Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol"
"Synthesis Report: Behavioral Finance Synthesis: Findings",,"Behavioral Finance: Retirement",,,,"Findings:

  
  
  

  
  
  

  
  
  

          People have relatively limited knowledge about saving for retirement and can be induced to save more when provided with additional information.

          Making retirement more salient, by having people think of themselves in retirement or providing a target retirement date, can increase intentions to save and alter investment choices.

          People can become overwhelmed by the number of investment options they face; when this occurs, they tend to use simple rules to make decisions.",,"Employer provided retirement benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",,,"Behavioral Finance: Retirement Review Protocol"
"Tightened immigration policies and the self-employment dynamics of Mexican immigrants","Wang, C. (2019). Tightened immigration policies and the self-employment dynamics of Mexican immigrants. Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 38(4), 944–977. doi:10.1002/pam.22160",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary:

	
	The study’s objective was to examine the impact of immigration policies after September 11, 2001, on self-employment among Mexican immigrants. 
	
	
	The study used a difference-in-differences model using Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 1996 to 2006.  
	



	
	The study found Mexican immigrants were substantially more likely to enter self-employment after 9/11, but there was no statistically significant difference in overall rates of self-employment.  
	
	
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the events of 9/11 present a confounding factor. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to immigration policies after 9/11; other factors are likely to have contributed.  ","Post-9/11 Immigration Policies","Foreign and temporary workers","Adult, Male, Migrant worker",,,2019,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pam.22160,"Review Protocol"
"Developmental students' persistence towards graduation in paired coursework programs among African American and Latino males in community colleges","Davis, E. (2018). Developmental students' persistence towards graduation in paired coursework programs among African American and Latino males in community colleges. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of accelerated paired courses on male African American and Latino students’ academic persistence.
The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who completed paired coursework to students who did not. The author examined enrollment and course completion using college administrative records.
The study found that students who completed paired coursework were significantly more likely to enroll in college the following semester than students in the comparison group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the paired coursework; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Accelerated paired courses","Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Male, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2018,https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/59950,"Community College Review Protocol"
"The impact of Medicare Part D on self-employment.","Moulton, J. G., Diebold, J. C., & Scott, J. C. (2017). The impact of Medicare Part D on self-employment. Research on Aging, 39(1), 64-85.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of the introduction of Medicare Part D on self-employment. The authors used a nonexperimental approach and data from the American Community Survey to estimate the impact.
The authors found that self-employment significantly increased by 0.5 percentage points after the program began.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on self-employment are attributable to the introduction of Medicare Part D, although other factors might also have contributed.","Medicare Part D","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2017,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does protecting older workers from discrimination make it harder to get hired? Evidence from disability discrimination laws.","Neumark, D., Song, J., & Button, P. (2017). Does protecting older workers from discrimination make it harder to get hired? Evidence from disability discrimination laws. Research on Aging, 39(1), 29-63.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the strength of state disability discrimination laws on hiring rates of older men.
The study used statistical models and data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate the impacts.
The study found no relationship between the strength of disability discrimination laws and the hiring rate for older unemployed disabled and nondisabled men.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar and did not account for possible differences in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state disability discrimination laws; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Disability discrimination laws","Health Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2017,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0164027516656142,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of the Affordable Care Act on labor transitions among older workers.","Camilleri, S. E. (2017). The effect of the Affordable Care Act on labor transitions among older workers. In Three papers on the Affordable Care Act (Doctoral dissertation). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the employment outcomes of older workers.
