Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link "Evaluating recidivism and job quality outcomes for participants in the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program","Northcutt Bohmert, M., Hood, B. J., & Meckes, J. (2017). Evaluating recidivism and job quality outcomes for participants in the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program. Corrections: Policy, Practice and Research, 2(2), 110-129.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of job placement through the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program on recidivism among people released from Indiana prisons in 2014. The authors used HIRE program data and Indiana Department of Corrections data on the prison population to compare the recidivism outcomes of previously incarcerated people who were placed in a job through HIRE with the outcomes of those who were not placed in a job by the HIRE program. The authors used a statistical model to compare rates of recidivism between these two groups. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the intervention and recidivism. People obtaining a job placement were less likely to be reincarcerated between one to two years after release than nonparticipants who did not use intervention program services. The study also examined employment outcomes but these were not eligible for review. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to job placement through HIRE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2016.1277378 "Assessing the statewide impact of the Specter Vocational Program on reentry outcomes: A propensity score matching analysis.","Hill, L., Scaggs, S., & Bales, W. D. (2017). Assessing the statewide impact of the Specter Vocational Program on reentry outcomes: A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(1), 61-86.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of completing the Workplace and Community Transition Training for Incarcerated Individuals (WCTTII) program on the employment and recidivism outcomes of young people released from prison in Florida. The authors used a nonexperimental matching design to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to WCTTII program graduates but who did not participate in the WCTTII program or who started the program but did not complete it. The authors estimated the program’s impact by comparing employment and recidivism outcomes for program graduates with those for the matched comparison group using administrative data from the Florida Department of Corrections Offender Based Information System, law enforcement, and the Department of Revenues. The study found that the WCTTII program decreased the proportion of former prisoners who were reconvicted or re-incarcerated within three years of their release. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the program and employment within three months of release. The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because they were based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WCTTII program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence on employment is low because the authors did not adequately account for differences in employment history before the intervention.","Workplace and Community Transition Training for Incarcerated Individuals","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2017, "The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform","Jackson, O., & Zhao, B. (2017). The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform. Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. [Study 2: Record access reform]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The state of Massachusetts, as part of the Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform, implemented a policy change to reduce access to job applicants’ criminal histories. The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the record access reform on employment and earnings among people with a criminal record. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare people with a criminal record who were impacted by the record access reform with a similar group of people who were not impacted by the reform. The authors compared impacts on employment and earnings using Unemployment Insurance wage records and CORI from the state Department of Criminal Justice Information Services for 14 quarters after the reform was implemented. The study found a mixed relationship between record access reform and the employment rate of people. In quarters 1 to 5, there was either no impact on employment or a small positive impact. In quarters 6 to 14, this relationship was significant and negative, which means that record access reform was associated with a lower employment rate among the treatment group compared with the comparison group. The record access reform was associated, however, with significantly increased earnings in 5 of the 14 quarters after implementation, but it showed no impact in the rest of the 14 quarters. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the record access reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2942005 "The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform","Jackson, O., & Zhao, B. (2017). The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform. Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. [Study 1: Ban the Box reform]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The state of Massachusetts, as part of the Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform, implemented a policy change known as Ban the Box, which refers to a box job seekers would check to report their criminal histories in job applications. The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Ban the Box on employment and earnings among people with a criminal record. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare people with a criminal record who were impacted by the Ban the Box reform with a group of people with a criminal record who were not impacted (that is, those who did not have a criminal record until after the Ban the Box reform). The authors compared impacts on employment and earnings using Unemployment Insurance wage records and CORI from the state Department of Criminal Justice Information Services for six quarters after the reform was implemented. For each of the six quarters after the start of the reform, the Ban the Box reform was significantly associated with an employment rate that was 1.0 to 3.8 percentage points lower among the treatment group compared with the comparison group. The reform was also significantly associated with relatively lower earnings among the treatment group in two of the six quarters after the reform but was not associated with a difference in earnings in the other four quarters. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Ban the Box reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2942005 "The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers","Martinson, K., Williams, J., Needels, K., Peck, L., Moulton, S., Paxton, N., Mastri, A., Copson, E., Comfort, A., & Brown-Lyons, M. (2016). The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers. Retrieved from https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20from%20the%20Impact%20Study.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used a baseline information form, the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH), a follow-up survey, and administrative program data to compare the outcomes between the treatment and control groups over an 18-month follow-up period. The study found that the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program had a significant positive impact on completion rates for vocational training and life skills classes, and receipt of a vocational credential. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program and not to other factors.","the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity Program","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Justice-involved, Other barriers, Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20f… "The effect of private sector work opportunities in prison on labor market outcomes of the formerly incarcerated","Cox, R. (2016). The effect of private sector work opportunities in prison on labor market outcomes of the formerly incarcerated. Journal of Labor Research, 37, 412-440.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examines the effectiveness of a prison work program, Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP), on employment, earnings, and recidivism. The author used a nonexperimental design to compare employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes among PIECP participants with those of a group of nonparticipants with similar demographic and criminal-justice backgrounds. They used data from state departments of corrections merged with data on reported earnings. The study found that PIECP participation was associated with a shorter time to employment after release from prison and with higher subsequent earnings. The study found PIECP had no impact on the risk of reconviction or the risk of reincarceration. The quality of causal evidence for recidivism outcomes is moderate because they were based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to PIECP if the study had found statistically significant effects on recidivism. The quality of causal evidence on employment and earnings outcomes is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2016,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-016-9229-0 "Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports","Wiegand, A., & Sussell, J. (2016). Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports. Retrieved from the Department of Labor website: https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation-of-the-Re-Integration-of-Ex-Offenders-%28RExO%29-Program-Final-Impact-Report_Acc.pdf",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs on employment, earnings, public benefits receipt, and recidivism outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial whose authors employed a statistical method to estimate the impact of RExO using data from four sources, including qualitative data generated from an implementation study, administrative data on criminal justice outcomes, administrative data on employment and earnings from the National Directory of New Hires, and a follow-up survey of participants. The study found that the RExO program did not increase the long-term employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, or recidivism. The quality of causal evidence on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes presented in this report is high because the evidence is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to the RExO program and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects.","Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry Mentoring",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation… "An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program","Cook, P. J., Kang, S., Braga, A. A., Ludwig, J., & O’Brien, M. E. (2015). An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 355-382.