Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol"
"Synthesis Report: Behavioral Finance Synthesis: Findings",,"Behavioral Finance: Retirement",,,,"Findings:

  
  
  

  
  
  

  
  
  

          People have relatively limited knowledge about saving for retirement and can be induced to save more when provided with additional information.

          Making retirement more salient, by having people think of themselves in retirement or providing a target retirement date, can increase intentions to save and alter investment choices.

          People can become overwhelmed by the number of investment options they face; when this occurs, they tend to use simple rules to make decisions.",,"Employer provided retirement benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",,,"Behavioral Finance: Retirement Review Protocol"
"The impact of Medicare Part D on self-employment.","Moulton, J. G., Diebold, J. C., & Scott, J. C. (2017). The impact of Medicare Part D on self-employment. Research on Aging, 39(1), 64-85.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of the introduction of Medicare Part D on self-employment. The authors used a nonexperimental approach and data from the American Community Survey to estimate the impact.
The authors found that self-employment significantly increased by 0.5 percentage points after the program began.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on self-employment are attributable to the introduction of Medicare Part D, although other factors might also have contributed.","Medicare Part D","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2017,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Assessing the statewide impact of the Specter Vocational Program on reentry outcomes: A propensity score matching analysis.","Hill, L., Scaggs, S., & Bales, W. D. (2017). Assessing the statewide impact of the Specter Vocational Program on reentry outcomes: A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(1), 61-86.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of completing the Workplace and Community Transition Training for Incarcerated Individuals (WCTTII) program on the employment and recidivism outcomes of young people released from prison in Florida.
The authors used a nonexperimental matching design to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to WCTTII program graduates but who did not participate in the WCTTII program or who started the program but did not complete it. The authors estimated the program’s impact by comparing employment and recidivism outcomes for program graduates with those for the matched comparison group using administrative data from the Florida Department of Corrections Offender Based Information System, law enforcement, and the Department of Revenues.
The study found that the WCTTII program decreased the proportion of former prisoners who were reconvicted or re-incarcerated within three years of their release. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the program and employment within three months of release.
The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because they were based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WCTTII program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence on employment is low because the authors did not adequately account for differences in employment history before the intervention.","Workplace and Community Transition Training for Incarcerated Individuals","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does protecting older workers from discrimination make it harder to get hired? Evidence from disability discrimination laws.","Neumark, D., Song, J., & Button, P. (2017). Does protecting older workers from discrimination make it harder to get hired? Evidence from disability discrimination laws. Research on Aging, 39(1), 29-63.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the strength of state disability discrimination laws on hiring rates of older men.
The study used statistical models and data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate the impacts.
The study found no relationship between the strength of disability discrimination laws and the hiring rate for older unemployed disabled and nondisabled men.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar and did not account for possible differences in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state disability discrimination laws; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Disability discrimination laws","Health Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2017,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0164027516656142,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform","Jackson, O., & Zhao, B. (2017). The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform. Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. [Study 2: Record access reform]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The state of Massachusetts, as part of the Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform, implemented a policy change to reduce access to job applicants’ criminal histories. The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the record access reform on employment and earnings among people with a criminal record. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare people with a criminal record who were impacted by the record access reform with a similar group of people who were not impacted by the reform. The authors compared impacts on employment and earnings using Unemployment Insurance wage records and CORI from the state Department of Criminal Justice Information Services for 14 quarters after the reform was implemented.
	The study found a mixed relationship between record access reform and the employment rate of people. In quarters 1 to 5, there was either no impact on employment or a small positive impact. In quarters 6 to 14, this relationship was significant and negative, which means that record access reform was associated with a lower employment rate among the treatment group compared with the comparison group. The record access reform was associated, however, with significantly increased earnings in 5 of the 14 quarters after implementation, but it showed no impact in the rest of the 14 quarters.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the record access reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2942005,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of the Affordable Care Act on labor transitions among older workers.","Camilleri, S. E. (2017). The effect of the Affordable Care Act on labor transitions among older workers. In Three papers on the Affordable Care Act (Doctoral dissertation). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the employment outcomes of older workers.
The author used data from the Current Population Survey for 2011–2016 and regression analyses to estimate impacts.
The study found that the ACA was not associated with employment outcomes among older workers.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the ACA, but other factors might also have contributed.","Affordable Care Act (ACA)","Older workers' programs Health insurance","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2017,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform","Jackson, O., & Zhao, B. (2017). The effect of changing employers’ access to criminal histories on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes: Evidence from the 2010-2012 Massachusetts CORI Reform. Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. [Study 1: Ban the Box reform]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The state of Massachusetts, as part of the Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform, implemented a policy change known as Ban the Box, which refers to a box job seekers would check to report their criminal histories in job applications. The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Ban the Box on employment and earnings among people with a criminal record. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare people with a criminal record who were impacted by the Ban the Box reform with a group of people with a criminal record who were not impacted (that is, those who did not have a criminal record until after the Ban the Box reform). The authors compared impacts on employment and earnings using Unemployment Insurance wage records and CORI from the state Department of Criminal Justice Information Services for six quarters after the reform was implemented.
	For each of the six quarters after the start of the reform, the Ban the Box reform was significantly associated with an employment rate that was 1.0 to 3.8 percentage points lower among the treatment group compared with the comparison group. The reform was also significantly associated with relatively lower earnings among the treatment group in two of the six quarters after the reform but was not associated with a difference in earnings in the other four quarters.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Ban the Box reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) Reform",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2942005,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluating recidivism and job quality outcomes for participants in the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program","Northcutt Bohmert, M., Hood, B. J., & Meckes, J. (2017). Evaluating recidivism and job quality outcomes for participants in the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program. Corrections: Policy, Practice and Research, 2(2), 110-129.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of job placement through the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program on recidivism among people released from Indiana prisons in 2014.
	The authors used HIRE program data and Indiana Department of Corrections data on the prison population to compare the recidivism outcomes of previously incarcerated people who were placed in a job through HIRE with the outcomes of those who were not placed in a job by the HIRE program. The authors used a statistical model to compare rates of recidivism between these two groups.
	The study found a statistically significant relationship between the intervention and recidivism. People obtaining a job placement were less likely to be reincarcerated between one to two years after release than nonparticipants who did not use intervention program services. The study also examined employment outcomes but these were not eligible for review.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to job placement through HIRE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) program","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2017,https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2016.1277378,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Job insecurity, unemployment insurance and on-the-job search. Evidence from older American workers.","Gutierrez, I. A. (2016). Job insecurity, unemployment insurance and on-the-job search. Evidence from older American workers. Labour Economics, 41, 228-245. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.011","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the potential wage replacement rate through Unemployment Insurance (UI) on the probability of transitioning to non-employment.
The study used a nonexperimental design and data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1996–2006 and 2010–2012 to identify workers who expected job loss during the baseline survey and who experienced job transitions by the follow-up survey two years later.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between potential wage replacement rates and transitions to non-employment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the analyses do not sufficiently account for other factors that might contribute to the estimated effects. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the potential wage replacement rate through UI; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Unemployment Insurance (UI)","Older workers' programs Unemployment Insurance","Adult, Older worker, Employed",,"United States",2016,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Spousal labor market effects from government health insurance: Evidence from a veterans affairs expansion.","Boyle, M. A. & Lahey, J. N. (2016). Spousal labor market effects from government health insurance: Evidence from a veterans affairs expansion. Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, 45(C), 63-76.","Older Workers, Veterans","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the mid-1990s (as a result of the implementation of the Veteran’s Health Care Eligibility Reform Act) on the employment and earnings of non-covered spouses.
The authors used a statistical model and data from the Census Bureau’s March Current Population Survey and the Health and Retirement Study to compare the employment and earnings of wives of male veterans with wives of non-veterans of the same ages before and after the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA.
The study found no statistically significant associations between the expansion of health insurance for veterans and the employment of their wives and mixed evidence on associations between the expansion of health insurance for veterans and the earnings of their wives.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for the employment outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low for earnings outcomes because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Veteran Health Insurance Expansion","Health Older workers' programs Veterans' reemployment","Adult, Older worker, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,,"Older Workers, Veterans Review Protocol"
"The effect of private sector work opportunities in prison on labor market outcomes of the formerly incarcerated","Cox, R. (2016). The effect of private sector work opportunities in prison on labor market outcomes of the formerly incarcerated. Journal of Labor Research, 37, 412-440.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examines the effectiveness of a prison work program, Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP), on employment, earnings, and recidivism.
	The author used a nonexperimental design to compare employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes among PIECP participants with those of a group of nonparticipants with similar demographic and criminal-justice backgrounds. They used data from state departments of corrections merged with data on reported earnings.
	The study found that PIECP participation was associated with a shorter time to employment after release from prison and with higher subsequent earnings. The study found PIECP had no impact on the risk of reconviction or the risk of reincarceration.
	The quality of causal evidence for recidivism outcomes is moderate because they were based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to PIECP if the study had found statistically significant effects on recidivism. The quality of causal evidence on employment and earnings outcomes is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2016,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-016-9229-0,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports","Wiegand, A., & Sussell, J. (2016). Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports. Retrieved from the Department of Labor website: https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation-of-the-Re-Integration-of-Ex-Offenders-%28RExO%29-Program-Final-Impact-Report_Acc.pdf",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs on employment, earnings, public benefits receipt, and recidivism outcomes.
	The study was a randomized controlled trial whose authors employed a statistical method to estimate the impact of RExO using data from four sources, including qualitative data generated from an implementation study, administrative data on criminal justice outcomes, administrative data on employment and earnings from the National Directory of New Hires, and a follow-up survey of participants.
	The study found that the RExO program did not increase the long-term employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, or recidivism.
	The quality of causal evidence on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes presented in this report is high because the evidence is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to the RExO program and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects.","Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry Mentoring",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Men and women expecting to work longer: Do changing work conditions matter?","Moen, P., Kojola, E., Kelly, E.L., & Karakaya, Y. (2016). Men and women expecting to work longer: Do changing work conditions matter? Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(3), 321-344.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a work flexibility intervention called STAR (Support. Transform. Achieve. Results) on workers’ expectations of retirement age and bridge jobs.