The author used data from the Current Population Survey for 2011–2016 and regression analyses to estimate impacts.
The study found that the ACA was not associated with employment outcomes among older workers.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the ACA, but other factors might also have contributed.","Affordable Care Act (ACA)","Older workers' programs Health insurance","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2017,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Enhanced vocational rehabilitation for veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and mental illness: Pilot study","O’Connor, M. K., Mueller, L., Kwon, E., Drebing, C. E., O’Connor, A. A., Semiatin, A., & Daley, R. (2016). Enhanced vocational rehabilitation for veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and mental illness: Pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 53(3), 307-319.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an embedded cognitive rehabilitation intervention on employment and earnings.
The study was a randomized controlled trial with the authors using administrative data.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between an embedded cognitive rehabilitation intervention and employment and earnings after one year.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to an embedded cognitive rehabilitation intervention; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the cognitive rehabilitation intervention","Substance abuse recovery Vocational rehabilitation","Other barriers, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,http://search.proquest.com/openview/ee479834dd8beedff02771b00bc95e0a/1?pq-origs…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"To work for yourself, for others, or not at all? How disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans","Coile, C., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2016). To work for yourself, for others, or not at all? How disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans. Unpublished manuscript.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of a 2001 expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC) to cover type 2 diabetes for Vietnam-era veterans on their employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt.
	The authors estimated statistical models to compare outcomes among male Vietnam-era veterans who did and did not serve with on the ground using data from the Veterans Supplement to the Current Population Survey from 1995 to 2015.
	The study found that the expansion of eligibility for DC was associated with greater receipt of DC, a lower likelihood of working for others, and a greater likelihood of self-employment by on-the-ground veterans compared with those veterans who did not serve on the ground. The study did not find a relationship between the expansion and earnings.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in eligibility for DC and not to other factors.",DC,"Other wages and benefits Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.nber.org/papers/w23006,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does “ban-the-box” help or hurt low-skilled workers? Statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden","Doleac, J. L., & Hansen, B. (2016). Does “ban-the-box” help or hurt low-skilled workers? Statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden. (NBER Working Paper No. 22469). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to examine how preventing employers from asking about an applicant’s criminal record in the early stage of the hiring process (ban-the-box) affected employment outcomes for low-skilled African American and Hispanic men ages 25 to 34.
	The authors use a nonexperimental difference-in-differences design to compare the employment probability of White non-Hispanic, African American non-Hispanic, and Hispanic men in areas that adopted ban-the-box policies with the employment probability of their counterparts in areas that did not adopt ban-the-box policies. The authors use a linear probability model to estimate employment outcomes. Information on study participant characteristics were from the Current Population Survey in 2004 to 2014.
	The study found that the probability of African American men obtaining employment was 3.4 percentage points lower among those who lived in areas with ban-the-box policies than among those who did not. In addition, the authors found that ban-the-box policies reduced the probability of African American men obtaining employment by 5.1 percentage points between one and two years after the policy went into effect, by 8.3 percentage points between three and four years afterward, and by 2.3 percentage points four or more years afterward. The study found no statistically significant relationships between ban-the-box policies and employment outcomes for Hispanic men.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ban-the-box policies, but other factors might also have contributed.",Ban-the-Box,Reentry,"Male, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2016,https://www.nber.org/papers/w22469.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program","Autor, D. H., Duggan, M., Greenberg, K., & Lyle, D. S. (2016). The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(3), 31-68. http://www.aeaweb.org/aej-applied/ [Impact of eligibility expansion]",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of a 2001 expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC) to type 2 diabetes for Vietnam-era veterans on labor force participation, earnings, and receipt of public benefits. The authors also examined the impact of receiving DC benefits and amount on labor force participation and earnings; see profile here .