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism. Drawing on administrative data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections, the study used a randomized controlled trial to estimate program impacts. The authors used statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and comparison group members. The study found that those in the treatment group had significantly higher earnings and rates of employment and significantly lower likelihood of new arrests than those in the control group. The study found no significant differences between the groups in the likelihood of reimprisonment in the one year of follow-up. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes is moderate because it was based on a randomized controlled trial in which the authors did not account for the different probabilities of assignment to the treatment group; nevertheless, this study can be considered to have employed a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative and not to other factors. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative","Reentry Work based and other occupational training",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Cook2/publication/284942331_An_Expe… "An outcome evaluation of a prison work release program: Estimating its effects on recidivism, employment, and cost avoidance","Duwe, G. (2015). An outcome evaluation of a prison work release program: Estimating its effects on recidivism, employment, and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(6), 531-554.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Minnesota Department of Correction’s work release program on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for adult offenders. The author used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The author estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes using data from the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, Minnesota Department of Corrections, and the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development. The author found that, on average, program participation decreased the risk of reconviction by 14 percent and of re-incarceration by 17 percent, but increased the risk of participants having their supervised release revoked for a technical violation by 78 percent. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for outcomes related to recidivism and low for post-release employment and earnings outcomes. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the work release program, although other factors might also have contributed, and we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Minnesota Department of Correction’s work release program","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2015, "A controlled trial of supported employment for people with severe mental illness and justice involvement","Bond, G. R., Kim, S. J., Becker, D. R., Swanson, S. J., Drake, R. E., Krzos, I. M., . . . Frounfelker, R. L. (2015). A controlled trial of supported employment for people with severe mental illness and justice involvement. Psychiatric Services, 66(10), 1027-1034.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) intervention on employment and recidivism outcomes relative to a job club program called Work Choice. The authors used an experimental design to estimate the impact of IPS and analyzed data from people’s self-reports on forms and interviews and electronic medical and employment records. The authors found positive statistically significant impacts of IPS on employment compared with the job club program. The authors found no statistically significant impacts of IPS on recidivism. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS intervention and not to other factors.","the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) intervention","Health Reentry","Justice-involved, Unemployed",,"United States",2015,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400510 "Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation","Valentine, E.J., Skemer, M., & Courtney, M.E. (2015). Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation. New York: MDRC.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Living program on education, earnings, and recidivism outcomes. The authors used a randomized controlled trial and estimated impacts by comparing the means of the treatment and control groups. Outcome data on education, earnings, and criminal involvement came from a 12-month survey conducted by the authors. The study found a statistically significant impact on earnings only. Youth in the treatment group earned an average $611 more than youth in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Transitional Living, and not to other factors.","Transitional Living","Basic skills Other training and education Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2015,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Becoming_Adults_FR.pdf "An assessment of the effectiveness of prison work release programs on post-release recidivism and employment.","Bales, W. D., Clark, C., Scaggs, S., Ensley, D., Coltharp, P., Singer, A., & Blomberg, T. G. (2015). An assessment of the effectiveness of prison work release programs on post-release recidivism and employment. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Corrections and Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of work release programs in the state of Florida on recidivism and employment outcomes for people released from prison. The authors used a nonexperimental design to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were eligible for work release program services but did not participate. The authors estimated the work release program’s effects by comparing treatment and comparison groups’ post-release recidivism and employment outcomes using administrative data from the state of Florida for three years after release. The authors found that participating in a work release program decreased the risk of arrest for a new felony or misdemeanor crime by about 10 percent one year following release from prison, by about 8 percent two years following release, and by about 9 percent three years following release. The study also found that people who completed the work-release program were less likely to have a reconviction at three years following release from prison, but reconvictions were the same across groups at one and two years following release. People who completed the work release program were more likely to return to prison for any reason after one year, but returns were the same across groups after two or three years. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for outcomes related to recidivism and low for outcomes related to employment. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the work release program, although other factors might also have contributed; we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment are attributable to the program, as other factors are likely to have contributed","Florida's Back to Work Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2015,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249845.pdf "The benefits of keeping idle hands busy: An outcome evaluation of a prisoner reentry employment program.","Duwe, G. (2015). The benefits of keeping idle hands busy: An outcome evaluation of a prisoner reentry employment program. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 559-586.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Department of Correction’s EMPLOY work release program on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for incarcerated adults. The author used propensity-score matching to create a comparison group of nonparticipants similar to EMPLOY program participants. The author estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release recidivism, employment, and earnings outcomes. Data from the Minnesota Department of Corrections provided recidivism information, and data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development provided employment and earnings information. EMPLOY program participation decreased the risk of conviction for a new crime by 32 percent, the risk of reincarceration by 55 percent, and the risk of revocation for technical violations by 63 percent, on average. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for recidivism outcomes is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design that established that the criminal history of the two groups was similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the EMPLOY program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for employment outcomes is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar in terms of employment history before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment outcomes are attributable to the EMPLOY program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","EMPLOY Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2015,http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1019.6826&rep=rep1&typ… "Twelve-month employment intervention outcomes for drug-involved offenders","Webster, J. M., Staton-Tindall, M., Dickson, M. F., Wilson, J. F., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2014). Twelve-month employment intervention outcomes for drug-involved offenders. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 40(3), 200-205.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a drug court employment intervention on participants’ employment and earnings one year after the intervention. The study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 500 participants at two drug court sites in Kentucky were randomly assigned to receive either an employment intervention and a standard drug court program (the treatment group) or a standard drug court program alone (the control group). Using self-reported survey data from participants, the authors compared outcomes for the treatment and control groups. The study found that members of the treatment group worked an average of 210 days in the year after random assignment compared with 200 days for the control group; this was a statistically significant difference. The study found no significant impacts of the intervention on earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial for which the study did not provide enough information to demonstrate that the groups had similar response rates on the survey, and it also did not account for other factors that could have affected the difference between the treatment and control groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the employment intervention; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the employment intervention","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Other barriers",,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.858722 "The role of intensive case management services in reentry: The northern Kentucky female offender reentry project","McDonald, D., & Arlinghaus, S. L. (2014). The role of intensive case management services in reentry: The northern Kentucky female offender reentry project. Women & Criminal Justice, 24(3), 229-251.