The study is a randomized controlled trial that uses surveys of workers before the intervention and five years post-intervention.
The study found that receiving STAR was associated with higher expectations of working at age 65 and retiring at age 67 or older.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial, it had unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to STAR; other factors are likely to have contributed.","STAR (Support. Transform. Achieve. Results.)","Work based and other occupational training Other employer services","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2016,https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/men-and-women-expecting-to-work-longer-…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers","Martinson, K., Williams, J., Needels, K., Peck, L., Moulton, S., Paxton, N., Mastri, A., Copson, E., Comfort, A., & Brown-Lyons, M. (2016). The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers. Retrieved from https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20from%20the%20Impact%20Study.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes.
The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used a baseline information form, the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH), a follow-up survey, and administrative program data to compare the outcomes between the treatment and control groups over an 18-month follow-up period.
The study found that the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program had a significant positive impact on completion rates for vocational training and life skills classes, and receipt of a vocational credential.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program and not to other factors.","the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity Program","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Justice-involved, Other barriers, Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20f…,"Community College Review Protocol"
"The effect of Social Security information on the labor supply and savings of older Americans.","Armour, P., & Lovenheim, M. F. (2016). The effect of Social Security information on the labor supply and savings of older Americans. (Working paper no. 361). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Social Security statements issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA) on older men’s annual hours worked.
The authors used a nonexperimental design and data from Health and Retirement Study surveys and Social Security administrative records to estimate the impacts.
The study found that receiving the first Social Security Statement is associated with a decrease in self-reported annual hours worked and receiving the second Social Security Statement is associated with an increase in self-reported annual hours worked.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is moderate because that the study was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Social Security statements, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security statements","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2016,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of health reform on retirement.","Levy, H., Buchmueller, T. C., & Nikpay, S. (2015). The effect of health reform on retirement (Research Paper 329). Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Retirement Research Center.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the expansion of Medicaid to low-income adults in 2014 on retirement rates of workers ages 55 to 64.
The authors used a nonexperimental analysis to compare those who lived in an expansion state to those who lived in other states. The study used data from the monthly Current Population Survey from January 2005 through July 2015.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between Medicaid expansion and retirement.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion of Medicaid; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Medicaid expansion","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Low income",,"United States",2015,https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/116062,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An outcome evaluation of a prison work release program: Estimating its effects on recidivism, employment, and cost avoidance","Duwe, G. (2015). An outcome evaluation of a prison work release program: Estimating its effects on recidivism, employment, and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(6), 531-554.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of the Minnesota Department of Correction’s work release program on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for adult offenders.
	The author used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The author estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes using data from the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, Minnesota Department of Corrections, and the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development.
	The author found that, on average, program participation decreased the risk of reconviction by 14 percent and of re-incarceration by 17 percent, but increased the risk of participants having their supervised release revoked for a technical violation by 78 percent.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for outcomes related to recidivism and low for post-release employment and earnings outcomes. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the work release program, although other factors might also have contributed, and we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Minnesota Department of Correction’s work release program","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The impact of a randomly assigned time and place management initiative on work and retirement expectations.","Cahill, K. E., James, J. B., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2015). The impact of a randomly assigned time and place management initiative on work and retirement expectations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(4), 350-368.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of a time and place management (TPM) initiative at a medical provider on retirement expectations among workers ages 50 and older.
	The study was a randomized control trial and used a series of surveys and administrative data to estimate the impact.
	The study found that, when surveyed 12 months after randomization, employees in the treatment group were statistically significantly more likely to expect to directly exit their job as opposed to staying in their current job within the next five years.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study was a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, but the authors did demonstrate that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to TPM, but other factors might also have contributed.","Time and Placement Management (TPM)","Older workers' programs","Older worker","Health care and social assistance",,2015,https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/publications/biblio/8231,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"A controlled trial of supported employment for people with severe mental illness and justice involvement","Bond, G. R., Kim, S. J., Becker, D. R., Swanson, S. J., Drake, R. E., Krzos, I. M., . . . Frounfelker, R. L. (2015). A controlled trial of supported employment for people with severe mental illness and justice involvement. Psychiatric Services, 66(10), 1027-1034.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) intervention on employment and recidivism outcomes relative to a job club program called Work Choice.
	The authors used an experimental design to estimate the impact of IPS and analyzed data from people’s self-reports on forms and interviews and electronic medical and employment records.
	The authors found positive statistically significant impacts of IPS on employment compared with the job club program. The authors found no statistically significant impacts of IPS on recidivism.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS intervention and not to other factors.","the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) intervention","Health Reentry","Justice-involved, Unemployed",,"United States",2015,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400510,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities.","Balcazar, F. E., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (2015). Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities. Women, Gender, and Families of Color, 3(2), 144-164.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of adult vocational rehabilitation (VR) services on employment outcomes for African American and white women.
The authors used a statistical model and data from a Midwestern state VR system to compare the odds of employment after completing VR services for older versus younger women.
The study found no significant difference in employment outcomes between older and younger women who completed VR services.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving VR services. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to participation in VR services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Services","Vocational rehabilitation","Adult, Older worker, Female, Black or African American, White, Disability",,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation","Valentine, E.J., Skemer, M., & Courtney, M.E. (2015). Becoming adults: One year impact findings from the youth villages’ Transitional Living evaluation. New York: MDRC.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Living program on education, earnings, and recidivism outcomes.
The authors used a randomized controlled trial and estimated impacts by comparing the means of the treatment and control groups. Outcome data on education, earnings, and criminal involvement came from a 12-month survey conducted by the authors.
The study found a statistically significant impact on earnings only. Youth in the treatment group earned an average $611 more than youth in the control group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Transitional Living, and not to other factors.","Transitional Living","Basic skills Other training and education Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2015,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Becoming_Adults_FR.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"An assessment of the effectiveness of prison work release programs on post-release recidivism and employment.","Bales, W. D., Clark, C., Scaggs, S., Ensley, D., Coltharp, P., Singer, A., & Blomberg, T. G. (2015). An assessment of the effectiveness of prison work release programs on post-release recidivism and employment. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Corrections and Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of work release programs in the state of Florida on recidivism and employment outcomes for people released from prison.
The authors used a nonexperimental design to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were eligible for work release program services but did not participate. The authors estimated the work release program’s effects by comparing treatment and comparison groups’ post-release recidivism and employment outcomes using administrative data from the state of Florida for three years after release.
The authors found that participating in a work release program decreased the risk of arrest for a new felony or misdemeanor crime by about 10 percent one year following release from prison, by about 8 percent two years following release, and by about 9 percent three years following release. The study also found that people who completed the work-release program were less likely to have a reconviction at three years following release from prison, but reconvictions were the same across groups at one and two years following release. People who completed the work release program were more likely to return to prison for any reason after one year, but returns were the same across groups after two or three years.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for outcomes related to recidivism and low for outcomes related to employment. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the work release program, although other factors might also have contributed; we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment are attributable to the program, as other factors are likely to have contributed","Florida's Back to Work Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2015,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249845.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of a severe health shock on work behavior: Evidence from different health care regimes.","Datta Gupta, N., Kleinjans, K. J., & Larsen, M. (2015). The effect of a severe health shock on work behavior: Evidence from different health care regimes. Social Science and Medicine, 136-137, 44-51.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the national health policies of the United States and Denmark on employment of older workers after a health shock, defined as a new cancer or cardiovascular disease diagnosis.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach to compare the impact of a health shock on the likelihood of nonemployment in the United States’ private multipayer system with Denmark’s nationalized universal health care model. The authors used the data from the RAND Health and Retirement Study survey from 1994 to 2002 and Danish population registers for 1993 to 2001.
The study found no differences between the United States and Denmark in the relationship between a health shock and employment for older workers.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for unobserved differences between the countries. This means we are not confident that differences in the association between health shocks and employment in the United States and Denmark are attributable to the national health care policies; other factors are likely to have contributed.","National Healthcare Policy","Health Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"International, United States",2015,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615002816,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement?","Coe, N. B., & Goda, G. S. (2015). How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement? (SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 14-007). Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. City, ST: Publisher.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of state-level reforms of health insurance on early retirement and Social Security retirement benefit claims.
The authors used 1996–2010 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and statistical models to compare the outcomes of individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance with those in non-reform states.
The study found that employed individuals in states with non-group health insurance reform were significantly more likely to retire at age 63.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance were similar to those in non-reform states. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the non-group health insurance reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The benefits of keeping idle hands busy: An outcome evaluation of a prisoner reentry employment program.","Duwe, G. (2015). The benefits of keeping idle hands busy: An outcome evaluation of a prisoner reentry employment program. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 559-586.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Department of Correction’s EMPLOY work release program on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for incarcerated adults.
The author used propensity-score matching to create a comparison group of nonparticipants similar to EMPLOY program participants. The author estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release recidivism, employment, and earnings outcomes. Data from the Minnesota Department of Corrections provided recidivism information, and data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development provided employment and earnings information.
EMPLOY program participation decreased the risk of conviction for a new crime by 32 percent, the risk of reincarceration by 55 percent, and the risk of revocation for technical violations by 63 percent, on average.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for recidivism outcomes is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design that established that the criminal history of the two groups was similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on recidivism are attributable to the EMPLOY program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for employment outcomes is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar in terms of employment history before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment outcomes are attributable to the EMPLOY program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","EMPLOY Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2015,http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1019.6826&rep=rep1&typ…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program","Cook, P. J., Kang, S., Braga, A. A., Ludwig, J., & O’Brien, M. E. (2015). An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 355-382.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism.
	Drawing on administrative data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections, the study used a randomized controlled trial to estimate program impacts. The authors used statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and comparison group members.