	The authors estimated statistical models to compare outcomes for Vietnam-era Army veterans who served with “boots on the ground” (BOG) with those who served “not on the ground” (NOG) Veterans who did not fight directly in the conflict, from before and after the implementation of the type 2 diabetes policy change in 2001. The authors used administrative data from the U.S. Army Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the Social Security Administration.
	The implementation of expanded DC coverage and benefits in 2001 resulted in reductions in labor force participation and earnings among impacted veterans as well as increases in the receipt of disability benefits.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC); other factors are likely to have contributed to the findings.",DC,"Disability insurance Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/app.20150158,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Job insecurity, unemployment insurance and on-the-job search. Evidence from older American workers.","Gutierrez, I. A. (2016). Job insecurity, unemployment insurance and on-the-job search. Evidence from older American workers. Labour Economics, 41, 228-245. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.011","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the potential wage replacement rate through Unemployment Insurance (UI) on the probability of transitioning to non-employment.
The study used a nonexperimental design and data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1996–2006 and 2010–2012 to identify workers who expected job loss during the baseline survey and who experienced job transitions by the follow-up survey two years later.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between potential wage replacement rates and transitions to non-employment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the analyses do not sufficiently account for other factors that might contribute to the estimated effects. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the potential wage replacement rate through UI; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Unemployment Insurance (UI)","Older workers' programs Unemployment Insurance","Adult, Older worker, Employed",,"United States",2016,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Spousal labor market effects from government health insurance: Evidence from a veterans affairs expansion.","Boyle, M. A. & Lahey, J. N. (2016). Spousal labor market effects from government health insurance: Evidence from a veterans affairs expansion. Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, 45(C), 63-76.","Older Workers, Veterans","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the mid-1990s (as a result of the implementation of the Veteran’s Health Care Eligibility Reform Act) on the employment and earnings of non-covered spouses.
The authors used a statistical model and data from the Census Bureau’s March Current Population Survey and the Health and Retirement Study to compare the employment and earnings of wives of male veterans with wives of non-veterans of the same ages before and after the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA.
The study found no statistically significant associations between the expansion of health insurance for veterans and the employment of their wives and mixed evidence on associations between the expansion of health insurance for veterans and the earnings of their wives.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for the employment outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low for earnings outcomes because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion of health insurance for veterans through the VA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Veteran Health Insurance Expansion","Health Older workers' programs Veterans' reemployment","Adult, Older worker, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,,"Older Workers, Veterans Review Protocol"
"The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program","Autor, D. H., Duggan, M., Greenberg, K., & Lyle, D. S. (2016). The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(3), 31-68. http://www.aeaweb.org/aej-applied/ [Impact of DC enrollment and benefit amount]",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of Disability Compensation (DC) enrollment and benefit amount on labor force participation and earnings. The authors also examined the impact of the expansion of eligibility for DC benefits on labor force participation and earnings; see profile here .
	The authors estimated statistical models to compare outcomes for Vietnam-era Army veterans who served with “boots on the ground” (BOG) with those who served “not on the ground” (NOG) who did not fight directly in the conflict, before and after the implementation of the Type 2 diabetes policy change in 2001. The authors used administrative data from the U.S. Army Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the Social Security Administration (SSA).
