., & Alting, A. (2012). Success of joint programs between junior and senior colleges. American Society for Engineering Education.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Joint/Dual (JD) program on retention and graduation rates for community college and undergraduate engineering students who were under-represented minorities and women. JD students received dual admission to a community college as well as a senior college, and transitioned into the upper division of the baccalaureate engineering program at the senior college upon successful completion of lower-division courses and degree requirements at the community college. This study used data from junior and senior colleges within a major urban university system to compare outcomes of a treatment group of JD program participants and a comparison group of transfers into the urban university system from other, nonparticipating community colleges. This study found that first- and second-year retention rates were higher for JD program participants than for transfers from other community colleges, but did not conduct statistical tests of these differences. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not include controls for relevant student characteristics in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the JD program. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Joint/Dual Program","Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Adult, Female, Other",,"Urban, United States",2012,https://www.asee.org/public/conferences/8/papers/3558/download,"Community College Review Protocol" "Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data","Luseno, W. K. (2012). Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (Accession No. 1240627043).","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS) on child labor and school outcomes.  The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Mchinji district of Malawi. Within the district, eight villages were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control groups. Using survey data, the author compared the child labor and school outcomes of children ages 6-17 in households that received the cash transfer with those that did not receive the cash transfer. The study found that when compared to the control group, children in the Mchinji SCTPS program had significantly: 1) increased school enrollment; 2) fewer school absences; and 3) worked fewer hours outside of the home. An unexpected finding was that children participating in the Mchinji SCTPS also had significantly higher rates of domestic work when compared to children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme and not to other factors.","Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:7052544c-df44-46b5-aa01-500991b72…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Poverty alleviation and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), 100-124.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor, within the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where households within each local parish were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, who are eligible for the cash transfers, or the control group, who are not. The authors compared child labor and school enrollment outcomes, using a follow-up survey administered over a year after the program began. The study found that children were significantly less likely to participate in child labor and more likely to be enrolled in school if they were assigned to the treatment group than if they were assigned to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program, and not to other factors.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.100,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Compliance-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Compliance Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the school meals treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the school meals program significantly increased all labor (productive labor plus domestic labor/household chores) for boys enrolled at the time of survey. However, the study also found that the school meals program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the school meals program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Questioning a white male advantage in STEM: Examining disparities in college major by gender and race/ethnicity","Riegle-Crumb, C., & King, B. (2011). Questioning a white male advantage in STEM: Examining disparities in college major by gender and race/ethnicity. Educational Researcher, 39(9), 656-664.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study's objective was to examine differences in students’ likelihood of majoring in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field, based on gender and ethnicity. The study used statistical methods to estimate the likelihood of majoring in the physical sciences or engineering, or in the biological sciences, versus non-STEM fields. The authors also examined this likelihood for traditionally underrepresented groups (white, black, and Hispanic women and black and Hispanic men) compared to white men. The analyses controlled for student socioeconomic factors, delayed college entry, academic preparation, and attitudes toward math. Data sources included students’ high school transcripts and surveys conducted through the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002. The study found that white and Hispanic women were less likely to major in the physical sciences or engineering, versus a non-STEM major, than white men. Black women were also less likely to major in a physical science or engineering field than white men, but the gap was slightly smaller. In contrast to the large gender gaps evident in the choice of physical science and engineering majors, there were no differences between the gender/ethnicity groups in the likelihood of majoring in a biological sciences field compared to a non-STEM field. The study found that academic preparation and attitudes toward math rarely explained why men were more likely to choose a STEM major than women.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male, White, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program","World Bank. (2011). Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-Harapan-impact-evaluation-of-Indonesias-Pilot-Household-Conditional-Cash-Transfer-Program","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), on child school and work participation. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared outcomes between the treatment and control groups using household surveys conducted before and two years after initial program implementation. The study found a significant increase in time spent working in family enterprises for children 13-15 and children 7-12 in the treatment group compared to the control group. The study found that relative to the control group, children aged 13-15 who participated in the program had significantly larger increases in the hours attending school two years after program implementation began. However, school enrollment rates significantly decreased for children aged 7-12 who participated in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because randomization was compromised but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Program Keluarga Harapan, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-H…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT","Arriaz, I., & Rozo, S. (2011). Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Evaluation & Oversight.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Red de Oportunidades (RdO), a conditional cash transfer program in Panama, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used cross-sectional data to compare the treatment group to the comparison group on several outcomes, including child labor (if the child worked in the previous week) and school enrollment (if the child was enrolled in formal schooling). In the analyses for rural areas, the study found that the receipt of the RdO was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor by 6.2 percentage points and an increase in school enrollment by 8.8 percentage points. In the analyses for the indigenous areas, the receipt of RdO was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment by 6.3 percentage points, but not related to child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Oportunidades (RdO) program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Oportunidades (RdO)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2011,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1847124,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades","Behrman, J. R., Parker, S. W., & Todd, P. E. (2011). Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades. Journal of Human Resources, 46(1), 93-122. doi:10.3368/jhr.46.1.93","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on long-term schooling and work for children ages 9 to 15 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on schooling and work 18-months after implementation. The authors also used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes five-and-a-half years post-implementation. The study found that 18 months of program exposure significantly increased the school grade completion by 2.4 percent for boys and 2.7 percent for girls. The 18-month program exposure significantly decreased participation in work by 4.1 percent for boys but had no significant effect for girls. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and increased school grade completion five-and-a-half years post-implementation for all groups except for girls aged 17-19. It also found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for boys aged 15-16 in 2003 but did not find a significant relationship between the program for girls or for any other age groups of boys. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for short-term outcomes (18 months) because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but low for longer-term outcomes (five-and-a-half years) because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,https://www.mcgill.ca/isid/files/isid/behrman_et_al_2011.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Three essays on investments in children's human capital","Bustelo, M. (2011). Three essays on investments in children's human capital (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4837518.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program, Red de Proteccion Social (RPS), on child work participation and school enrollment. The study was a randomized controlled trial that took place in Nicaragua. Data were obtained from a baseline and two follow-up surveys administered to treatment and control group households. The study found that the RPS program significantly increased school enrollment for targeted children by 18% in the first year post-intervention and 14% in the second year post-intervention. The study found no statistically significant relationships between RPS and work participation for targeted children. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the author demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Red de Proteccion Social, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor",Other,,International,2011,https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/29654/Bustelo_Monserrat.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Affirmative action bans and minority employment: Washington State’s Initiative 200","Colello, A. (2011). Affirmative action bans and minority employment: Washington State’s Initiative 200. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effect of Washington State’s Initiative 200 (I-200), which repealed affirmative action statewide, on racial and ethnic minority employment and wages. Using the Current Population Survey (CPS) outgoing rotation groups from 1993 to 1996 and 2000 to 2003, the author compared changes in racial and ethnic minority employment and wages relative to white employment and wages in Washington State to the corresponding changes in the rest of the United States. After the state’s affirmative action repeal, Washington State residency was associated with a 4.1 percentage point increase in unemployment for African Americans relative to whites. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects were attributable to I-200; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Washington State's I-200","Affirmative action","Black or African American",,"United States",2011,http://hdl.handle.net/10822/553693,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between all treatment groups and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in treatment households, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys significantly decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.3 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work by 2.8 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Public Work Program (PWP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among PWP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in PWP was significantly associated with a lower amount of time spent on child care and household chores. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Public Work Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.8 hours compared to girls. Older boys, aged 10-15, showed a larger reduction in economic work by 3.3 hours a week compared to their siblings. However, older girls, aged 10-15, showed an increase in economic work by 1.5 hours a week and domestic work of an hour a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Direct Support Program (DSP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among DSP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in the DSP was significantly associated with a lower amount of total time spent in work outside home, time spent in unpaid work outside the home and a composite measure of total work (paid and unpaid outside the home plus child care and household chores). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Direct Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.1 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, also showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work of 3.0 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia","Attanasio, O., Fitzsimons, E., Gomez, A., Gutierrez, M. I., Meghir, C., & Mesnard, A. (2010). Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(2), 181-210. doi:10.1086/648188.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the conditional cash transfer program, Familias en Acción, on children’s work and school participation in Columbia. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor and schooling outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a survey. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with a decrease in the likelihood of participating in domestic work for urban children aged 10 to 17, a decrease in the hours spent in income-generating work for urban children aged 14 to 17, and a decrease in the hours spent in domestic work for all but rural children aged 14 to 17. Receipt of the cash transfer was also significantly related to an increase in the hours spent in school for all children in urban and rural areas. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Familias en Acción program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Familias en Acción","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5381/1/Child_Education.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil","Helfand, S.M., & Souza, A.P. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil. University of California, Riverside, CA: Sao Paulo School of Economics.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Escola program on school enrollment, school progression, and child labor for children ages 6 to 15 in rural areas. Using data from the 2001 and 2003 Brazilian Census, the authors used a structural model to examine the average program impact of the Bolsa Escola program. The study found that the Bolsa Escola program was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment and school progression. However, the study did not find a statistically significant relationship between program participation and child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Agricultural Extension Support Program (AEP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among AEP participants and non-participants. The study found that AEP participation was significantly related to lower amounts of time spent in paid work and in a combined measure of all work, as well as greater amounts of time spent in school. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Agricultural Extension Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social","Gee, K.A. (2010). Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Red de Protección Social (RPS), in Nicaragua on child labor outcomes for children who are working. The study was an expansion of an earlier randomized controlled trial (RCT). The author used survey data from the RCT taken before the program started (2000) and two years after (2002) to examine the probability and duration of child work. The study found that the receipt of the cash transfer significantly reduced the probability that a child would work by approximately 10.6 percent and, for a child that was working, significantly reduced the hours worked per week by approximately 3.65 hours, on average. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Protección Social program, and not to other factors.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil","Ferro, A. R., Lúcia Kassouf, A., & Levison, D. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition between School and Work (pp. 193-218). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Escola program, which provided conditional cash transfers to families in Brazil, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental matched comparison group design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had applied but who had not received it (waitlisted families), based on data from Brazil’s national household survey. The study found that receipt of the Bolsa Escola benefit was significantly related to higher rates of school enrollment and lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,http://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2009/inscricao.on/arquivos/000-dde4869521f17def…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The strength of weak enforcement: The impact of discrimination charges, legal environments, and organizational conditions on workforce segregation","Hirsh, C. (2009). The strength of weak enforcement: The impact of discrimination charges, legal environments, and organizational conditions on workforce segregation. American Sociological Review, 74, 245-271.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Compliance-Low-Favorable impacts Compliance","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess two approaches to mitigating employment discrimination: direct Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforcement and indirect, industry-level EEOC enforcement. The author applied a fixed-effects regression analysis to a national random sample of private U.S. employment establishments required to report race and gender data to the EEOC from 1990 to 2002. The study found that EEOC settlements mandating policy changes or monetary payouts within an industry were associated with statistically significant decreases in sex segregation within establishments in the industry, but had limited effects on race segregation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not establish that firms subject to different levels of enforcement activities were similar before those activities. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to either direct or indirect EEOC enforcement; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforcement","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972",Other,,"United States",2009,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil","Cardoso, E., & de Souza, A. F. (2009). The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An Economic perspective. Houndmills, U.K. and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two Brazilian income transfer programs (Minimum Income and Bolsa Escola) on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 10 to 15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had not, based on data from the 2000 Brazilian Census. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who had not received the transfers but who had similar characteristics to the treatment group to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that the income transfer programs were significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the income transfer programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Income Transfer Programs (Minimum Income Program and Bolsa Escola)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://ideas.repec.org/p/van/wpaper/0407.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program","Maluccio, J. A. (2009). Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An economic perspective (pp. 187-204). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_12","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) cash transfer program on school attendance and enrollment and on child labor for children aged 7-13 in rural Nicaragua. Using panel survey data collected before and one year after program implementation, the author measured the impact of RPS using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study found that participation in RPS was significantly related to a reduction in child labor and a significant increase in school enrollment and attendance. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because, while it was based on an RCT, attrition was high and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Proteccion Social; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa","Badillo Bautista, C. (2009). Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (Accession No. 1314572898)","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor for children ages 8 to 17. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program using a difference-in- differences (DID) regression model for the child labor outcome and cross-sectional models to estimate spillover effects on child labor. The study found the number of children aged 12-16 who worked significantly decreased in cash transfer participating households compared to control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented, low attrition randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades and not to other factors.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"Rural, International",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving both the PSNP and OFSP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from both PSNP and OFSP and an increase in domestic chores for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program or the Other Food Security Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving a certain amount of the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that for boys ages 6-16, there was a significant relationship between households receiving a certain amount of cash transfer and increased school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program","Borraz, F., & González, N. (2009). Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program. Cuadernos de economia, 46(134), 243-271. doi:10.4067/S0717-68212009000200006","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program (Ingreso Ciudadano) on school attendance (ages 8 to 14) and child labor (ages 6 to 14) among children in Uruguay from 2005 to 2007. Using the annual Uruguayan National Household Survey with cross sectional data from 2006 and 2007, the authors compared school attendance and child labor for households who received the conditional cash transfer to a group of non-participating households who had similar characteristics. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the conditional cash transfer program and school attendance. However, the study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for females in the Montevideo region, but not for males in any region or females in the rest of the country. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Ingreso Ciudadano; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ingreso Ciudadano","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cecon/v46n134/art06.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil","Yap, Y. T., Sedlacek, G., & Orazem, P. F. (2009). Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child Labor and Education in Latin America (pp. 147-165). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_10","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor on child labor and hours in school. The authors used an experimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 residing in municipalities who received income transfers with those residing in municipalities who did not receive income transfers. Based on data from Brazil’s national household survey, the authors used statistical models to assess the impact of the program in each group. The PETI program was significantly associated with an increase in time in school and less time in work for participating children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PETI program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study did not find a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from PSNP and the number of hours worked (in domestic labor, agricultural labor, or total labor hours) or school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Own and sibling effects of contiditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia","Ferreira, F. H. G., Filmer, D., & Schady, N. (2009). Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia (Policy Research Working Paper 5001, Impact Evaluationo Series). Washington, DC: The World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP), a conditional cash transfer valued at 2-3 percent of household expenditure, on children’s and their ineligible siblings’ school enrollment and work participation in Cambodia. This study is an intent-to-treat regression discontinuity design. Data were collected from applications at all 100 CSP schools, as well as from household surveys at five randomly selected schools and households in five provinces, eighteen months after application. The cutoff score that was used to decide who would receive the scholarship offer was based on the application forms; 26 questions correlated with how likely the child was to drop out of school. Enrollment and work outcomes were compared for students around the cutoff score who did, and did not, receive a scholarship offer and their siblings. The study found children who received the scholarships were significantly more likely to be enrolled in school and less likely to work for pay than those that did not receive the scholarship. However, girls that received the scholarships were significantly more likely to work without pay. This study uses a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such it does not receive a causal rating.","CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP)","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in grades 6-10 who received the basic treatment worked significantly fewer hours in the last week than students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay","Hirata, G. I. (2008). The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay. Brazil: International Poverty Centre/UNDP.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Tekoporã conditional cash transfer program on children’s participation in non-domestic labor and school attendance. The author used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 4 to 14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from a program eligibility questionnaire and a follow-up survey. The author used statistical models to estimate the effects of the program. The study found no significant relationship between the Tekoporã program and the number of children in the household who participated in non-domestic labor. However, the program was significantly related to decisions between school and work, with a decrease in the probability that children would “only work” or “neither work nor attend school.” The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention or adequately control for time-varying characteristics that might influence the outcome. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Tekoporã; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Tekoporã,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/hirata.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the tertiary treatment group and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the tertiary treatment group worked significantly less in the past week than students in the control group. They were also significantly more likely to report their primary activity as studying and less likely to report their primary activity as work or home versus students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the tertiary treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the basic treatment group had a significant increase in self-reported school attendance compared to students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the savings treatment group and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor, school attendance, or school enrollment between students receiving the savings treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia","Sparrow, R. (2007). Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 99-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00438.x","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Jaring Prengaman Sosial (JPS), a scholarship program in Indonesia, on child labor and school enrollment. The author used data from an annual Indonesian national survey to estimate an instrumental variable (IV) regression model to examine if scholarship receipt affected school enrollment, and probit models to examine the effects on child labor and school attendance. The study found that the receipt of a scholarship was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the JPS in the probit model and no evidence was provided on the strength of the instrument used in the IV model. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Jaring Prengaman Sosial","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2007,https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8f79/add16372936ea1e388e3a9c82e320435a87d.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "A cure for discrimination? Affirmative action and the case of California’s Proposition 209.","Myers, C. (2007). A cure for discrimination? Affirmative action and the case of California’s Proposition 209. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(3), 379-396.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge the impact of California’s Proposition 209, a 1996 repeal of affirmative action, on employment, unemployment, labor force participation, and wages among women and racial minorities. The author used a nonexperimental design and estimated a difference-in-difference-in-differences regression model on monthly Current Population Survey data from 1994 to 2001. The study found that the employment rate of all minorities in California relative to white men dropped 2.8 percentage points from 1995 to 1999, a statistically significant decrease. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not control for pre-intervention minority employment trends in California relative to the rest of the United States or preemptive hiring decisions that might have anticipated the law’s passage. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to California’s affirmative action repeal through Proposition 209. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","California's Proposition 209","Affirmative action",Other,,"United States",2007,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The labor market effects of sex and race discrimination laws.","Neumark, D., & Stock, W. (2006). The labor market effects of sex and race discrimination laws. Economic Inquiry, 44(3), 385-419.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of state-level sex and race discrimination laws passed before 1960 on employment and earnings outcomes for women and African Americans. The authors used a triple difference estimator including state, year, and subgroup variables. The primary data source was U.S. Census data from 1940 to 1960. The study found that sex-related equal pay laws had negative, statistically significant effects on women’s employment relative to men and a growing positive effect on women’s earnings relative to men over time. Racial discrimination laws had no significant immediate effects on employment or earnings for African American men compared with white men in the short term, but there were positive effects after the laws were in effect for a number of years. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects were attributable to the state sex and race discrimination laws; other factors are likely to have contributed.","State Sex and Race Discrimination Laws","Affirmative action","Female, Male, Black or African American",,"United States",2006,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The effect of court-ordered hiring quotas on the composition and quality of police","McCrary, J. (2006). The effect of court-ordered hiring quotas on the composition and quality of police. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 12368. Cambridge, MA: NBER.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of litigation for claims of hiring discrimination on the representation gap of African Americans in U.S. police and fire departments. The author examined Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO-4) State and Local Government Report data from 1973 to 1999 for 314 major U.S. cities. The author also examined additional data covering 1960 to 1973 for 120 cities, collected from a variety of historical sources.  The study found that the difference in the African American representation gap between litigated and unlitigated cities diminished and almost completely disappeared by 1999. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low because the author did not control for pre-existing differences between unlitigated and litigated cities. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to hiring discrimination litigation. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","litigation related to hiring discrimination","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Black or African American","Other services","United States",2006,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12368.pdf,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Enforcement of civil rights law in private workplaces: The effects of compliance reviews and lawsuits over time","Kalev, A., & Dobbin, F. (2006). Enforcement of civil rights law in private workplaces: The effects of compliance reviews and lawsuits over time. Law & Social Equity, 31(4), 855-903.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of compliance reviews by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) and lawsuits initiated by individuals or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in reducing discrimination against women and African Americans in management positions. The authors applied a fixed-effects regression model to workforce data in the EEO-1 Employer Information Reports. These data were supplemented by a survey of compliance enforcement activities administered to a random sample of establishments drawn from the EEO-1 reports. The study found that compliance reviews begun in the 1970s increased an establishment’s share of women and African Americans employed as managers, not only in the 1970s but also through the 1980s and 1990s. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study did not adequately control for existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to OFCCP compliance reviews or to lawsuits. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Affirmative Action Executive Orders","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246)","Female, Black or African American",,"United States",2006,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).","Wilson-Brewster, V.L. (2006). A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of two welfare-to-work programs—the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) program and the Human Capital Development (HCD) program—on the employment and earnings of African American women 25, 35, and 45 years old in Atlanta. The author analyzed a subsample of participants in the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) study. The study was a randomized controlled trial that assigned individuals within a geographic location to one of three groups: LFA, HCD, or a control group. The study found that women in the 35-year-old group who participated in LFA or HCD had higher earnings and needed less time to find a job than those in the other age cohorts. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups being compared in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to LFA or HCD programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Labor Force Attachment (LFA) and Human Capital Development (HCD)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Female, Black or African American, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador","Schady, N. & Araujo, M. C. (2006). Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3930. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program on child labor and school enrollment for children 6-17 years old. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare the outcomes of children in households assigned to participate in the program to outcomes of those who did not participate. The study found a significant relationship between being selected for the BDH program and whether children worked and hours per week children worked; both were significantly lower for those in the treatment group than those in the control group. The study also found that children selected into the BDH program had significantly higher rates of school enrollment and significantly lower rates of having dropped out since the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2006,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry.","Blanchflower, D.G., & Wainwright, J. (2005). An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry. Working paper no. 11793. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (referred to as the Croson decision) in 1989, which weakened affirmative action policies, on self-employment, with a focus on the construction industry, by race, ethnicity, and gender. The study used a nonexperimental analyses to compare self-employment before and after the Croson decision. The authors used national data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. The study found that gender disparities in self-employment rates have declined since the Croson decision in all industries, but have declined most in construction. In contrast, racial and ethnic disparities in self-employment have declined since the Croson decision in all industries except construction. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not control for trends in self-employment or earnings before the Croson decision. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Croson decision. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.","Affirmative action",Other,Construction,"United States",2005,http://www.nber.org/papers/w11793.pdf,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers","Galiani, S., & McEwan, P. J. (2013). The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers. Journal of Public Economics, 103, 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Honduran Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF-II) conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used census data from a randomized sample of municipalities to compare the outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer to those who did not. The authors used statistical models to estimate program effects. The study found a significant relationship between the PRAF-II and child labor, with work outside the home decreasing by 3 percentage points and work inside the home decreasing by 4 percentage points. Program participation was also significantly related to an 8-percentage point increase in school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Programa de Asignación Familiar; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2003,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement on the wages of African American and white women, 1988–1996","Wilhelm, S. (2002). The impact of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement on the wages of African American and white women, 1988–1996. The Review of Black Political Economy, 30(2), 25-51.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of employment discrimination charges filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on the wages of African American and white women. The author used regression analyses to compare the effects of sex- and race-based discrimination charges within an industry in a given year on the wages of African American and white women from 1988 to 1996. Data came from the Current Population Survey and the EEOC National Database. The study found that increases in employment discrimination charges based on sex were positively correlated with increases in wages for both African American and white women.  The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low because the study did not adequately control for existing differences between the study groups. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to EEOC enforcement. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforcement","Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Female, Black or African American, White",,"United States",2002,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The labor market impact of state-level anti-discrimination laws","Collins, W. (2001). The labor market impact of state-level anti-discrimination laws. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 8310. Cambridge, MA: NBER.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the impact of state-level fair employment legislation, enacted in the 1940s through the 1960s, on labor market outcomes including income, unemployment, and labor force participation, by gender and race. The study used a nonexperimental design, drawing on data from the 1940, 1950, and 1960 decennial U.S. Censuses for 19 non-southern states. The study found that state-level fair employment laws adopted in the 1940s had larger positive effects on the relative income of African American workers than those adopted in the 1950s. In contrast, laws adopted in the 1950s led to larger increases in African American male unemployment but larger increases in African American women’s labor force participation. Only states that implemented the laws in the 1940s experienced a narrowed income gap between white and African American workers. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not demonstrate that the states that adopted fair employment legislation when they did were comparable to those that did not adopt or adopted at a later time. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state-level fair employment legislation. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","State-level Fair Employment Legislation","Affirmative action","Black or African American, Female, Male",,"United States",2001,http://www.nber.org/papers/w8310.pdf,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Antidiscrimination measures of the 1960s and occupational mobility: Evidence for black American men","Fosu, A. (2000). Antidiscrimination measures of the 1960s and occupational mobility: Evidence for black American men. Journal of Labor Research, 21(1), 169-180.