	The study found that those in the treatment group had significantly higher earnings and rates of employment and significantly lower likelihood of new arrests than those in the control group. The study found no significant differences between the groups in the likelihood of reimprisonment in the one year of follow-up.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes is moderate because it was based on a randomized controlled trial in which the authors did not account for the different probabilities of assignment to the treatment group; nevertheless, this study can be considered to have employed a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative and not to other factors. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative","Reentry Work based and other occupational training",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Cook2/publication/284942331_An_Expe…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Who pays the high health costs of older workers? Evidence from prostate cancer screening mandates.","Bailey, J. (2014). Who pays the high health costs of older workers? Evidence from prostate cancer screening mandates. Applied Economics, 46(32), 3931-3941. doi:10.1080/00036846.2014.948673","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of state mandates that health insurance plans cover prostate cancer screenings on the earnings and employment of men older than age 50
The study used nonexperimental regression analyses to compare older men in states that had enacted a mandate with women, younger men, and older men living in states without a mandate. The author used data from the Current Population Survey(CPS) between 1990 and 2009.
The study found that older men in states with mandates had lower wages and were less likely than the comparison group to be employed.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate, because it is a well-implemented nonexperimental study. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the prostrate screening mandate, but other factors might also have contributed.","Prostate cancer screening mandates","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2014,https://sites.temple.edu/jamesbailey/files/2013/08/Who-Pays-the-High-Health-Cos…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The role of intensive case management services in reentry: The northern Kentucky female offender reentry project","McDonald, D., & Arlinghaus, S. L. (2014). The role of intensive case management services in reentry: The northern Kentucky female offender reentry project. Women & Criminal Justice, 24(3), 229-251.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	This study examined the impact of the Northern Kentucky Female Offender Reentry Project’s intensive case management (ICM) services on releasees’ education, employment, and recidivism outcomes.
	Using program data and administrative data from state and county judicial databases, the study compared outcomes of the treatment group, which received ICM services pre-release (in prison) and post-release (in the community), with outcomes of the comparison group, which only received ICM services pre-release (in prison).
	The study found mixed results for education, employment, and recidivism. The authors did not conduct statistical significance tests.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Female Offender Reentry Project’s pre- and post- release ICM services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Northern Kentucky Female Offender Reentry Project’s intensive case management (ICM) services","Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Female",,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2014.909759,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An experimental evaluation of a nationally recognized employment-focused offender reentry program.","Farabee, D., Zhang, S. X., & Wright, B. (2014). An experimental evaluation of a nationally recognized employment-focused offender reentry program. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(3), 309–322.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of an employment-focused offender reentry program (STRIVE) operated in Southern California on the education, employment, and recidivism outcomes of a sample of people released from prison or jail between 2008 and 2011.
Study members were randomly assigned to either receive STRIVE services (the treatment) or a list of other resources in the community, but not STRIVE services (the control). The primary data sources were interviews conducted at baseline and 12 months after random assignment and administrative recidivism data provided by the California Department of Justice.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between STRIVE and education, employment, or recidivism 12 months after random assignment. The study also found no statistically significant relationship between STRIVE and recidivism two years after random assignment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with fewer members of the control group participating in the study at follow-up than members of the STRIVE intervention group (thus, the study has high attrition). The authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects would have been attributable to the STRIVE program if the study had found statistically significant effects.","the STRIVE program","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment","Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2014). The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment. The Prison Journal, 94(4), 454–478. [Comparison #1: between secondary degree completion and no secondary degree completion]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined whether obtaining a secondary degree through Minnesota’s Department of Corrections (MnDOC) affected former inmates’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors also investigated whether obtaining a post-secondary degree impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which can be found here.
The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to the secondary degree program graduates but who did not complete a secondary degree while incarcerated. The authors estimated the program’s impact using data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Correctional Operations Management System database maintained by MnDOC.
The authors found no relationship between completing a secondary degree and recidivism.
The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects would have been attributable to completing a secondary degree through MnDOC if the study had found statistically significant effects.","MnDOC’s educational programs","Community college education and other classroom training Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment","Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2014). The effects of prison-based educational programming on recidivism and employment. The Prison Journal, 94(4), 454–478. [Comparison #2: between post-secondary degree completion and no post-secondary degree completion]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined whether obtaining a post-secondary degree through Minnesota’s Department of Corrections (MnDOC) affected former inmates’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors also investigated whether obtaining a secondary degree impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which can be found here.
The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of former prisoners who were similar to program graduates but who did not complete a post-secondary degree while incarcerated. The authors estimated the program’s effects using data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Correctional Operations Management System database maintained by MnDOC.
The authors found that completing a post-secondary degree reduced the risk of reconviction by 16 percent and re-incarceration for a new crime by 24 percent and had no statistically significant effect on revocations for technical violations.
The quality of causal evidence on recidivism outcomes presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to completing a post-secondary degree through MnDOC, but other factors might also have contributed.","MnDOC’s educational programs","Other training and education Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program: Final evaluation report","Hunter, S. B., & Huang, C. Y. (2014). Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program: Final evaluation report. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program on post-release employment and recidivism outcomes for justice-involved young adults in California.
	The authors used an interrupted time series design to compare the outcomes of justice-involved young adults before and after participating in the STAR program. They assessed the change in participants’ scores on the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Government Performance Reporting Act assessments, which were administered at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months following program intake.
	The authors found statistically significant relationships between program participation and employment and recidivism outcomes. At six months after program intake, employment decreased by 26.7 percentage points but the number of participants who spent any time in a confined setting (jail, prison, juvenile hall) decreased by 11.5 percentage points.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment and recidivism are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Substance Use Treatment and Reentry (STAR) program","Substance abuse recovery Reentry","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2014,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5051995/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Did age discrimination protections help older workers weather the Great Recession?","Neumark, D., & Button, P. (2014). Did age discrimination protections help older workers weather the Great Recession? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(4), 566-601. doi:10.1002/pam.21762","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined whether the strong age discrimination laws moderated the impact of the Great Recession on employment outcomes of older workers.
The study used statistical models and the data from the 2003–2011 Current Population Survey (CPS) and 2004–2011 Quarterly Workforce Indicators to estimate impacts.
The study found that states with stronger age discrimination laws had experienced increases in unemployment rates, longer unemployment durations, and decreases in hiring rates for some types of older workers relative to younger workers in the months during and following the Great Recession.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the differential effect of the Great Recession on older workers in states with strong age discrimination laws, but other factors might also have contributed.","Age Discrimination Laws","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.nber.org/papers/w19216,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies.","Figinski, T. F. (2013). The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. Accession No. 1415455735.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of removing the Social Security earnings test on Social Security claims, earnings, and labor force participation for female beneficiaries.
The study used a statistical model and the data from the Social Security Administration’s Benefit and Earnings Public Use File to estimate impacts.
The study found that removing the earnings test was associated with an increase in Social Security claims among women who were primary or spousal beneficiaries and with an increase in average earnings and in labor force participation among women who were primary beneficiaries.
The qaulity of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the change in Social Security earings test. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the removal of the Social Security earnings test; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security 2000 Earnings Test Removal","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Female",,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Twelve-month employment intervention outcomes for drug-involved offenders","Webster, J. M., Staton-Tindall, M., Dickson, M. F., Wilson, J. F., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2014). Twelve-month employment intervention outcomes for drug-involved offenders. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 40(3), 200-205.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a drug court employment intervention on participants’ employment and earnings one year after the intervention.
	The study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 500 participants at two drug court sites in Kentucky were randomly assigned to receive either an employment intervention and a standard drug court program (the treatment group) or a standard drug court program alone (the control group). Using self-reported survey data from participants, the authors compared outcomes for the treatment and control groups.
	The study found that members of the treatment group worked an average of 210 days in the year after random assignment compared with 200 days for the control group; this was a statistically significant difference. The study found no significant impacts of the intervention on earnings.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial for which the study did not provide enough information to demonstrate that the groups had similar response rates on the survey, and it also did not account for other factors that could have affected the difference between the treatment and control groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the employment intervention; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the employment intervention","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Other barriers",,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.858722,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Retiree health insurance for public school employees: Does it affect retirement?","Fitzpatrick, M. D. (2014). Retiree health insurance for public school employees: Does it affect retirement? Journal of Health Economics, 38, 88-98.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an Illinois Public Schools retiree health insurance program on the retirement rates of eligible staff ages 55 to 75.
The study used a nonexperimental approach to compare the retirement rates of eligible staff with those of staff who were not eligible and staff in years prior to the introduction of the health insurance program who would have been eligible. The author used data from the Illinois Public Schools' Teacher Service Record database from 1970 to 1992.
The study found that eligibility for the program was associated with an overall decrease in retirement age, with eligible staff more likely to retire at ages 55 or 56, but less likely to retire after age 65 compared with those who were not eligible for the program.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that does not account for possible differences in the groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Illinois Public Schools Teachers Retirement Health Insurance Plan; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Illinois Public Schools Teachers Retirement Health Insurance Plan","Employer provided retirement benefits Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2014,https://www.nber.org/papers/w19524,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The link between pensions and retirement timing: Lessons from California teachers.","Brown, K. M. (2013). The link between pensions and retirement timing: Lessons from California teachers. Journal of Public Economics, 98(C), 1-14.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of pension reform under the California State Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) on retirement timing.
The author used a statistical model and data from retirement-eligible employees in Los Angeles Unified School District from 1997 to 2000 to estimate the impact.
The study found public school employees were more likely to work an extra year in response to changes in pension plans that provided additional bonuses tied to age and tenure.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the changes in CalSTRS. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the changes in CalSTRS; other factors are likely to have contributed.","CalSTRS Defined Benefit Program","Older workers' programs Other wages and benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://eml.berkeley.edu//~saez/course/brown_jpube13.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The impact of uncapping of mandatory retirement on postsecondary institutions.","Weinberg, S. L., & Scott, M. A. (2013). The impact of uncapping of mandatory retirement on postsecondary institutions. Educational Researcher, 42(6), 338-348.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of uncapping mandatory retirement on retirement ages at postsecondary institutions
The study used a statistical model to examine the age of retirement before and after the policy change in 1993. It used data on faculty’s employment and retirement from a research university with multiple schools.
The study found that uncapping was associated with a statistically significant increase in the retirement age among those who retired from the university.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar nor did they control for differences between the groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA); other factors are likely to have contributed.","Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA)","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258134776_The_Impact_of_Uncapping_of_M…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does retiree health insurance encourage early retirement?","Nyce, S., Schieber, S. Shoven, J. B., Slavov, S., & Wise, D. A. (2013). Does retiree health insurance encourage early retirement? Journal of Public Economics, 104, 40-51.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of employer-provided retiree health insurance on early retirement.