	The increases in DC enrollment due to the expansion in eligibility for DC in 2001 were associated with reductions in labor force participation and earnings. Increases in DC benefit amounts due to the expansion in eligibility were also associated with reductions in labor force participation.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to DC enrollment and benefit amounts, but other factors might also have contributed to the findings.",DC,"Disability insurance Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/app.20150158,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of Social Security information on the labor supply and savings of older Americans.","Armour, P., & Lovenheim, M. F. (2016). The effect of Social Security information on the labor supply and savings of older Americans. (Working paper no. 361). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Social Security statements issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA) on older men’s annual hours worked.
The authors used a nonexperimental design and data from Health and Retirement Study surveys and Social Security administrative records to estimate the impacts.
The study found that receiving the first Social Security Statement is associated with a decrease in self-reported annual hours worked and receiving the second Social Security Statement is associated with an increase in self-reported annual hours worked.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is moderate because that the study was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Social Security statements, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security statements","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2016,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Men and women expecting to work longer: Do changing work conditions matter?","Moen, P., Kojola, E., Kelly, E.L., & Karakaya, Y. (2016). Men and women expecting to work longer: Do changing work conditions matter? Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(3), 321-344.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a work flexibility intervention called STAR (Support. Transform. Achieve. Results) on workers’ expectations of retirement age and bridge jobs.
The study is a randomized controlled trial that uses surveys of workers before the intervention and five years post-intervention.
The study found that receiving STAR was associated with higher expectations of working at age 65 and retiring at age 67 or older.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial, it had unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to STAR; other factors are likely to have contributed.","STAR (Support. Transform. Achieve. Results.)","Work based and other occupational training Other employer services","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2016,https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/men-and-women-expecting-to-work-longer-…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Veterans’ labor force participation: What role does the VA’s disability compensation program play?","Coile, C., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2015). Veterans’ labor force participation: What role does the VA’s disability compensation program play? American Economic Review, 105(5), 131-136.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of expanding eligibility for veterans’ Disability Compensation (DC) in 2001 and 2010 on labor force participation.
	The authors conducted a nonexperimental analysis to compare veteran and non-veteran labor force participation over time using the March Current Population Survey data from 1980 to 2014.
	The study found that veteran labor force participation was generally lower than that of non-veterans in the same 10-year age range during the periods following eligibility expansions.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because there could be differences in external conditions that affected the treatment group and not the comparison group. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to veterans’ receipt of DC; other factors are likely to have contributed to the findings.",DC,"Other wages and benefits Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2015,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.p20151062,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of health reform on retirement.","Levy, H., Buchmueller, T. C., & Nikpay, S. (2015). The effect of health reform on retirement (Research Paper 329). Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Retirement Research Center.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the expansion of Medicaid to low-income adults in 2014 on retirement rates of workers ages 55 to 64.
The authors used a nonexperimental analysis to compare those who lived in an expansion state to those who lived in other states. The study used data from the monthly Current Population Survey from January 2005 through July 2015.
The study found no statistically significant relationships between Medicaid expansion and retirement.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion of Medicaid; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Medicaid expansion","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Low income",,"United States",2015,https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/116062,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The impact of a randomly assigned time and place management initiative on work and retirement expectations.","Cahill, K. E., James, J. B., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2015). The impact of a randomly assigned time and place management initiative on work and retirement expectations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(4), 350-368.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