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: This study examined the impact of the Northern Kentucky Female Offender Reentry Project’s intensive case management (ICM) services on releasees’ education, employment, and recidivism outcomes. Using program data and administrative data from state and county judicial databases, the study compared outcomes of the treatment group, which received ICM services pre-release (in prison) and post-release (in the community), with outcomes of the comparison group, which only received ICM services pre-release (in prison). The study found mixed results for education, employment, and recidivism. The authors did not conduct statistical significance tests. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Female Offender Reentry Project’s pre- and post- release ICM services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Northern Kentucky Female Offender Reentry Project’s intensive case management (ICM) services","Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Female",,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2014.909759 "An experimental evaluation of a nationally recognized employment-focused offender reentry program.","Farabee, D., Zhang, S. X., & Wright, B. (2014). An experimental evaluation of a nationally recognized employment-focused offender reentry program. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(3), 309–322.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of an employment-focused offender reentry program (STRIVE) operated in Southern California on the education, employment, and recidivism outcomes of a sample of people released from prison or jail between 2008 and 2011. Study members were randomly assigned to either receive STRIVE services (the treatment) or a list of other resources in the community, but not STRIVE services (the control). The primary data sources were interviews conducted at baseline and 12 months after random assignment and administrative recidivism data provided by the California Department of Justice. The study found no statistically significant relationships between STRIVE and education, employment, or recidivism 12 months after random assignment. The study also found no statistically significant relationship between STRIVE and recidivism two years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with fewer members of the control group participating in the study at follow-up than members of the STRIVE intervention group (thus, the study has high attrition). The authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects would have been attributable to the STRIVE program if the study had found statistically significant effects.","the STRIVE program","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014, "The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment","Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2014). The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment. The Prison Journal, 94(4), 454–478. [Comparison #1: between secondary degree completion and no secondary degree completion]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined whether obtaining a secondary degree through Minnesota’s Department of Corrections (MnDOC) affected former inmates’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors also investigated whether obtaining a post-secondary degree impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which can be found here. The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to the secondary degree program graduates but who did not complete a secondary degree while incarcerated. The authors estimated the program’s impact using data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Correctional Operations Management System database maintained by MnDOC. The authors found no relationship between completing a secondary degree and recidivism. The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects would have been attributable to completing a secondary degree through MnDOC if the study had found statistically significant effects.","MnDOC’s educational programs","Community college education and other classroom training Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014, "The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment","Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2014). The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment. The Prison Journal, 94(4), 454–478. [Comparison #2: between post-secondary degree completion and no post-secondary degree completion]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined whether obtaining a post-secondary degree through Minnesota’s Department of Corrections (MnDOC) affected former inmates’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors also investigated whether obtaining a secondary degree impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which can be found here. The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to program graduates but who did not complete a post-secondary degree while incarcerated. The authors estimated the program’s effects using data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Correctional Operations Management System database maintained by MnDOC. The authors found that completing a post-secondary degree reduced the risk of reconviction by 16 percent and re-incarceration for a new crime by 24 percent and had no statistically significant effect on revocations for technical violations. The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to completing a post-secondary degree through MnDOC, but other factors might also have contributed.","MnDOC’s educational programs","Other training and education Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014, "Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program: Final evaluation report","Hunter, S. B., & Huang, C. Y. (2014). Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program: Final evaluation report. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program on post-release employment and recidivism outcomes for justice-involved young adults in California. The authors used an interrupted time series design to compare the outcomes of justice-involved young adults before and after participating in the STAR program. They assessed the change in participants’ scores on the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Government Performance Reporting Act assessments, which were administered at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months following program intake. The authors found statistically significant relationships between program participation and employment and recidivism outcomes. At six months after program intake, employment decreased by 26.7 percentage points but the number of participants who spent any time in a confined setting (jail, prison, juvenile hall) decreased by 11.5 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and recidivism are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program","Substance abuse recovery Reentry","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2014,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5051995/ "An evaluation of the effect of correctional education programs on post-release recidivism and employment: An empirical study in Indiana","Nally, J., Lockwood, S., Knutson, K., & Ho, T. (2012). An evaluation of the effect of correctional education programs on post-release recidivism and employment: An empirical study in Indiana. The Journal of Correctional Education, 63(1), 69-89.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the effect of Indiana’s correctional education program on individuals’ employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes after release from prison. The authors used administrative data from the Indiana Department of Corrections (IDOC) and Indiana Department of Workforce Development to compare individuals who participated in correctional education programs while in custody with those who did not. The study found that participation in correctional education programs was associated with a lower likelihood of recidivism. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.","Indiana’s Correctional Education Programs","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://www.thefreelibrary.com/An+evaluation+of+the+effect+of+correctional+educ… "More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., Rudd, T., and Levshin, V. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program. OPRE Report 2011-18. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment. The study found that treatment group members were 24.5 percentage points more likely to be employed during the first year after random assignment than control group members. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the employment program, and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/more_than_job.pdf "Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance","Northcutt Bohmert, M., & Duwe, G. (2012). Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 23(3), 327-351. [Study 1, Contrast 1: Affordable Homes Program participants versus matched nonparticipants].",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The authors examine the impact of participation in Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP) on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for people who were previously incarcerated. The authors also investigated whether completion of the program impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors used data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Minnesota Department of Corrections to compare these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. • Participation in AHP was not associated with statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or the recidivism as measured by rearrest, felony reconviction, or re-incarceration for a new crime. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for program participants compared with nonparticipants is low for post-release employment and earnings but moderate for outcomes related to recidivism. This means we are not confident in the report’s employment and earnings outcomes, but we are somewhat confident in its recidivism outcomes.","Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP)",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0887403411411911 "Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance","Northcutt Bohmert, M., & Duwe, G. (2012). Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 23(3), 327-351. [Study 1, Contrast 2: Affordable Homes Program completers versus matched nonparticipants]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The authors examine the impact of completing Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP) on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for people who were previously incarcerated. The authors also investigated whether participation in the program impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program completers. The authors used data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Minnesota Department of Corrections to compare these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. Completion of AHP was associated with lower recidivism, higher employment, and higher earnings; these results were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for program completers compared with nonparticipants is low because the authors did not fully account for possible existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that estimated effects between program completers and nonparticipants are attributable to AHP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP)",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0887403411411911 "Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Jacobs, E. (2012). Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The author used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to the transitional jobs program or to a group that was offered job search assistance and compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes two years after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment. The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were significantly more likely (by 29 percentage points) than control group members to be employed at any point during the two years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Unemployed, Male",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_626.pdf "More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., & Rudd, T. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program. New York: MDRC.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program on earnings and employment outcomes. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They used administrative data from New York State and New York City, along with data from the National Directory of New Hires and the CEO program itself, to measure earnings and employment outcomes. The study did not find any significant differences between CEO program participants and the control group in Year 2 or Year 3 on any employment or earnings outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CEO program, and not to other factors.","The Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Job Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment",Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_451.pdf "Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2","Smith, T. C., King, C. T., & Schroeder, D. G. (2010). Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2. Austin, TX: Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Rapid Employment Model (REM) program on participants’ employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit claims. (See the CLEAR review of the 2008 report here.) Using program data and state UI records, the authors matched treatment to comparison group cases and conducted regression analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention. The study found that participation in the REM program was associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed in the 10 quarters following program participation among the 2006 cohort. Participation in the REM program was also associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed, a decrease in quarterly earnings, and an increase in the likelihood jobseekers filed UI claims in the six quarters following program participation among the 2007 cohort. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for earnings outcomes in both cohorts and for employment outcomes for the 2006 cohort because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the REM program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented for the UI benefit claiming outcome for both cohorts and the employment outcome for the 2007 cohort is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on UI benefit claiming outcome are attributable to the REM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Rapid Employment Model (REM) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://raymarshallcenter.org/files/2006/01/REM_eval_update_Jan2010.pdf "Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Jacobs, E., Manno, M., Muller-Ravett, S., Seefeldt, D., Yahner, J., Young Jr., A., & Zweig, J. (2010). Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to either the transitional jobs program or to a control group that was offered job search assistance. The authors compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes one year after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment. The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were 8.6 percentage points more likely than control group members to be employed during all four quarters of the year after random assignment, but 8.9 percentage points less likely to have unsubsidized employment during the year after random assignment. Transitional jobs group members’ total earnings from all jobs were $1,419 higher, on average, than those of control group members during the year after random assignment, but their total earnings from unsubsidized jobs were $625 lower. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Male, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514698.pdf "Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison #2: completion of adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here. The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program. The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release earnings and employment, where those who completed adult basic education tended to have lower earnings and lower employment over the full study period, but higher employment in the first year after release compared than did those who did not participate in adult basic education while incarcerated. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/ "Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 1: completion of adult basic education course vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education course.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here. The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program. The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release employment, where those who completed an adult basic education course tended to have higher employment rates after release from incarceration than did those who dropped out of adult basic education. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/ "Evaluation of the Ridge House residential program: Final report.","Willison, J. B., Roman, C. G., Wolff, A., Correa, V., & Knight, C. R. (2010). Evaluation of the Ridge House residential program: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Ridge House, a faith-based halfway house program, on recidivism outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity-score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release recidivism outcomes using administrative data from the National Crime Information Center at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The authors found that the odds of rearrest or reconviction were 75 percent higher for those who participated in the Ridge House program than those in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Ridge House program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Ridge House program","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/230741.pdf "Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative.","Hawkins, S., Lattimore, P., Dawes, D., & Visher, C. (2010). Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative. NCJ 230423. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) on employment, education, and recidivism among juvenile incarcerated males. The study used propensity scores to match participants in SVORI to nonparticipants who were similar on observed characteristics. The study used data from interviews collected at multiple time points through 15 months after release. The study found that SVORI participants were more likely than nonparticipants to be enrolled in school 3 months post-release (68 and 52 percent, respectively) and were more likely than nonparticipants to have a job with benefits 15 months post-release (69 and 40 percent, respectively). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SVORI program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)","Other employment and reemployment Other health and safety Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/230423.pdf "Workforce development program: A pilot study of its impact in the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware.","Visher, C. A., Smolter, N., & O’Connell, D. (2010). Workforce development program: A pilot study of its impact in the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware. Federal Probation, 74(3), 16-21.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The authors examined the impact of the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware’s pilot workforce development program on employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for adult offendprobationers. The authors used a nonexperimental design to create a matched comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors’ estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes one year after the program. Data were collected from probationer case files;, the Probation and Pretrial Services Automated Case Tracking System (PACTS) database;, and, for the treatment group, program records. The authors found that individuals people who participated in vocational training were employed for more months in the first year after program enrollment than were participants who received no vocational training. The authors found that individuals people in the program group were less likely to be rearrested or have their probation revoked than were members of the matched comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. The authors did not account adequately for potential differences between the program and comparison groups before implementing the intervention was implemented. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the workforce development program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware’s workforce development program","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/74_3_4_0.pdf "Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation.","Lindquist, C. H., Lattimore, K. B., & Visher C. A. (2009) Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a violent prisoner reentry program, the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), on several outcomes of female prisoners reentering society, including employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism. The authors used a matched comparison group design, using propensity-score weights, to analyze impacts of the SVORI program for females released from prison. The authors collected four waves of survey data to analyze impacts from before release up to 15 months after release. In addition, the authors obtained state administrative data describing recidivism at 24 months after release. The study found that people in the SVORI group were more likely to be employed after release than those in the comparison group, but it found no significant differences between the groups in public benefit receipt or recidivism outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on survey data is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to SVORI and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on administrative data and for the employment and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment are attributable to SVORI; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)",Reentry,"Justice-involved, Female",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=252453 "Anne Arundel County juvenile treatment court outcome and cost evaluation","Mackin, J., Lucas, L., Waller, M., Carey, S., & Finigan, M. (2010). Anne Arundel County juvenile treatment court outcome and cost evaluation. Portland OR: NPC Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a juvenile treatment court in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on recidivism. The authors used a nonexperimental design, matching youth who participated in the juvenile treatment court with similar court-involved youth who did not participate in the juvenile treatment court. The authors used administrative data to compare the mean number of juvenile rearrests for the study groups over a two-year follow-up period. The study found that 53 percent of the treatment court group, compared with 73 percent of the comparison group, had a juvenile rearrest within 24 months. The study also found differences of a similar magnitude at three intermediate follow-ups (6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the juvenile treatment court, but other factors might also have contributed.","Anne Arundel Juvenile Treatment Court","Other training and education Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2010,http://www.courts.state.md.us/opsc/dtc/pdfs/evaluationsreports/annearundelcount… "St. Mary’s County juvenile drug court outcome and cost evaluation","Mackin, J., Lucas, L., Lambarth, C., Waller, M., Herrera, A., Carey, S., & Finigan, M. (2010). St. Mary’s County juvenile drug court outcome and cost evaluation. Portland, OR: NPC Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in a juvenile drug court program in St. Mary’s County, Oregon, on recidivism. The study used administrative data from the departments of Juvenile Services, Public Safety and Correctional Services, and Health and Mental Hygiene to compare outcomes of youth who participated in juvenile drug court with outcomes from a group of similar, drug court-eligible youth who did not participate. The study found no statistically significant effects on recidivism, including total number of rearrests, rearrests for drug charges, and rearrest rates over a two-year period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to participation in the juvenile drug court, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","St. Mary's County Juvenile Drug Court","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2010,http://www.courts.state.md.us/opsc/dtc/pdfs/evaluationsreports/stmaryscountyjuv… "Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Study 1, Contrast 4: participation in adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of participation in prison-based adult basic education on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here. The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program. The study found statistically significant relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Compared with people who did not participate in adult basic education, those who did had lower earnings and both lower and higher employment depending on the statistical model used. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to participated in an adult basic education program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/ "Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 3: participation in adult basic education vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here. The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program. The study found statistically significant, positive relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Those who participated in adult basic education tended to have higher employment rates and earnings than did those who involuntarily dropped out of adult basic education. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to adult basic education; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/ "Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California’s Proposition 36 drug treatment initiative","Evans E., Hser Y.-I., Huang D. (2010). Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California's proposition 36 drug treatment initiative. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 37 (4), 461-476.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of California’s Proposition 36 employment services on employment, earnings, receipt of public benefits, and recidivism. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes of people in drug treatment programs who have a criminal conviction and who received Proposition 36-funded employment services with outcomes of people in the same programs who did not receive proposition-funded employment services. The authors found that receipt of Proposition 36 employment services was associated with an increase in employment in the year after program participation. The authors also found that Proposition 36 was positively associated with the receipt of certain public benefits (public assistance and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) at three months and negatively associated with the receipt of Supplemental Security Income at three months. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to receipt of Proposition 36 employment services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","California’s Proposition 36 employment services","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9185-z "Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Azurdia, G., Zweig, J., and Pindus, N. (2009). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment in the sixth or eighth quarters after random assignment, nor on earnings in the sixth quarter or second year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the employment program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/ex_prisoners.pdf "Mentoring formerly incarcerated adults: Insights from the Ready4Work reentry initiative.","Bauldry, S., Korom-Djakovic, D., McClanahan, W. S., McMaken, J., & Kotloff, L. J. (2009). Mentoring formerly incarcerated adults: Insights from the Ready4Work reentry initiative. New York, NY: Public Private Ventures.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the relationships between the Ready4Work mentoring program and post-release employment and recidivism outcomes among previously incarcerated adults. The study uses a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes of Ready4Work participants who did and did not voluntarily participate in mentoring, based on data from states’ public incarceration records and a follow-up questionnaire given to study participants at their program site. The study found statistically significant favorable relationships between Ready4Work mentoring and employment and recidivism outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the fact that study members in the intervention group chose to participate in mentoring and study members in the comparison group chose not to participate in mentoring. This means we are not confident that findings can be attributed to Ready4Work mentoring; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ready4Work mentoring","Other employment and reemployment Reentry Mentoring",Justice-involved,,"United States",2009,https://www.issuelab.org/resource/mentoring-formerly-incarcerated-adults-insigh… "Evaluation of the YouthBuild Youth Offender Grants","Abrazaldo, W., Adefuin, J., Henderson-Frakes, J., Lea, C., Leufgen, J., Lewis-Charp, H., … Wiegand, A. (2009). Evaluation of the YouthBuild Youth Offender Grants. Oakland, CA: SPR Associates.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Implementation Analysis",,,"Summary: This report summarizes the findings of an implementation and outcomes analysis of Young Offender grants. These grants, which were awarded to 30 YouthBuild USA sites in 2004 and 2005, were to provide academic instruction, vocational training, leadership opportunities, and counseling and other support services to young offenders. The objective was to understand how YouthBuild programming for young offenders was designed and implemented; identify the strategies and approaches associated with positive outcomes; and gain insight into the contextual factors influencing program implementation and participant performance. The authors collected and analyzed qualitative information gathered during two rounds of site visits—which included interviews with program staff, instructors and trainers, grantee partners, employers, and program participants—and quantitative management information systems data.  The implementation analysis found that the extent to which Young Offender grantees implemented the YouthBuild model varied, though all attempted to adhere to the model. In general, grantees had mature organizational structures and were able to form partnerships with workforce development agencies and the juvenile justice system. Young offenders tended to have better educational, employment, and social outcomes in grantee sites where teachers invested time in getting to know them on a personal level, the teacher-to-student ratio was low, academic work and vocational training were linked, and leadership opportunities were available.",Youthbuild,"Youth programs Other training and education Work based and other occupational training","Youth, Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Youth… "The relative importance of selected variables on the employment consistency of Virginia ex-offenders","Onyewu, C. C. (2009). The relative importance of selected variables on the employment consistency of Virginia ex-offenders. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from VTechWorks: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26264.