The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare early retirement outcomes of employees who are eligible for retiree health insurance with that of those who have no coverage.
The study found that people who were employed at age 57 and eligible for employer-subsidized retiree health coverage were significantly more likely to retire at ages 62 to 64 (before becoming eligible for Medicare at age 65) compared with those with no coverage.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for other factors that could have affected the difference between the treatment and comparison groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to retiree health insurance; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Employer provided retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770310/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Training and retirement patterns.","Montizaan, R., Cörvers, F., & de Grip, A. (2013). Training and retirement patterns. Applied Economics, 45(15), 1991-1999. doi:10.1080/00036846.2011.646066","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of firm-specific training and general training on older men’s retirement decisions
The study used a nonexperimental design and data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men for 1966 to 1983 to estimate impacts.
The study found that workers with firm-specific training were more likely to retire within the time period studied and to have jobs with a mandatory retirement age than workers without firm-specific training.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving training and did not account for self-selection into training. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to firm-specific or general training; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Firm-specific & General Training","Work based and other occupational training","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236021967_Training_and_retirement_patt…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective?","Neumark, D., & Song, J. (2013). Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective? Journal of Public Economics, 108, 1-16.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined whether the strength of state age discrimination protections affected rates of Social Security benefit claiming and employment outcomes of older workers.
The study used a nonexperimental design and the data on Social Security claiming and employment outcomes from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to estimate the impacts.
The study found that among older men affected by the 1983 Social Security reform, age discrimination protections were associated with increases in employment rates between age 62 and the full retirement age and delayed benefit claiming.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state age discrimination laws, but other factors might also have contributed.","The 1983 Social Security Reform","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2013,https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v108y2013icp1-16.html,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Income tax and older American workers’ job transition into self-employment.","Choi, S. (2012). Income tax and older American workers’ job transition into self-employment. Korea and the World Economy, 13(2), 189-214.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of a progressive income tax on the likelihood of transitioning to self-employment among older workers.
The study used a nonexperimental approach (the exponential hazard model) that compared the likelihood of transitioning from a wage job to self-employment based on the marginal taxes a worker would expect to pay. The author used the data from the Health and Retirement Study in 1992 matched to the Social Security Administration Master Earnings File from 1980 to 1991, which contains W-2 records of earnings from both wage work and self-employment.
The study found that a more progressive tax (that is, a tax schedule that increases sharply toward the higher end) or higher marginal tax rates reduces the likelihood of entering self-employment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups with higher or lower marginal tax rates were similar before a change in the tax schedule. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in marginal taxes; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Progressive Income Tax","Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker, Employed",,"United States",2012,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., Rudd, T., and Levshin, V. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program. OPRE Report 2011-18. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment.
The study found that treatment group members were 24.5 percentage points more likely to be employed during the first year after random assignment than control group members.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the employment program, and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/more_than_job.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia.","Twamley, E. W., Vella, L., Burton, C. Z., Becker, D. R., Bell, M. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2012). The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 135(1-3), 100-104.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) on competitive employment for older people with schizophrenia
The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at a community mental health clinic and used weekly work logs cross-referenced with pay stubs to measure employment outcomes over a 12-month period.
The study found that IPS was positively associated with employment and earnings.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the RCT has a confounding factor. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Individual Placement and Support and Vocational Rehabilitation Program","Health Individuals facing barriers to employment Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Older worker, Disability",,"United States",2012,https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-30184-001,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance","Northcutt Bohmert, M., & Duwe, G. (2012). Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 23(3), 327-351. [Study 1, Contrast 1: Affordable Homes Program participants versus matched nonparticipants].",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The authors examine the impact of participation in Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP) on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for people who were previously incarcerated. The authors also investigated whether completion of the program impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors used data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Minnesota Department of Corrections to compare these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism. • Participation in AHP was not associated with statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or the recidivism as measured by rearrest, felony reconviction, or re-incarceration for a new crime.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for program participants compared with nonparticipants is low for post-release employment and earnings but moderate for outcomes related to recidivism. This means we are not confident in the report’s employment and earnings outcomes, but we are somewhat confident in its recidivism outcomes.","Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP)",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0887403411411911,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance","Northcutt Bohmert, M., & Duwe, G. (2012). Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the effects of a prison work program on recidivism, employment and cost avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 23(3), 327-351. [Study 1, Contrast 2: Affordable Homes Program completers versus matched nonparticipants]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The authors examine the impact of completing Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP) on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for people who were previously incarcerated. The authors also investigated whether participation in the program impacted similar outcomes, the profile of which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program completers. The authors used data from the Minnesota Department of Employee and Economic Development, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the Minnesota Department of Corrections to compare these groups’ post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism.
	Completion of AHP was associated with lower recidivism, higher employment, and higher earnings; these results were statistically significant.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for program completers compared with nonparticipants is low because the authors did not fully account for possible existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that estimated effects between program completers and nonparticipants are attributable to AHP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program (AHP)",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0887403411411911,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Jacobs, E. (2012). Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The author used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to the transitional jobs program or to a group that was offered job search assistance and compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes two years after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment.
The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were significantly more likely (by 29 percentage points) than control group members to be employed at any point during the two years after random assignment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Unemployed, Male",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_626.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Tax elasticity of labor earnings for older individuals","Alpert, A. & Powell, D. (2012). Tax elasticity of labor earnings for older individuals. (Report no. 2012-272). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, University of Michigan.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of tax changes on people’s employment, retirement, and labor income outcomes.
The study uses a nonexperimental approach and the data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate the effect.
The study found positive statistically significant relationships between increases in after-tax labor income and the employment of men and women as well as the delay in retirement for men. The study also found a positive statistically significant relationship between increases in the marginal net-of-tax rate and earnings for women.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to tax changes from the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA), and their marriage tax penalty relief provision, but other factors might also have contributed.","Tax Changes","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2012,https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/94533/wp272.pdf?sequenc…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., & Rudd, T. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program. New York: MDRC.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program on earnings and employment outcomes.
The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They used administrative data from New York State and New York City, along with data from the National Directory of New Hires and the CEO program itself, to measure earnings and employment outcomes.
The study did not find any significant differences between CEO program participants and the control group in Year 2 or Year 3 on any employment or earnings outcomes.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CEO program, and not to other factors.","The Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Job Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment",Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_451.pdf,"Review Protocol"
"An evaluation of the effect of correctional education programs on post-release recidivism and employment: An empirical study in Indiana","Nally, J., Lockwood, S., Knutson, K., & Ho, T. (2012). An evaluation of the effect of correctional education programs on post-release recidivism and employment: An empirical study in Indiana. The Journal of Correctional Education, 63(1), 69-89.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of Indiana’s correctional education program on individuals’ employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes after release from prison.
The authors used administrative data from the Indiana Department of Corrections (IDOC) and Indiana Department of Workforce Development to compare individuals who participated in correctional education programs while in custody with those who did not.
The study found that participation in correctional education programs was associated with a lower likelihood of recidivism.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.","Indiana’s Correctional Education Programs","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,https://www.thefreelibrary.com/An+evaluation+of+the+effect+of+correctional+educ…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers.","Blau, D., & Shvydko, T. (2011). Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(3), 464-484.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of flexibility in hours of work on the likelihood that older workers separate from an employer.
The study used a statistical model to compare the job exit behavior of older and younger workers in firms with different shares of women younger than age 30. The analysis used monthly data on workers ages 45 to 69 in the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1990 to 2001 matched to employers in the Longitudinal Employment and Household Dynamics data.
The study found that workers in their sixties who work for employers with a higher share of women younger than age 30 are less likely to experience job separations compared with workers in their late 40s to mid-50s.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the groups being compared might not be similar before leaving their employer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to employment flexibility, other factors are likely to have contributed.","Employment flexibility","Other employer services","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2011,https://www.jstor.org/stable/41149475?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Retiree health insurance and disengagement from a career job.","Robinson, C., & Clark, R. (2010). Retiree health insurance and disengagement from a career job. Journal of Labor Research, 31(3), 247-262.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of availability of retiree health insurance (RHI) on a person’s decision to leave a career job (a measure of retirement).
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the authors used a nonexperimental approach to estimate the likelihood of retirement for those who worked at firms with RHI compared with those who worked at firms without RHI.
The study found that workers at firms that offer RHI are more likely to retire than those at firms that do not offer RHI.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the availability at RHI, but other factors might also have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Other health and safety Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-010-9091-4,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2","Smith, T. C., King, C. T., & Schroeder, D. G. (2010). Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2. Austin, TX: Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Rapid Employment Model (REM) program on participants’ employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit claims. (See the CLEAR review of the 2008 report here.)
Using program data and state UI records, the authors matched treatment to comparison group cases and conducted regression analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention.
The study found that participation in the REM program was associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed in the 10 quarters following program participation among the 2006 cohort. Participation in the REM program was also associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed, a decrease in quarterly earnings, and an increase in the likelihood jobseekers filed UI claims in the six quarters following program participation among the 2007 cohort.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for earnings outcomes in both cohorts and for employment outcomes for the 2006 cohort because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the REM program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented for the UI benefit claiming outcome for both cohorts and the employment outcome for the 2007 cohort is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on UI benefit claiming outcome are attributable to the REM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Rapid Employment Model (REM) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://raymarshallcenter.org/files/2006/01/REM_eval_update_Jan2010.pdf,"Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 1: completion of adult basic education course vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education course.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release employment, where those who completed an adult basic education course tended to have higher employment rates after release from incarceration than did those who dropped out of adult basic education.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Framing Social Security Reform: Behavioral responses to changes in the full retirement age","Behaghel, L., & Blau, D. M. (2010) Framing Social Security Reform: Behavioral responses to changes in the full retirement age. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 5310). Bonn, Germany: IZA.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes to the Full Retirement Age (FRA) on labor force exit, Old Age and Survivor’s Insurance (OASI) claims, and retirement.
The study uses a statistical model and the data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to compare outcomes of people in birth cohorts who were affected by the change in FRA with those of a comparison group of people who were not.