	The study examined the impact of a time and place management (TPM) initiative at a medical provider on retirement expectations among workers ages 50 and older.
	The study was a randomized control trial and used a series of surveys and administrative data to estimate the impact.
	The study found that, when surveyed 12 months after randomization, employees in the treatment group were statistically significantly more likely to expect to directly exit their job as opposed to staying in their current job within the next five years.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study was a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, but the authors did demonstrate that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to TPM, but other factors might also have contributed.","Time and Placement Management (TPM)","Older workers' programs","Older worker","Health care and social assistance",,2015,https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/publications/biblio/8231,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities.","Balcazar, F. E., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (2015). Employment outcomes among African American and white women with disabilities: Examining the inequalities. Women, Gender, and Families of Color, 3(2), 144-164.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of adult vocational rehabilitation (VR) services on employment outcomes for African American and white women.
The authors used a statistical model and data from a Midwestern state VR system to compare the odds of employment after completing VR services for older versus younger women.
The study found no significant difference in employment outcomes between older and younger women who completed VR services.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving VR services. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to participation in VR services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Services","Vocational rehabilitation","Adult, Older worker, Female, Black or African American, White, Disability",,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effect of a severe health shock on work behavior: Evidence from different health care regimes.","Datta Gupta, N., Kleinjans, K. J., & Larsen, M. (2015). The effect of a severe health shock on work behavior: Evidence from different health care regimes. Social Science and Medicine, 136-137, 44-51.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the national health policies of the United States and Denmark on employment of older workers after a health shock, defined as a new cancer or cardiovascular disease diagnosis.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach to compare the impact of a health shock on the likelihood of nonemployment in the United States’ private multipayer system with Denmark’s nationalized universal health care model. The authors used the data from the RAND Health and Retirement Study survey from 1994 to 2002 and Danish population registers for 1993 to 2001.
The study found no differences between the United States and Denmark in the relationship between a health shock and employment for older workers.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for unobserved differences between the countries. This means we are not confident that differences in the association between health shocks and employment in the United States and Denmark are attributable to the national health care policies; other factors are likely to have contributed.","National Healthcare Policy","Health Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"International, United States",2015,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615002816,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement?","Coe, N. B., & Goda, G. S. (2015). How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement? (SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 14-007). Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. City, ST: Publisher.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of state-level reforms of health insurance on early retirement and Social Security retirement benefit claims.
The authors used 1996–2010 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and statistical models to compare the outcomes of individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance with those in non-reform states.
The study found that employed individuals in states with non-group health insurance reform were significantly more likely to retire at age 63.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance were similar to those in non-reform states. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the non-group health insurance reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2015,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. [Dislocated worker sample]","Heinrich, C.J., and Mueser, P. (2014). Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. Columbia, MO: Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, unpublished. [Dislocated worker sample]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine whether participation in the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program services increased participants' earnings and if so, whether those gains were greater during a recessionary period than in periods before and after the recession.
The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the quarterly earnings of participants receiving services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program with those of a matched comparison group that received Wagner-Peyser Employment Services (ES). The study presented impacts separately by gender and program year.
The study found that males receiving services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program from July 2007 to December 2007 (before the recession), from January 2008 to June 2008 (at the beginning of the recession), and from July 2008 to June 2009 (during the worst of the recession) earned less than males in the comparison group in most of the 16 follow-up quarters examined. In no quarter did females participating in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program before, during, or after the recession earn more than females in the comparison group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program services, but other factors might also have contributed.
The report also examined the impacts of WIA Adult Program services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/WDQI_MissouriReport_TrainingProgramImpacts…,"Review Protocol"
"Who pays the high health costs of older workers? Evidence from prostate cancer screening mandates.","Bailey, J. (2014). Who pays the high health costs of older workers? Evidence from prostate cancer screening mandates. Applied Economics, 46(32), 3931-3941. doi:10.1080/00036846.2014.948673","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of state mandates that health insurance plans cover prostate cancer screenings on the earnings and employment of men older than age 50
The study used nonexperimental regression analyses to compare older men in states that had enacted a mandate with women, younger men, and older men living in states without a mandate. The author used data from the Current Population Survey(CPS) between 1990 and 2009.