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: This study examines the effectiveness of prison-based career and technical education (CTE) on post-incarceration employment among males released from Virginia prisons from July 2000 to June 2001. The author used a nonexperimental design to estimate the employment impacts of prison-based CTE four years after people were released from prison. The author used administrative data from the Virginia Employment Commission and the Virginia Department of Corrections. The study found that participation in CTE was associated with greater employment after release from prison than nonparticipation in CTE. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CTE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Career and Technical Education (CTE)","Reentry Work based and other occupational training",Justice-involved,,"United States",2009,http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26264 "Essays on incarceration and labor market outcomes.","Jung, H. (2009). Essays on incarceration and labor market outcomes. (Doctoral dissertation.) Retrieved from ProQuest. Accession No. 305059182.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participating in the Adult Transition Centers (ATC) work-release program on employment and earnings outcomes for ex-prisoners in Cook County, Illinois. Prisoners in minimum-security prisons who are nearing their release date and meet certain conditions of criminal history are eligible to apply to transfer to ATCs. The study used a nonexperimental design that compared changes in outcomes over time between the treatment group and a matched comparison group. The study used administrative data on prison admission and exit dates from the Illinois Department of Corrections and earnings data from the Illinois Department of Employment Security. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the ATC work-release program and employment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we would not be confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to the ATC work-release program; other factors would likely have contributed, though the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Adult Transition Center Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2009, "An Evaluation of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming our Future) Program","Monsma, S., & Smidt, C. (2009). An Evaluation of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming our Future) Program. Paul Henry Institute for the Study of Christianity and Politics,","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Implementation Analysis",,,"Summary: This report presents an implementation analysis of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (RNF) program. The program provided skills training, case management, and follow-up services to at risk youth and those with previous criminal justice experience between the ages of 14 and 21. The study examined RNF programs in 19 sites, focusing on program organization, sub-grantee characteristics, and participant characteristics and outcomes. The study utilized management information system (MIS) data, staff interviews, site visits, participant focus groups, and interviews with community partners. The program was successful in reaching and retaining minority youth and those with previous criminal justice experience, largely because program subgrantees were located in and matched the neighborhoods they served, and had staff members who seemed similar to, and accessible to, their target population. The Latino Coalition, the intermediary organization, played a critical role in the program’s success by establishing a robust organizational and oversight structure and providing capacity-building assistance to the relatively new and small faith-based and community organizations delivering program services.","Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming Our Future)","Basic skills Community college education and other classroom training Job search assistance and supportive services Mentoring Substance abuse recovery Work based and other occupational training Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2009,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/An%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20… "McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II).","McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II). Chapel Hill, NC: McNeil Education.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of being matched to employment through the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP) Phase I on youths’ average weekly earnings. The study compared the wages of employed youth who were matched to employment through DSYODP with the wages of employed youth who were eligible for the DSYODP but had secured employment through other means. The study found that average weekly wages of youth matched to employment through DSYODP were significantly higher than wages of youth who secured employment through other means. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the DSYODP; however, other factors might also have contributed.","Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP)","Job search assistance and supportive services Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Process%20Evaluation%20of%20… "Rapid employment model evaluation: Update","Smith, T. C., King, C. T., & Schroeder, D. G. (2008). Rapid employment model evaluation: Update. Austin, TX: Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Rapid Employment Model (REM) program on participants’ employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit claims. (See the CLEAR review of the 2010 report here.) Using program data and state UI records, the authors matched treatment group cases to comparison group cases and conducted regression analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention. The study found that participation in the REM program was associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed in quarters following program participation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for employment and earnings outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the REM program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented for the UI benefit claiming outcome is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on UI benefit claiming outcome are attributable to REM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Rapid Employment Model (REM) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2008,http://sites.utexas.edu/raymarshallcenter/files/2008/12/REM_eval_update_01-28-0… "The impact of reentry services on juvenile offenders’ recidivism","Bouffard, J., & Bergseth, K. (2008). The impact of reentry services on juvenile offenders’ recidivism. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6(3), 295-318.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study examined the impact of structured after-care and reentry services for justice-involved youth on their recidivism rates. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare youth who received reentry services to a comparison group of youth who received traditional services in a neighboring county. Data came from the local juvenile court databases, probation and transitional coordinator files, and electronic records used by case managers to track client contacts. The study found that there were no statistically significant differences between study groups in time to first reoffense or in number of criminal contacts with the justice system. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because all treated youth were in one county and all comparison youth were in another. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the after-care and reentry program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","After-care and Reentry Services","Mentoring Reentry Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States, Rural",2008, "Evaluation of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative","Barton, W., Jarjoura, G., & Rosay, A. (2008). Evaluation of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative. Indianapolis: Indiana University School of Social Work, and Anchorage: Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America’s Targeted Re-Entry Initiative on youth’s recidivism. The authors used administrative data to match Initiative participants to a comparison group of nonparticipants released from the same rehabilitation facilities. The authors compared recidivism rates among program participants and the comparison group. The authors reported a statistically significant relationship between participation in the Targeted Re-Entry Initiative and higher rates of re-arrest at one of the three sites studied, and no statistically significant correlations at the other two sites. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not include sufficient controls for pre-existing differences between the study groups in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative","Basic skills Health Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/research/2000/0411.targeted_reentry/0411.05.targe… "An experimental evaluation of teen courts","Stickle, W., Connell, N., Wilson, D., & Gottfredson, D. (2008). An experimental evaluation of teen courts. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(2), 137-163.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in a teen court on youth offenders’ rates of recidivism. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which eligible youth were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, which participated in a teen court, or to the control group, which participated in the traditional juvenile justice system. The authors compared outcomes for the two groups using administrative data. The study reported no differences in recidivism outcomes for teen court youth and those in the traditional juvenile justice system. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for some outcomes and low for other outcomes. This means we have little confidence that any estimated effects would be attributable to the teen court program. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Teen Court","Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008, "Evaluation of the Suffolk County juvenile treatment court: Process and impact findings","Kralstein, D. (2008). Evaluation of the Suffolk County juvenile treatment court: Process and impact findings. New York: Center for Court Innovation.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Suffolk County’s juvenile drug court on recidivism. The study used propensity scores based on state and county administrative records to match juveniles who participated in the drug court to similar juveniles in the year before the introduction of the drug court. The author used regression analysis to estimate the relationship between participation in the juvenile drug court and the number and rate of arrests 18 and 24 months following the initial petition. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the juvenile drug court and recidivism. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study did not account for other changes that could have taken place at the same time as the introduction of the drug court and affected juvenile recidivism. This means we are not confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the juvenile drug court, and not other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant effects.","Suffolk County’s Juvenile Drug Court","Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/Suffolk_JTC.pdf "Evaluation of seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact findings at 30 months","D'Amico, R., & Kim, H. (2008). Evaluation of seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact findings at 30 months. Oakland, CA: Social Policy Research Associates. Retrieved from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service website: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Second Chance Act (SCA) Adult Demonstration Program on employment, earnings, and recidivism. The study was a randomized controlled trial involving a sample of people recently or soon to be released from incarceration. The primary data sources included administrative data on employment and earnings from the National Directory of New Hires, state and local corrections records of recidivism, and 18-month follow-up survey data on employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors used a statistical model to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members, both overall and among groups with higher and lower risk of recidivism. The study found that the SCA program had no impacts on earnings, employment, or recidivism. Further, several recidivism outcomes from the administrative data sources demonstrated an increase in crime or crime-related activities. Among those in the sample at lower risk for recidivism, the study found that the program was associated with a larger number of reconvictions 30 months after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects for the full sample would have been attributable to the SCA Adult Demonstration Program and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects. The quality of causal evidence of the analyses by risk-level is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects for the risk subgroups are attributable to the SCA Adult Demonstration Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Second Chance Act (SCA) Adult Demonstration Program","Health Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2008,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf "Prison-based education and reentry into the mainstream labor market","Tyler, J. H., & Kling, J. R. (2007). Prison-based education and reentry into the mainstream labor market. In D. Weiman & S. D. Bushway (Eds.), Barriers to reentry?: The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 227-256). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of obtaining a general education diploma (GED) while in prison from 1994 to 2000 in Florida on male prisoners’ post-incarceration employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes for those who obtained a prison-based GED (the treatment group) with those that did not (the comparison group). Drawing on administrative data from the state of Florida and Unemployment Insurance (UI) records, the authors estimated impacts on earnings and compared the means of the two groups for the employment and recidivism outcomes. The study reported no statistically significant findings on earnings in the first and third years after release or on recidivism or employment outcomes. The study found that, in the second year after release, people who obtained a GED in prison earned $114 more per quarter than those who did not; this was a significant difference. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the program and did not eliminate concerns about self-selection into the prison-based GED program. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the prison-based GED program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison-based program to obtain general education diploma (GED)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2007,https://www.nber.org/papers/w12114 "The effects of an experimental intensive juvenile probation program on self-reported delinquency and drug use","Lane, J., Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2007). The effects of an experimental intensive juvenile probation program on self-reported delinquency and drug use. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(3), 201-219.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), an alternative juvenile probation program, on delinquency and drug use. The study was a randomized controlled trial. Eligible youth were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which could participate in SOCP, or a control group, which had routine juvenile probation. The study found that significantly more SOCP youth than youth in the control group reported committing a violent crime in the 12 months after starting probation (67.6 versus 55.6 percent). However, SOCP youth indicated they used ecstasy/MDMA less frequently than control youth in the past 30 days (1.8 versus 4.2 days). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SOCP, and not to other factors.","South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP)","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2007, "Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program.","Bloom, D., Redcross, C., Zweig, J. & Azurdia, G. (2007). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Neighborhood Work Project (NWP) sponsored by the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) on the employment outcomes of former prisoners. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used administrative data from the program and state data systems to compare the outcomes of former prisoners who had been randomly assigned to the NWP with those of former prisoners who were randomly assigned to a control group that received basic employment services. The study found that those assigned to the NWP were more likely than the control group to be employed in all four quarters during the year after the program and were more likely to be employed in the program’s worksite project in the fourth quarter after the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEO NWP’s transitional job services and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities’ Neighborhood Work Project (NWP)","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/transitional_jobs.pdf "Reentry services: An evaluation of a pilot project in Clay County, MN","Bergseth, K., & McDonald, T. (2007). Reentry services: An evaluation of a pilot project in Clay County, MN. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University, Department of Criminal Justice and Political Science.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reentry Services Project (RSP) on juvenile recidivism. The authors estimated regression models comparing the number of criminal and official contacts with police or the courts, pulled from an electronic Court Services Tracking System, between RSP and comparison group members, controlling for differences in demographics and number of prior charges. The study found that RSP group members had significantly fewer official and criminal contacts than the comparison group one year after release from out-of-home placement. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the program was implemented in only one county and there was no variation in the implementation of the program over time. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the RSP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Reentry Services Project (RSP)","Health Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2007,http://www.claycountycollaborative.org/projects/RSP%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf "Harford County juvenile drug court performance evaluation: Final report","Crumpton, D., Carey, S., Mackin, J., Finigan, M., Pukstas, K., Weller, J., and Brekhus, J. (2006). Harford County juvenile drug court performance evaluation: Final report. Portland, Oregon. NPC Research, 1-104.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Harford County (Maryland) Juvenile Drug Court on recidivism. The authors used administrative records to estimate the impact of the drug court by comparing the outcomes of youth who participated in the drug court with those of similar youth who did not. The study found that drug court participants had significantly fewer rearrests (36 percent fewer) and fewer days (59 percent fewer) on probation than youth who were eligible for the program but did not participate. Participants spent fewer days in secure and community detention in the first year after program entry than youth in the comparison group. However, the study found no significant effects on the number of adjudication hearings, days in residential treatment, or days in a group home. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Harford County Juvenile Drug Court, but other factors might also have contributed.","Harford County Juvenile Drug Court","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006,http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/HCJDC_Process_Outcome-Cost-FINAL-repo… "Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment","Smith, C. J., Bechtel, J., Patrick, A., Smith, R. R., & Wilson-Gentry, L. (2006). Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment. (Report No. 214608). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. [Comparison between PIECP and traditional prison industries employment]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: This study examines the effectiveness of a specific prison work program called Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP) on employment and recidivism after release. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, the profile of which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental study design and administrative data to compare employment and recidivism outcomes of the PIECP group with the outcomes of a comparison group of similar people who worked in traditional prison industries. The study found that PIECP was associated with more employment and less recidivism compared with the outcomes of people who worked in traditional prison industries. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar before the program began. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/pub/AmLegalHist/SaarWarnerProject/214608… "Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments.","Henggeler, S., Halliday-Boykins, C., Cunningham, P., Randall, J., Shapiro, S., & Chapman, J. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the marginal impacts of three layered treatments—drug court hearings, substance abuse therapy, and contingency management counseling—on criminal justice outcomes and positive drug screens among youth in Charleston, South Carolina, diagnosed with substance abuse or dependence. The authors randomly assigned eligible youth to one of three treatment groups—drug court, drug court with multisystemic therapy, or drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced by contingency management—or to a control group that received typical family court services. The study found no statistically significant differences between the groups on measures of recidivism after one year. However, the study found that participants in the treatment groups reported committing fewer delinquent acts than those in the control groups. Effects on drug screens were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for recidivism outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but moderate for self-reported delinquency and drug screen outcomes because they had high attrition and the authors demonstrated that the groups being compared had similar baseline characteristics.","the Treatments","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006, "Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment","Smith, C. J., Bechtel, J., Patrick, A., Smith, R. R., & Wilson-Gentry, L. (2006). Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment. (Report No. 214608). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. [Comparison between PIECP and other-than-work activities]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: This study examines the effectiveness of a specific prison work program called Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP) on employment, earnings, and recidivism after release. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, the profile of which is available here. The authors used a nonexperimental study design and administrative data to compare employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes of the PIECP group with those of a comparison group of similar people who did not participate in prison work activities. The study found that PIECP was associated with more employment, greater earnings, and less recidivism compared with the outcomes of those who did not participate in prison work activities. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/pub/AmLegalHist/SaarWarnerProject/214608… "Measuring recidivism in a juvenile drug court: Systematic outcome study of a juvenile drug court using historical information","Pitts, W. (2006). Measuring recidivism in a juvenile drug court: Systematic outcome study of a juvenile drug court using historical information. The Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, 3(1), 17-34.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to evaluate the effect of participating in a juvenile drug court in Farmington, New Mexico, on recidivism. The author used historical data from official court records to compare the recidivism outcomes of youth who participated in the drug court with a comparison group of drug court-eligible youth who did not become drug court clients. The study found that participation in the juvenile drug court program was associated with lower overall recidivism 16 months or later after completion of the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the analysis did not include controls for existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the drug court; other factors likely contributed.","the Juvenile Drug Court Program","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2006, "A process and site-specific outcome evaluation of Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs","Ferguson, A., McCole, B., & Raio, J. (2006). A process and site-specific outcome evaluation of Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs. Portland, ME: University of Southern Maine. Retrieved from https://www1.maine.gov/dhhs/samhs/osa/pubs/correct/2006/adultdc06.pdf",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs on recidivism. The authors compared the recidivism rates of drug treatment court program participants in five Maine counties with those of adult offenders adjudicated through the traditional process in those same counties. The study generally found that rearrest rates for adults who were assigned to the drug court were lower than those for adults adjudicated through the traditional process. However, the study did not report any tests of the statistical significance of these differences. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not control for existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Maine’s adult drug court programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Maine’s Adult Drug Treatment Court Programs","Substance abuse recovery",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://www1.maine.gov/dhhs/samhs/osa/pubs/correct/2006/Mjv0306.pdf "Recidivism findings for the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program: Final report","Drake, E. (2006). Recidivism findings for the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program: Final report. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Washington State Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program on recidivism. The author estimated the effect of the mentoring program using administrative data to compare outcomes among youth released from a juvenile rehabilitation facility who applied to participate in the program with the outcomes of similar youth who did not apply. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the mentoring program on recidivism. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Washington State Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s Mentoring Program","Mentoring Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006,http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/947/Wsipp_Recidivism-Findings-for-the-Juveni… "Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report","Wiebush, R., Wagner, D., McNulty, B., Wang, Y., & Le, T. (2005). Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to measure the impact of participation in an Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) for high-risk youth from juvenile justice facility placements on recidivism. The authors used a random assignment design and multivariate regression analysis to estimate impacts on aggregate recidivism scores, the sum of all subsequent offenses, weighted by severity. Data for the study were collected from standardized forms, surveys, risk assessment tests, and state agency and police records. The study found no statistically significant effects of the program on participants’ aggregate recidivism scores. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for some outcomes and low for other outcomes. This means we have little confidence that any estimated effects would be attributable to the IAP. However, the study found few statistically significant effects.","the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)","Reentry Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2005,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED484683.pdf "An experimental study of the Los Angeles County repeat offender program: Its implementation and evaluation","Zhang, S.X., & Zhang, L. (2005). An experimental study of the Los Angeles County repeat offender program: Its implementation and evaluation. Criminology and Public Policy, 4(2):205–236.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention Program (ROPP) on youths’ recidivism and educational outcomes. The authors randomly assigned eligible youth to either the treatment group that received ROPP or a control group that received standard probation services. Using data from the Los Angeles Unified School District and probation records, the authors compared the educational outcomes and average recidivism rates of the two groups. The study found that ROPP had some early positive impacts on educational outcomes, but many of these gains faded after the first six months of the program. The study also found initial improvements (reductions) in recidivism for the treatment group during the first six months. There were no statistically significant effects of participation in the program on violations of probation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition that sufficiently accounted for other relevant factors. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Los Angeles County ROPP, but other factors might also have contributed.","The Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention Program (ROPP)","Other training and education Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2005, "Evaluating an experimental intensive juvenile probation program: Supervision and official outcomes","Lane, J., Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2005). Evaluating an experimental intensive juvenile probation program: Supervision and official outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, 51(1), 26-52.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), an alternative juvenile probation program, on recidivism outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used administrative data from the program and probation records to compare the outcomes of youth randomly assigned to the SOCP with those of youth randomly assigned to a control group that received standard probation services. The study found no statistically significant effects of SOCP on arrests or referrals to probation, convictions, or incarceration. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to SOCP and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP)","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2005, "Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system","Godley, S. H., Finch, M., Dougan, L., McDonnell, M., McDermeit, M., & Carey, A. (2000). Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(2), 137–148.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the relationship between the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program and a range of outcomes, including education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental interrupted time series (ITS) study design to compare the outcomes of people with prior justice-system contact and mental health and substance abuse issues, before and after participating in the TASC/MISA program. Using survey data, the authors looked at the change in participants’ Addiction Severity Index (ASI) scores, incarceration, and other outcomes between baseline and six months following program intake. The study found that program participation was associated with less favorable employment and education outcomes but favorable recidivism outcomes. Associations between participation and public benefit receipt outcomes were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program","Substance abuse recovery Reentry","Justice-involved, Other barriers",,"United States",2000,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00027-6