The study found that the change in the FRA was associated with significant increases in the likelihood of claiming OASI and exiting the labor force at the new, later full retirement age.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the change in FRA, but other factors might also have contributed.","changes to the Full Retirement Age (FRA)","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.41,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of the Ridge House residential program: Final report.","Willison, J. B., Roman, C. G., Wolff, A., Correa, V., & Knight, C. R. (2010). Evaluation of the Ridge House residential program: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Ridge House, a faith-based halfway house program, on recidivism outcomes.
The authors used a nonexperimental design (propensity-score matching) to create a comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ post-release recidivism outcomes using administrative data from the National Crime Information Center at the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
The authors found that the odds of rearrest or reconviction were 75 percent higher for those who participated in the Ridge House program than those in the comparison group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Ridge House program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Ridge House program","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/230741.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Can Social Security explain trends in labor force participation of older men in the United States?","Blau, D. M., & Goodstein, R. M. (2010). Can Social Security explain trends in labor force participation of older men in the United States? Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 328-363.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes in Social Security Administration (SSA) retirement rules on men’s labor force participation rates in the 1960s–1980s and 1990s–2000s.
The study used regression analyses to predicted labor force participation rates using actual and counterfactual SSA retirement rules. These analyses use data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) for the period from 1962 to 2005 merged with data from SSA on taxable earnings.
The study found that changes in the delayed retirement credit and full retirement age in 1983 could explain one-quarter to one-half of the increase in labor force participation in the early 2000s.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate, because it is a well-implemented nonexperimental study. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to SSA reforms, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security Administration Reforms","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2010,http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/45/2/328.abstract,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation.","Lindquist, C. H., Lattimore, K. B., & Visher C. A. (2009) Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a violent prisoner reentry program, the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), on several outcomes of female prisoners reentering society, including employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism.
	The authors used a matched comparison group design, using propensity-score weights, to analyze impacts of the SVORI program for females released from prison. The authors collected four waves of survey data to analyze impacts from before release up to 15 months after release. In addition, the authors obtained state administrative data describing recidivism at 24 months after release.
	The study found that people in the SVORI group were more likely to be employed after release than those in the comparison group, but it found no significant differences between the groups in public benefit receipt or recidivism outcomes.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on survey data is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to SVORI and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on administrative data and for the employment and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment are attributable to SVORI; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)",Reentry,"Justice-involved, Female",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=252453,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative.","Hawkins, S., Lattimore, P., Dawes, D., & Visher, C. (2010). Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative. NCJ 230423. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) on employment, education, and recidivism among juvenile incarcerated males.
The study used propensity scores to match participants in SVORI to nonparticipants who were similar on observed characteristics. The study used data from interviews collected at multiple time points through 15 months after release.
The study found that SVORI participants were more likely than nonparticipants to be enrolled in school 3 months post-release (68 and 52 percent, respectively) and were more likely than nonparticipants to have a job with benefits 15 months post-release (69 and 40 percent, respectively).
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SVORI program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)","Other employment and reemployment Other health and safety Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/230423.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Workforce development program: A pilot study of its impact in the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware.","Visher, C. A., Smolter, N., & O’Connell, D. (2010). Workforce development program: A pilot study of its impact in the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware. Federal Probation, 74(3), 16-21.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The authors examined the impact of the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware’s pilot workforce development program on employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes for adult offendprobationers.
The authors used a nonexperimental design to create a matched comparison group of nonparticipants who were similar to program participants. The authors’ estimated the program’s effects by comparing these groups’ employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes one year after the program. Data were collected from probationer case files;, the Probation and Pretrial Services Automated Case Tracking System (PACTS) database;, and, for the treatment group, program records.
The authors found that individuals people who participated in vocational training were employed for more months in the first year after program enrollment than were participants who received no vocational training. The authors found that individuals people in the program group were less likely to be rearrested or have their probation revoked than were members of the matched comparison group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. The authors did not account adequately for potential differences between the program and comparison groups before implementing the intervention was implemented. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the workforce development program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the U.S. Probation Office, District of Delaware’s workforce development program","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/74_3_4_0.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Anne Arundel County juvenile treatment court outcome and cost evaluation","Mackin, J., Lucas, L., Waller, M., Carey, S., & Finigan, M. (2010). Anne Arundel County juvenile treatment court outcome and cost evaluation. Portland OR: NPC Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a juvenile treatment court in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on recidivism.
The authors used a nonexperimental design, matching youth who participated in the juvenile treatment court with similar court-involved youth who did not participate in the juvenile treatment court. The authors used administrative data to compare the mean number of juvenile rearrests for the study groups over a two-year follow-up period.
The study found that 53 percent of the treatment court group, compared with 73 percent of the comparison group, had a juvenile rearrest within 24 months. The study also found differences of a similar magnitude at three intermediate follow-ups (6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups).
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the juvenile treatment court, but other factors might also have contributed.","Anne Arundel Juvenile Treatment Court","Other training and education Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2010,http://www.courts.state.md.us/opsc/dtc/pdfs/evaluationsreports/annearundelcount…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Elderly immigrants’ labor supply response to supplemental security income.","Kaushal, N. (2010). Elderly immigrants’ labor supply response to supplemental security income. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(1), 137-162.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study objective is to examine the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 on employment outcomes of foreign-born people and noncitizens ages 60 to 74
The study used a statistical model and the data from the Current Population Survey’s monthly outgoing rotation group and the March Current Population Survey from 1994 to 2005 to estimate the impact.
The study found that the PRWORA is associated with increased employment and decreased retirement for foreign-born men compared with U.S.-born men, but it found no statistically significant association with the employment for foreign-born women.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that does not demonstrate that the groups were similar before the policy change. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRWORA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996","Federal retirement benefits Foreign and temporary workers","Adult, Older worker, Immigrant",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222576/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"St. Mary’s County juvenile drug court outcome and cost evaluation","Mackin, J., Lucas, L., Lambarth, C., Waller, M., Herrera, A., Carey, S., & Finigan, M. (2010). St. Mary’s County juvenile drug court outcome and cost evaluation. Portland, OR: NPC Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in a juvenile drug court program in St. Mary’s County, Oregon, on recidivism.
The study used administrative data from the departments of Juvenile Services, Public Safety and Correctional Services, and Health and Mental Hygiene to compare outcomes of youth who participated in juvenile drug court with outcomes from a group of similar, drug court-eligible youth who did not participate.
The study found no statistically significant effects on recidivism, including total number of rearrests, rearrests for drug charges, and rearrest rates over a two-year period.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to participation in the juvenile drug court, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","St. Mary's County Juvenile Drug Court","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2010,http://www.courts.state.md.us/opsc/dtc/pdfs/evaluationsreports/stmaryscountyjuv…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Study 1, Contrast 4: participation in adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of participation in prison-based adult basic education on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Compared with people who did not participate in adult basic education, those who did had lower earnings and both lower and higher employment depending on the statistical model used.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to participated in an adult basic education program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effects of changes in state SSI supplements on preretirement labor supply","Neumark, D., & Powers, E. T. (2005). The effects of changes in state SSI supplements on preretirement labor supply. Public Finance Review, 33(1), 3-35.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of a theoretical increase in Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits on the preretirement employment outcomes for likely SSI participants ages 60 to 64.
Using data from the annual Current Population Survey from 1979 to 2001 and state-level SSI receipt data, the authors used regression methods in a nonexperimental analysis of likely SSI participants to compare the outcomes of workers ages 62 to 64 with those of workers ages 60 to 61.
The study found that an increase in monthly SSI benefits was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the employment rate and number of hours worked for likely SSI recipients ages 62 to 64 compared with those ages 60 to 61.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in SSI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1091142104270655,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The influences on bridge employment decisions.","Pengcharoen, C., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). The influences on bridge employment decisions. International Journal of Manpower, 31(3), 322-336. doi:10.1108/01437721011050602","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of work schedule flexibility on retirement outcomes among older workers, where work schedule flexibility was measured as the ability to reduce hours from one’s regular work schedule.
The study used a statistical model (multinomial logit regression) and the longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1992 and 2002 to examine the relationship between reporting work schedule flexibility or inflexibility during the baseline survey and reporting complete retirement, partial retirement, or continued employment at the follow-up survey 10 years later among older workers.
The study found that individuals who reported work schedule inflexibility in the 1992 were more likely to report completely retired than partially retired in 2002, but when comparing the likelihood of reporting continued employment to complete or partial retirement, there was no difference between older workers reported work schedule flexibility and those who reported inflexibility in 1992.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the participants reporting work schedule flexibility were similar to the participants reporting work schedule inflexibility in 1992. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to work schedule flexibility; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Other wages and benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46545640_The_influences_on_bridge_empl…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California’s Proposition 36 drug treatment initiative","Evans E., Hser Y.-I., Huang D. (2010). Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California's proposition 36 drug treatment initiative. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 37 (4), 461-476.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the effect of California’s Proposition 36 employment services on employment, earnings, receipt of public benefits, and recidivism.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes of people in drug treatment programs who have a criminal conviction and who received Proposition 36-funded employment services with outcomes of people in the same programs who did not receive proposition-funded employment services.
	The authors found that receipt of Proposition 36 employment services was associated with an increase in employment in the year after program participation. The authors also found that Proposition 36 was positively associated with the receipt of certain public benefits (public assistance and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) at three months and negatively associated with the receipt of Supplemental Security Income at three months.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to receipt of Proposition 36 employment services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","California’s Proposition 36 employment services","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9185-z,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 3: participation in adult basic education vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant, positive relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Those who participated in adult basic education tended to have higher employment rates and earnings than did those who involuntarily dropped out of adult basic education.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to adult basic education; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Jacobs, E., Manno, M., Muller-Ravett, S., Seefeldt, D., Yahner, J., Young Jr., A., & Zweig, J. (2010). Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The study used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to either the transitional jobs program or to a control group that was offered job search assistance. The authors compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes one year after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment.