The study found that older men in states with mandates had lower wages and were less likely than the comparison group to be employed.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate, because it is a well-implemented nonexperimental study. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the prostrate screening mandate, but other factors might also have contributed.","Prostate cancer screening mandates","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2014,https://sites.temple.edu/jamesbailey/files/2013/08/Who-Pays-the-High-Health-Cos…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Did age discrimination protections help older workers weather the Great Recession?","Neumark, D., & Button, P. (2014). Did age discrimination protections help older workers weather the Great Recession? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(4), 566-601. doi:10.1002/pam.21762","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined whether the strong age discrimination laws moderated the impact of the Great Recession on employment outcomes of older workers.
The study used statistical models and the data from the 2003–2011 Current Population Survey (CPS) and 2004–2011 Quarterly Workforce Indicators to estimate impacts.
The study found that states with stronger age discrimination laws had experienced increases in unemployment rates, longer unemployment durations, and decreases in hiring rates for some types of older workers relative to younger workers in the months during and following the Great Recession.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the differential effect of the Great Recession on older workers in states with strong age discrimination laws, but other factors might also have contributed.","Age Discrimination Laws","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.nber.org/papers/w19216,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. [Adult sample]","Heinrich, C.J., and Mueser, P. (2014). Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. Columbia, MO: Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, unpublished. [Adult sample]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine whether participation in the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program services increased participants' earnings and if so, whether those gains were greater during a recessionary period than in periods before and after the recession.
The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the quarterly earnings of participants receiving services through the WIA Adult Program with those of a matched comparison group that received Wagner-Peyser Employment Services (ES). The study presented impacts separately by gender and program year.
The study found that males and females receiving services from the WIA Adult Program from June to December 2007 (before the recession) earned more, on average, than the comparison group in some, but not all, of the 16 follow-up quarters examined. Males and females receiving services from July 2008 to June 2009 and from July 2009 to June 2010 (after the onset of the recession) tended to earn less, on average, than the comparison group in most of the 16 follow-up quarters.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program services, but other factors might also have contributed.
The report also examined the impacts of WIA Dislocated Worker services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/WDQI_MissouriReport_TrainingProgramImpacts…,"Review Protocol"
"The labor-market returns to community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates","Jepsen, C., Troske, K., & Coomes, P. (2014). The labor-market returns to community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(1), 95-121.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the effect of earning community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates on students’ later earnings.
Using administrative data from the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS), the National Student Clearinghouse, and Kentucky’s unemployment insurance program, the authors compared the outcomes of students who completed college degrees, diplomas, and certificates with those of students who did not.
The study found that community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates improved earnings for those who received them, compared with those who did not receive them but were otherwise similar.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design; this is the highest causal evidence rating possible for a nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to earning community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Program Under Study","Other training and education","Adult, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,,"Review Protocol"
"Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. [TAA sample]","Heinrich, C.J., and Mueser, P. (2014). Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. Columbia, MO: Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, unpublished. [TAA sample]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine whether participation in the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program services increased participants’ earnings and, if so, whether those gains were greater during a recessionary period than in periods before and after the recession.
The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the quarterly earnings of TAA participants with those of a matched comparison group that received Wagner-Peyser Employment Services (ES). The study presented impacts separately by gender and program year.
The study found that males and females who received services through the TAA Program earned less, on average, than the comparison group during almost all of the 16 follow-up quarters examined. This held regardless of whether the participants began receiving services before, during, or after the recession.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to services received through the TAA Program, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.empiwifo.uni-freiburg.de/sonstige-dateien/heinrich-mueser_trainingi…,"Review Protocol"
"The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies.","Figinski, T. F. (2013). The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. Accession No. 1415455735.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of removing the Social Security earnings test on Social Security claims, earnings, and labor force participation for female beneficiaries.
The study used a statistical model and the data from the Social Security Administration’s Benefit and Earnings Public Use File to estimate impacts.
The study found that removing the earnings test was associated with an increase in Social Security claims among women who were primary or spousal beneficiaries and with an increase in average earnings and in labor force participation among women who were primary beneficiaries.
The qaulity of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the change in Social Security earings test. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the removal of the Social Security earnings test; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security 2000 Earnings Test Removal","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Female",,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Exploring gender imbalance among STEM doctoral degree recipients (Issue brief)","Gillen, A., & Tanenbaum, C. (2014, September). Exploring gender imbalance among STEM doctoral degree recipients (Issue brief). Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	The study’s main objective was to accurately identify the nature of gender imbalances in the receipt of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degrees, specifically isolating imbalances at the doctoral level.