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effect of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the occupational status of African American men in the United States. Using labor force statistics derived from the Current Population Survey and other sources, the author used an interrupted time series design to estimate the occupational status of black men relative to white men from 1958 to 1981, specifically focusing on differences after the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The study found a positive trend in the occupational status of African American men relative to white men over the entire 1958–1981 period and a larger positive trend for years after 1964. The author estimated that about half of the rise in relative earnings for African American men from 1964 to 1981 could be attributed to increased occupational status. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low because the author examined only one demonstration of the intervention. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Civil Rights Act of 1964","Civil Rights Act of 1964","Black or African American",,"United States",2000,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Using establishment size to measure the impact of Title VII and affirmative action","Carrington, W.J., McCue, K., & Pierce, B. (2000). Using establishment size to measure the impact of Title VII and affirmative action. Journal of Human Resources, 35(3): 503-523.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the Civil Rights Act) and subsequent affirmative action executive orders on the employment share of African American employees at larger employers (which were subject to those laws) and the African American–white wage gap. The authors examined trends in the annual employment shares of African American men, African American women, white men, and white women at employers in different size classes. They also assessed the contributions of individual- and firm-level factors to the gaps in wages earned by African American and white workers over time. Analyses used March Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Survey (1964–1988) linked with County Business Pattern data. The authors estimated that the Civil Rights Act and affirmative action increased the share of African American men and women employed by large firms. In addition, the authors found that a substantial proportion of African American–white wage convergence during the study period was attributable to African American employees’ growing employment share at large firms. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means that we are not confident that the observed changes in employment are attributable to the Civil Rights Act and affirmative action; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Affirmative Action Executive Orders","Affirmative action Civil Rights Act of 1964 Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246)","Black or African American",,"United States",2000,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The impact of federal civil rights policy on black economic progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Chay, K. (1998). The impact of federal civil rights policy on black economic progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51(4), 608-632.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) on employment, earnings, and occupational outcomes of African American men. The study used a non-experimental design that used regression analysis for impact evaluation. The author used data from the 1968–1980 Current Population Survey (CPS). This study found that the 1972 EEOA had positive impacts on the employment, earnings, and occupational status of African American men in the South in industries with more than 50 percent of workers employed in small establishments covered by the law. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a strong non-experimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 1972 EEOA, but other factors might also have contributed.","the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Male, Black or African American","Small business","United States",1998,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The effect of federal contractor status on racial differences in establishment-level employment shares: 1979–1992.","Rodgers, W., & Spriggs, W. (1996). The effect of federal contractor status on racial differences in establishment-level employment shares: 1979–1992. The American Economic Review 86(2), 290–293.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effect of Executive Order 11246, a 1965 directive that subjected federal contractors to stringent antidiscrimination standards, by comparing the proportion of minority employees among federal contracting firms who were covered by such policies to the share among other private organizations that were not covered. The authors analyzed the effect of federal contractor status on racial and ethnic groups’ shares of a firm’s employment while also accounting for other establishment-level differences using data from the 1979–1992 Employer Information Report EEO-1 files. The study found that by 1992, the African American employment share was 1.36 percentage points higher among federal contractors than at an average EEO-1 reporting company. For Hispanics, however, federal contractor status had the opposite effect; it decreased the proportion of Hispanic employees by 0.45 percentage points in 1992. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Executive Order 11246; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Executive Order 11246","Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246) Civil Rights Act of 1964","Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",1996,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Some new historical evidence on the impact of affirmative action: Detroit, 1972","Hyclak, T., Taylor, L., & Stewart, J. (1992). Some new historical evidence on the impact of affirmative action: Detroit, 1972. The Review of Black Political Economy, 21(2), 81-98.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of federal affirmative action reporting requirements on Detroit firms’ hiring of minorities into managerial positions in 1972. The authors compared the probability that minority candidates applied to and were hired for managerial positions at firms that were and were not subject to affirmative action reporting requirements. The sample comprised 99 Detroit firms that fully responded to the 1972 Detroit Area Study survey. The study found that firms subject to affirmative action reporting requirements were significantly more likely to hire African American males than firms not subject to the requirements. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not adequately control for existing differences between firms that were and were not subject to affirmative action reporting requirements. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to affirmative action reporting requirements. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Affirmative Action reporting requirements","Affirmative action Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Adult, Black or African American",,"United States",1992,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"