The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were 8.6 percentage points more likely than control group members to be employed during all four quarters of the year after random assignment, but 8.9 percentage points less likely to have unsubsidized employment during the year after random assignment. Transitional jobs group members’ total earnings from all jobs were $1,419 higher, on average, than those of control group members during the year after random assignment, but their total earnings from unsubsidized jobs were $625 lower.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Male, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514698.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison #2: completion of adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release earnings and employment, where those who completed adult basic education tended to have lower earnings and lower employment over the full study period, but higher employment in the first year after release compared than did those who did not participate in adult basic education while incarcerated.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Azurdia, G., Zweig, J., and Pindus, N. (2009). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment.
The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment in the sixth or eighth quarters after random assignment, nor on earnings in the sixth quarter or second year after random assignment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the employment program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/ex_prisoners.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Mentoring formerly incarcerated adults: Insights from the Ready4Work reentry initiative.","Bauldry, S., Korom-Djakovic, D., McClanahan, W. S., McMaken, J., & Kotloff, L. J. (2009). Mentoring formerly incarcerated adults: Insights from the Ready4Work reentry initiative. New York, NY: Public Private Ventures.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the relationships between the Ready4Work mentoring program and post-release employment and recidivism outcomes among previously incarcerated adults.
The study uses a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes of Ready4Work participants who did and did not voluntarily participate in mentoring, based on data from states’ public incarceration records and a follow-up questionnaire given to study participants at their program site.
The study found statistically significant favorable relationships between Ready4Work mentoring and employment and recidivism outcomes.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the fact that study members in the intervention group chose to participate in mentoring and study members in the comparison group chose not to participate in mentoring. This means we are not confident that findings can be attributed to Ready4Work mentoring; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ready4Work mentoring","Other employment and reemployment Reentry Mentoring",Justice-involved,,"United States",2009,https://www.issuelab.org/resource/mentoring-formerly-incarcerated-adults-insigh…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of the YouthBuild Youth Offender Grants","Abrazaldo, W., Adefuin, J., Henderson-Frakes, J., Lea, C., Leufgen, J., Lewis-Charp, H., … Wiegand, A. (2009). Evaluation of the YouthBuild Youth Offender Grants. Oakland, CA: SPR Associates.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Implementation Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This report summarizes the findings of an implementation and outcomes analysis of Young Offender grants. These grants, which were awarded to 30 YouthBuild USA sites in 2004 and 2005, were to provide academic instruction, vocational training, leadership opportunities, and counseling and other support services to young offenders.
	The objective was to understand how YouthBuild programming for young offenders was designed and implemented; identify the strategies and approaches associated with positive outcomes; and gain insight into the contextual factors influencing program implementation and participant performance.
	The authors collected and analyzed qualitative information gathered during two rounds of site visits—which included interviews with program staff, instructors and trainers, grantee partners, employers, and program participants—and quantitative management information systems data.
	 The implementation analysis found that the extent to which Young Offender grantees implemented the YouthBuild model varied, though all attempted to adhere to the model. In general, grantees had mature organizational structures and were able to form partnerships with workforce development agencies and the juvenile justice system.
	Young offenders tended to have better educational, employment, and social outcomes in grantee sites where teachers invested time in getting to know them on a personal level, the teacher-to-student ratio was low, academic work and vocational training were linked, and leadership opportunities were available.",Youthbuild,"Youth programs Other training and education Work based and other occupational training","Youth, Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Youth…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"New evidence on the labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test.","Friedberg, L., & Webb, A. (2009). New evidence on the labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test. Tax Policy and the Economy, 23(1), 1-36.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes to the Social Security earnings test in 1996 and 2000 on employment outcomes.
The authors used a nonexperimental design and the data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to compare outcomes before and after the changes in earning test rules for those between the ages of 62 and 74 who faced different earnings test thresholds at different ages and years.
The study found that upcoming anticipated earnings test between ages 62 to 69 was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of having a job last week. A higher present value of upcoming anticipated earnings threshold between ages 62 to 69 was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of having a job last week.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar and did not account for possible differences in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the changes in the earnings test decision. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The relative importance of selected variables on the employment consistency of Virginia ex-offenders","Onyewu, C. C. (2009). The relative importance of selected variables on the employment consistency of Virginia ex-offenders. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from VTechWorks: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26264.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	This study examines the effectiveness of prison-based career and technical education (CTE) on post-incarceration employment among males released from Virginia prisons from July 2000 to June 2001.
	The author used a nonexperimental design to estimate the employment impacts of prison-based CTE four years after people were released from prison. The author used administrative data from the Virginia Employment Commission and the Virginia Department of Corrections.
	The study found that participation in CTE was associated with greater employment after release from prison than nonparticipation in CTE.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CTE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Career and Technical Education (CTE)","Reentry Work based and other occupational training",Justice-involved,,"United States",2009,http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26264,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Essays on incarceration and labor market outcomes.","Jung, H. (2009). Essays on incarceration and labor market outcomes. (Doctoral dissertation.) Retrieved from ProQuest. Accession No. 305059182.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participating in the Adult Transition Centers (ATC) work-release program on employment and earnings outcomes for ex-prisoners in Cook County, Illinois. Prisoners in minimum-security prisons who are nearing their release date and meet certain conditions of criminal history are eligible to apply to transfer to ATCs.
The study used a nonexperimental design that compared changes in outcomes over time between the treatment group and a matched comparison group. The study used administrative data on prison admission and exit dates from the Illinois Department of Corrections and earnings data from the Illinois Department of Employment Security.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between the ATC work-release program and employment or earnings.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we would not be confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to the ATC work-release program; other factors would likely have contributed, though the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Adult Transition Center Program",Reentry,Justice-involved,,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An Evaluation of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming our Future) Program","Monsma, S., & Smidt, C. (2009). An Evaluation of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming our Future) Program. Paul Henry Institute for the Study of Christianity and Politics,","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Implementation Analysis",,,"Summary:

This report presents an implementation analysis of the Latino Coalition’s Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (RNF) program. The program provided skills training, case management, and follow-up services to at risk youth and those with previous criminal justice experience between the ages of 14 and 21.
The study examined RNF programs in 19 sites, focusing on program organization, sub-grantee characteristics, and participant characteristics and outcomes. The study utilized management information system (MIS) data, staff interviews, site visits, participant focus groups, and interviews with community partners.
The program was successful in reaching and retaining minority youth and those with previous criminal justice experience, largely because program subgrantees were located in and matched the neighborhoods they served, and had staff members who seemed similar to, and accessible to, their target population.
The Latino Coalition, the intermediary organization, played a critical role in the program’s success by establishing a robust organizational and oversight structure and providing capacity-building assistance to the relatively new and small faith-based and community organizations delivering program services.","Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (Reclaiming Our Future)","Basic skills Community college education and other classroom training Job search assistance and supportive services Mentoring Substance abuse recovery Work based and other occupational training Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2009,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/An%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"The repeal of the retirement earnings test and the labor supply of older men.","Engelhardt, G. V., & Kumar, A. (2009). The repeal of the retirement earnings test and the labor supply of older men. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 8(4), 429-450.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the repeal of the earnings test under the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 on the labor supply and earnings of older men ages 62 to 72.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach and data from the Health and Retirement Study to compare labor force participation, annual hours of work, retirement behavior, and earnings of men who were and were not subject to the repeal of the earnings test.
The study found that the policy change was associated with a significant increase in older men’s average annual hours of work. The policy change was also associated with a change in the distribution of real earnings in that a smaller proportion of older men had earnings at or below the earnings test threshold.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata.","Benítez-Silva, H., & Yin, N. (2009). An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata. Social Security Bulletin, 69(3), 77-95.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of three policy changes to the Social Security program that went into effect in 2000 on average monthly benefits and the proportion of new claimants by age.
The study was a nonexperimental analysis that examined outcomes for older workers by age and year using data from the 2004 Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program public-use microdata files.
The study found that the changes were associated with lower average monthly benefits for individuals ages 66 to 69 after the year 2000 relative to individuals of the same ages in 1994.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the intervention program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Policy Changes to the Social Security Program","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2009,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1480653,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II).","McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II). Chapel Hill, NC: McNeil Education.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of being matched to employment through the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP) Phase I on youths’ average weekly earnings.
The study compared the wages of employed youth who were matched to employment through DSYODP with the wages of employed youth who were eligible for the DSYODP but had secured employment through other means.
The study found that average weekly wages of youth matched to employment through DSYODP were significantly higher than wages of youth who secured employment through other means.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the DSYODP; however, other factors might also have contributed.","Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP)","Job search assistance and supportive services Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Process%20Evaluation%20of%20…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"How did the elimination of the US earnings test above the normal retirement age affect labour supply expectations?","Michaud, P., & Van Soest, A. (2008). How did the elimination of the US earnings test above the normal retirement age affect labour supply expectations? Fiscal Studies, 29(2), 197-231. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2008.00073.x","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The authors used a nonexperimental approach and the data from Health and Retirement Study data from 1996 to 2002 and Social Security earnings history to estimate the impact.
The study examined the impact of repealing the earnings test from Social Security recipients between full retirement age and age 70 on older workers’ subjective probability of retirement.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach and the data from Health and Retirement Study data from 1996 to 2002 and Social Security earnings history to estimate the impact.
The study found that after the repeal of the earnings test, the subjective probability of working of full-time past age 65 for older male workers who were likely to have most of their projected Social Security benefits reduced under the earnings test has increased their expected probability of working relative to those who were not likely to be affected. •The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design.This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the repeal of the earnings test, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The impact of reentry services on juvenile offenders’ recidivism","Bouffard, J., & Bergseth, K. (2008). The impact of reentry services on juvenile offenders’ recidivism. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6(3), 295-318.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study examined the impact of structured after-care and reentry services for justice-involved youth on their recidivism rates.
The study used a nonexperimental design to compare youth who received reentry services to a comparison group of youth who received traditional services in a neighboring county. Data came from the local juvenile court databases, probation and transitional coordinator files, and electronic records used by case managers to track client contacts.
The study found that there were no statistically significant differences between study groups in time to first reoffense or in number of criminal contacts with the justice system.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because all treated youth were in one county and all comparison youth were in another. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the after-care and reentry program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","After-care and Reentry Services","Mentoring Reentry Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States, Rural",2008,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Rapid employment model evaluation: Update","Smith, T. C., King, C. T., & Schroeder, D. G. (2008). Rapid employment model evaluation: Update. Austin, TX: Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Rapid Employment Model (REM) program on participants’ employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit claims. (See the CLEAR review of the 2010 report here.)
Using program data and state UI records, the authors matched treatment group cases to comparison group cases and conducted regression analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention.
The study found that participation in the REM program was associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed in quarters following program participation.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for employment and earnings outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the REM program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented for the UI benefit claiming outcome is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on UI benefit claiming outcome are attributable to REM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Rapid Employment Model (REM) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2008,http://sites.utexas.edu/raymarshallcenter/files/2008/12/REM_eval_update_01-28-0…,"Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative","Barton, W., Jarjoura, G., & Rosay, A. (2008). Evaluation of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative. Indianapolis: Indiana University School of Social Work, and Anchorage: Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America’s Targeted Re-Entry Initiative on youth’s recidivism.
The authors used administrative data to match Initiative participants to a comparison group of nonparticipants released from the same rehabilitation facilities. The authors compared recidivism rates among program participants and the comparison group.
The authors reported a statistically significant relationship between participation in the Targeted Re-Entry Initiative and higher rates of re-arrest at one of the three sites studied, and no statistically significant correlations at the other two sites.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not include sufficient controls for pre-existing differences between the study groups in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Targeted Re-Entry Initiative","Basic skills Health Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/research/2000/0411.targeted_reentry/0411.05.targe…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"An experimental evaluation of teen courts","Stickle, W., Connell, N., Wilson, D., & Gottfredson, D. (2008). An experimental evaluation of teen courts. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(2), 137-163.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in a teen court on youth offenders’ rates of recidivism.
The study was a randomized controlled trial in which eligible youth were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, which participated in a teen court, or to the control group, which participated in the traditional juvenile justice system. The authors compared outcomes for the two groups using administrative data.
The study reported no differences in recidivism outcomes for teen court youth and those in the traditional juvenile justice system.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for some outcomes and low for other outcomes. This means we have little confidence that any estimated effects would be attributable to the teen court program. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Teen Court","Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"The effect of the social security earnings test on male labor supply: New evidence from survey and administrative data.","Haider, S. J., & Loughran, D. S. (2008). The effect of the social security earnings test on male labor supply: New evidence from survey and administrative data. Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 57-87.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employer benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employer benefits receipt","Summary:

The study’s objective is to examine the impact of 1983 and 2000 policy changes that removed the Social Security earnings test for certain age groups on the earnings and employment outcomes of affected men
The study is a nonexperimental analysis that examines the correlations between the 1983 and 2000 policy changes and earnings and employment status. The study compares the outcomes of men affected by the policy changes with the outcomes of men of similar ages not affected by the policy changes.
The study finds that the 1983 policy change is associated with few changes to the observed outcomes and that the 2000 policy change is associated with higher earnings and hours worked per week for affected men.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study does not demonstrate that men affected by the policy changes are similar to the men not affected by the policy change, nor does it control for possible differences. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 1983 and 2000 policy changes; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/43/1/57.refs,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of the Suffolk County juvenile treatment court: Process and impact findings","Kralstein, D. (2008). Evaluation of the Suffolk County juvenile treatment court: Process and impact findings. New York: Center for Court Innovation.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Suffolk County’s juvenile drug court on recidivism.
The study used propensity scores based on state and county administrative records to match juveniles who participated in the drug court to similar juveniles in the year before the introduction of the drug court. The author used regression analysis to estimate the relationship between participation in the juvenile drug court and the number and rate of arrests 18 and 24 months following the initial petition.
The study found no statistically significant relationship between the juvenile drug court and recidivism.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study did not account for other changes that could have taken place at the same time as the introduction of the drug court and affected juvenile recidivism. This means we are not confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the juvenile drug court, and not other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant effects.","Suffolk County’s Juvenile Drug Court","Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/Suffolk_JTC.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"State age protection laws and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.","Lahey, J. State age protection laws and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. (2008). The Journal of Law and Economics, 51(3), 433-460.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of enforcement of age discrimination laws on the employment and earnings of older male workers
The author used a nonexperimental regression model and data from the Current Population Survey to estimate the impact.
The study found that males older than 50 in states with age discrimination laws were 0.2 percentage points less likely to be hired compared with those in states without their own age discrimination laws.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the state laws on age discrimination, but other factors might also have contributed.","Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA)","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/589670?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluation of seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact findings at 30 months","D'Amico, R., & Kim, H. (2008). Evaluation of seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact findings at 30 months. Oakland, CA: Social Policy Research Associates. Retrieved from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service website: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Second Chance Act (SCA) Adult Demonstration Program on employment, earnings, and recidivism.
	The study was a randomized controlled trial involving a sample of people recently or soon to be released from incarceration. The primary data sources included administrative data on employment and earnings from the National Directory of New Hires, state and local corrections records of recidivism, and 18-month follow-up survey data on employment, earnings, and recidivism. The authors used a statistical model to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members, both overall and among groups with higher and lower risk of recidivism.
	The study found that the SCA program had no impacts on earnings, employment, or recidivism. Further, several recidivism outcomes from the administrative data sources demonstrated an increase in crime or crime-related activities. Among those in the sample at lower risk for recidivism, the study found that the program was associated with a larger number of reconvictions 30 months after random assignment.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects for the full sample would have been attributable to the SCA Adult Demonstration Program and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects. The quality of causal evidence of the analyses by risk-level is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects for the risk subgroups are attributable to the SCA Adult Demonstration Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Second Chance Act (SCA) Adult Demonstration Program","Health Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2008,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia.","Twamley, E., Narvaez, J., Becker, D., Bartels, S., & Jeste, D. (2008). Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11(1), 76-89.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) on competitive employment for older people with schizophrenia
The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and used weekly work logs cross-referenced with pay stubs to measure employment outcomes over a 12-month period.
The study found that IPS increased competitive employment and earnings compared with conventional services.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the RCT has a confounding factor. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Individual Placement and Support and Vocational Rehabilitation Program","Health Individuals facing barriers to employment Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Older worker, Disability",,"United States",2008,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638571/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter?","Coile, C., & Levine, P. (2007). Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter? Journal of Public Economics, 91(10), 1902-1919.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on retirement decisions.
The study used a statistical model and data from the March Current Population Survey for 1980–2004 to estimate impacts.
The study found no relationship between the generosity of UI benefits and the likelihood of retirement or receipt of UI.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before changes in the generosity of UI benefits were observed. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in the generosity of UI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Unemployment Insurance (UI)","Unemployment Insurance","Adult, Older worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2007,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/Coile/PDF%20files/coile-levine%20JPubE…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Prison-based education and reentry into the mainstream labor market","Tyler, J. H., & Kling, J. R. (2007). Prison-based education and reentry into the mainstream labor market. In D. Weiman & S. D. Bushway (Eds.), Barriers to reentry?: The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 227-256). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of obtaining a general education diploma (GED) while in prison from 1994 to 2000 in Florida on male prisoners’ post-incarceration employment, earnings, and recidivism.
	The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes for those who obtained a prison-based GED (the treatment group) with those that did not (the comparison group). Drawing on administrative data from the state of Florida and Unemployment Insurance (UI) records, the authors estimated impacts on earnings and compared the means of the two groups for the employment and recidivism outcomes.
	The study reported no statistically significant findings on earnings in the first and third years after release or on recidivism or employment outcomes. The study found that, in the second year after release, people who obtained a GED in prison earned $114 more per quarter than those who did not; this was a significant difference.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the program and did not eliminate concerns about self-selection into the prison-based GED program. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the prison-based GED program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison-based program to obtain general education diploma (GED)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2007,https://www.nber.org/papers/w12114,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effects of an experimental intensive juvenile probation program on self-reported delinquency and drug use","Lane, J., Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2007). The effects of an experimental intensive juvenile probation program on self-reported delinquency and drug use. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(3), 201-219.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), an alternative juvenile probation program, on delinquency and drug use.
The study was a randomized controlled trial. Eligible youth were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which could participate in SOCP, or a control group, which had routine juvenile probation.
The study found that significantly more SOCP youth than youth in the control group reported committing a violent crime in the 12 months after starting probation (67.6 versus 55.6 percent). However, SOCP youth indicated they used ecstasy/MDMA less frequently than control youth in the past 30 days (1.8 versus 4.2 days).
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SOCP, and not to other factors.","South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP)","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2007,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program.","Bloom, D., Redcross, C., Zweig, J. & Azurdia, G. (2007). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Neighborhood Work Project (NWP) sponsored by the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) on the employment outcomes of former prisoners.
The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used administrative data from the program and state data systems to compare the outcomes of former prisoners who had been randomly assigned to the NWP with those of former prisoners who were randomly assigned to a control group that received basic employment services.
The study found that those assigned to the NWP were more likely than the control group to be employed in all four quarters during the year after the program and were more likely to be employed in the program’s worksite project in the fourth quarter after the program.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEO NWP’s transitional job services and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities’ Neighborhood Work Project (NWP)","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/transitional_jobs.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Reentry services: An evaluation of a pilot project in Clay County, MN","Bergseth, K., & McDonald, T. (2007). Reentry services: An evaluation of a pilot project in Clay County, MN. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University, Department of Criminal Justice and Political Science.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reentry Services Project (RSP) on juvenile recidivism.
The authors estimated regression models comparing the number of criminal and official contacts with police or the courts, pulled from an electronic Court Services Tracking System, between RSP and comparison group members, controlling for differences in demographics and number of prior charges.
The study found that RSP group members had significantly fewer official and criminal contacts than the comparison group one year after release from out-of-home placement.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the program was implemented in only one county and there was no variation in the implementation of the program over time. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the RSP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Reentry Services Project (RSP)","Health Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2007,http://www.claycountycollaborative.org/projects/RSP%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"A tax on work for the elderly: Medicare as a secondary payer.","Goda, G. S., Shoven, J. B., & Slavov, S. N. (2007). A tax on work for the elderly: Medicare as a secondary payer. (NBER Working Paper No. 13383). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Medicare as a Secondary Payer (MSP) on older workers’ labor force participation and full-time employment
The study used a nonexperimental regression design. The authors used data from the 1980 to 2006 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey.
The study found that labor force participation for older males increased following the enforcement of the MSP policy, and that older males and females in the labor force were more likely to be employed full time after the policy was enforced.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention, and confounding factors could have impacted older workers differentially during the time periods examined. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MSP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Medicare as a Secondary Payer","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2007,https://www.nber.org/papers/w13383,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment","Smith, C. J., Bechtel, J., Patrick, A., Smith, R. R., & Wilson-Gentry, L. (2006). Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment. (Report No. 214608). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. [Comparison between PIECP and traditional prison industries employment]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	This study examines the effectiveness of a specific prison work program called Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP) on employment and recidivism after release. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, the profile of which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental study design and administrative data to compare employment and recidivism outcomes of the PIECP group with the outcomes of a comparison group of similar people who worked in traditional prison industries.
	The study found that PIECP was associated with more employment and less recidivism compared with the outcomes of people who worked in traditional prison industries.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar before the program began. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/pub/AmLegalHist/SaarWarnerProject/214608…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments.","Henggeler, S., Halliday-Boykins, C., Cunningham, P., Randall, J., Shapiro, S., & Chapman, J. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Health and safety","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the marginal impacts of three layered treatments—drug court hearings, substance abuse therapy, and contingency management counseling—on criminal justice outcomes and positive drug screens among youth in Charleston, South Carolina, diagnosed with substance abuse or dependence.
The authors randomly assigned eligible youth to one of three treatment groups—drug court, drug court with multisystemic therapy, or drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced by contingency management—or to a control group that received typical family court services.
The study found no statistically significant differences between the groups on measures of recidivism after one year. However, the study found that participants in the treatment groups reported committing fewer delinquent acts than those in the control groups. Effects on drug screens were mixed.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for recidivism outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but moderate for self-reported delinquency and drug screen outcomes because they had high attrition and the authors demonstrated that the groups being compared had similar baseline characteristics.","the Treatments","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment","Smith, C. J., Bechtel, J., Patrick, A., Smith, R. R., & Wilson-Gentry, L. (2006). Correctional industries preparing inmates for re-entry: Recidivism & post-release employment. (Report No. 214608). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. [Comparison between PIECP and other-than-work activities]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	This study examines the effectiveness of a specific prison work program called Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP) on employment, earnings, and recidivism after release. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, the profile of which is available here.
	The authors used a nonexperimental study design and administrative data to compare employment, earnings, and recidivism outcomes of the PIECP group with those of a comparison group of similar people who did not participate in prison work activities.
	The study found that PIECP was associated with more employment, greater earnings, and less recidivism compared with the outcomes of those who did not participate in prison work activities.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PIECP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP)","Reentry Other training and education",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/pub/AmLegalHist/SaarWarnerProject/214608…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000.","Song, J. G., & Manchester, J. (2006). New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000. (ORES Working Paper 107). Washington, DC: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. Also available in Journal of Public Economics, 91(3–4), 669–700 (2007).","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes of workers ages 65 to 69.
The study was a nonexperimental analysis and used Social Security Administrative data to estimate the impacts.
The study found that the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 was associated with significant increases in the rate of Social Security claims for both sets of individuals affected by the law. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 and earnings.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report for Social Security claims and earnings outcomes is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report on employment is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Measuring recidivism in a juvenile drug court: Systematic outcome study of a juvenile drug court using historical information","Pitts, W. (2006). Measuring recidivism in a juvenile drug court: Systematic outcome study of a juvenile drug court using historical information. The Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, 3(1), 17-34.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to evaluate the effect of participating in a juvenile drug court in Farmington, New Mexico, on recidivism.
The author used historical data from official court records to compare the recidivism outcomes of youth who participated in the drug court with a comparison group of drug court-eligible youth who did not become drug court clients.
The study found that participation in the juvenile drug court program was associated with lower overall recidivism 16 months or later after completion of the program.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the analysis did not include controls for existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the drug court; other factors likely contributed.","the Juvenile Drug Court Program","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2006,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"A process and site-specific outcome evaluation of Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs","Ferguson, A., McCole, B., & Raio, J. (2006). A process and site-specific outcome evaluation of Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs. Portland, ME: University of Southern Maine. Retrieved from https://www1.maine.gov/dhhs/samhs/osa/pubs/correct/2006/adultdc06.pdf",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in Maine’s adult drug treatment court programs on recidivism.
	The authors compared the recidivism rates of drug treatment court program participants in five Maine counties with those of adult offenders adjudicated through the traditional process in those same counties.
	The study generally found that rearrest rates for adults who were assigned to the drug court were lower than those for adults adjudicated through the traditional process. However, the study did not report any tests of the statistical significance of these differences.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not control for existing differences between the study groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Maine’s adult drug court programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Maine’s Adult Drug Treatment Court Programs","Substance abuse recovery",Justice-involved,,"United States",2006,https://www1.maine.gov/dhhs/samhs/osa/pubs/correct/2006/Mjv0306.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Recidivism findings for the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program: Final report","Drake, E. (2006). Recidivism findings for the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program: Final report. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Washington State Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program on recidivism.
The author estimated the effect of the mentoring program using administrative data to compare outcomes among youth released from a juvenile rehabilitation facility who applied to participate in the program with the outcomes of similar youth who did not apply.
The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the mentoring program on recidivism.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Washington State Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s mentoring program, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration’s Mentoring Program","Mentoring Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006,http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/947/Wsipp_Recidivism-Findings-for-the-Juveni…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Harford County juvenile drug court performance evaluation: Final report","Crumpton, D., Carey, S., Mackin, J., Finigan, M., Pukstas, K., Weller, J., and Brekhus, J. (2006). Harford County juvenile drug court performance evaluation: Final report. Portland, Oregon. NPC Research, 1-104.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Harford County (Maryland) Juvenile Drug Court on recidivism.
The authors used administrative records to estimate the impact of the drug court by comparing the outcomes of youth who participated in the drug court with those of similar youth who did not.
The study found that drug court participants had significantly fewer rearrests (36 percent fewer) and fewer days (59 percent fewer) on probation than youth who were eligible for the program but did not participate. Participants spent fewer days in secure and community detention in the first year after program entry than youth in the comparison group. However, the study found no significant effects on the number of adjudication hearings, days in residential treatment, or days in a group home.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Harford County Juvenile Drug Court, but other factors might also have contributed.","Harford County Juvenile Drug Court","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006,http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/HCJDC_Process_Outcome-Cost-FINAL-repo…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report","Wiebush, R., Wagner, D., McNulty, B., Wang, Y., & Le, T. (2005). Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to measure the impact of participation in an Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) for high-risk youth from juvenile justice facility placements on recidivism.
The authors used a random assignment design and multivariate regression analysis to estimate impacts on aggregate recidivism scores, the sum of all subsequent offenses, weighted by severity. Data for the study were collected from standardized forms, surveys, risk assessment tests, and state agency and police records.
The study found no statistically significant effects of the program on participants’ aggregate recidivism scores.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for some outcomes and low for other outcomes. This means we have little confidence that any estimated effects would be attributable to the IAP. However, the study found few statistically significant effects.","the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)","Reentry Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2005,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED484683.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"The effect of the SSI program on labor supply: Improved evidence from Social Security administrative files","Neumark, D., & Powers, E. T. (2005). The effect of the SSI program on labor supply: Improved evidence from Social Security administrative files. Social Security Bulletin, 65(3), 45-60.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the relationship between generous state Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and the employment of older worker nearing SSI eligibility age.
The authors used a regression model and data from the Survey of Income and Program Participants (SIPP) and Social Security Administration (SSA) to estimate the effect.
The study found that older males who were likely SSI participants in generous states worked significantly fewer hours and had lower employment rates compared with those living in less generous states. The authors, using the SSA administrative records, also found that likely older participants (ages 60 to 64) worked significantly fewer hours than younger ones.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to generosity of state SSI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","state Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2005,https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v65n3/v65n3p45.html,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluating an experimental intensive juvenile probation program: Supervision and official outcomes","Lane, J., Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2005). Evaluating an experimental intensive juvenile probation program: Supervision and official outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, 51(1), 26-52.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), an alternative juvenile probation program, on recidivism outcomes.
The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used administrative data from the program and probation records to compare the outcomes of youth randomly assigned to the SOCP with those of youth randomly assigned to a control group that received standard probation services.
The study found no statistically significant effects of SOCP on arrests or referrals to probation, convictions, or incarceration.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to SOCP and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP)","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2005,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"An experimental study of the Los Angeles County repeat offender program: Its implementation and evaluation","Zhang, S.X., & Zhang, L. (2005). An experimental study of the Los Angeles County repeat offender program: Its implementation and evaluation. Criminology and Public Policy, 4(2):205–236.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention Program (ROPP) on youths’ recidivism and educational outcomes.
The authors randomly assigned eligible youth to either the treatment group that received ROPP or a control group that received standard probation services. Using data from the Los Angeles Unified School District and probation records, the authors compared the educational outcomes and average recidivism rates of the two groups.
The study found that ROPP had some early positive impacts on educational outcomes, but many of these gains faded after the first six months of the program. The study also found initial improvements (reductions) in recidivism for the treatment group during the first six months. There were no statistically significant effects of participation in the program on violations of probation.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition that sufficiently accounted for other relevant factors. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Los Angeles County ROPP, but other factors might also have contributed.","The Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention Program (ROPP)","Other training and education Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved",,"United States",2005,,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system","Godley, S. H., Finch, M., Dougan, L., McDonnell, M., McDermeit, M., & Carey, A. (2000). Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(2), 137–148.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine the relationship between the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program and a range of outcomes, including education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes.
	The authors used a nonexperimental interrupted time series (ITS) study design to compare the outcomes of people with prior justice-system contact and mental health and substance abuse issues, before and after participating in the TASC/MISA program. Using survey data, the authors looked at the change in participants’ Addiction Severity Index (ASI) scores, incarceration, and other outcomes between baseline and six months following program intake.
	The study found that program participation was associated with less favorable employment and education outcomes but favorable recidivism outcomes. Associations between participation and public benefit receipt outcomes were mixed.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program","Substance abuse recovery Reentry","Justice-involved, Other barriers",,"United States",2000,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00027-6,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"