	Using data from the U.S. Department of Education’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), the authors calculated the ratio of women to men earning doctoral degrees by field, controlling for the number who completed an undergraduate degree in the same field (called “prepared” students).
	The study found that, overall, men are overrepresented in 76 percent of doctoral fields. This means that, after controlling for the number of students who complete an undergraduate degree in a given field, more men than women are completing doctoral degrees in the same field. However, there is slightly less gender imbalance of prepared students earning doctoral degrees in all STEM fields than in non-STEM fields, even though the absolute number of men receiving STEM doctoral degrees is higher.
	The authors suggest that because female undergraduate STEM majors persist from undergraduate to graduate levels at almost the same rate (90 percent as often) as men, gender imbalance must be addressed earlier in the academic pipeline to address overall disparities in the receipt of STEM doctoral degrees.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, Male, STEM professional",,"United States",2014,http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/STEM%20PhDs%20Gender%20…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"The (surprising) efficacy of academic and behavioral intervention with disadvantaged youth: Results from a randomized experiment in Chicago","Cook, P., Dodge, K., Farkas, G., Fryer, R., Guryan, J., Ludwig, J. Mayer, S., Pollack, H., & Steinberg, L. (2014). The (surprising) efficacy of academic and behavioral intervention with disadvantaged youth: Results from a randomized experiment in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Becoming a Man (BAM) program on youths’ academic outcomes, including grade point averages (GPAs), course failures, and achievement test scores. BAM provided mentoring and socialization activities to enhance cognitive, decision-making, and social skills.
The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in one high school on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in 2012–2013. Eligible youth were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a treatment group receiving BAM only, in which individuals could participate in the BAM program; (2) a treatment group receiving BAM plus tutoring, in which individuals could participate in the BAM program and received daily tutoring in math; or (3) the control group, which could not participate in BAM but could access existing services at their school. The authors estimated regressions to measure the impact of the BAM program on academic achievement using administrative data from Chicago Public Schools.
The study found that youth offered the opportunity to participate in BAM—either with or without supplemental tutoring—had significantly higher math achievement test scores than youth in the control group. In addition, youth in the BAM program group and the BAM plus tutoring program group had significantly higher math GPAs than members of the control group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for the GPA and course failures outcomes because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to BAM and/or the tutoring sessions, and not to other factors. The quality of causal evidence is moderate for the math and reading achievement outcomes because these outcomes had high attrition but the authors included sufficient controls in their analysis. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to BAM and/or tutoring sessions, but other factors might also have contributed.","Becoming a Man","Mentoring Other training and education Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Male, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States, Urban",2014,http://www.nber.org/papers/w19862.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Retiree health insurance for public school employees: Does it affect retirement?","Fitzpatrick, M. D. (2014). Retiree health insurance for public school employees: Does it affect retirement? Journal of Health Economics, 38, 88-98.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an Illinois Public Schools retiree health insurance program on the retirement rates of eligible staff ages 55 to 75.
The study used a nonexperimental approach to compare the retirement rates of eligible staff with those of staff who were not eligible and staff in years prior to the introduction of the health insurance program who would have been eligible. The author used data from the Illinois Public Schools' Teacher Service Record database from 1970 to 1992.
The study found that eligibility for the program was associated with an overall decrease in retirement age, with eligible staff more likely to retire at ages 55 or 56, but less likely to retire after age 65 compared with those who were not eligible for the program.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that does not account for possible differences in the groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Illinois Public Schools Teachers Retirement Health Insurance Plan; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Illinois Public Schools Teachers Retirement Health Insurance Plan","Employer provided retirement benefits Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2014,https://www.nber.org/papers/w19524,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: Using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields","Wang, M., & Degol, J. (2013). Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: Using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields. Developmental Review, 33(4), 1-37","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This paper was a literature review of research about gender differences in STEM education levels and careers in the United States, including any evidence available for specific cultural, biological, and psychological theories for gender differences in STEM.
	The authors summarized evidence from existing studies, organized around three main types of influences on decision making: psychological (perceived self-competence, goals, and interests); socialization (societal and cultural beliefs that shape an individual’s belief and value systems); and biological (hormonal and genetic factors).
	The authors found evidence of psychological influences on women’s participation in STEM careers, including women preferring more people-oriented jobs than STEM careers typically provide, and women leaving more intensive STEM careers after having children because of their work–family preferences. In terms of socialization influences, the authors found evidence of the importance of school factors, including teachers’ instructional practices, the structure of schools or classrooms, and teachers’ abilities to forge positive relationships with students, in influencing female students’ interest and abilities in STEM fields. In addition, the study highlighted evidence that values, belief systems, and family support can influence girls’ interest and success in STEM fields.
	The study noted that other studies have found biological differences in terms of hormone production and brain organization between men and women, but that these differences have not conclusively been linked to any behavior or ability levels in men and women.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"The link between pensions and retirement timing: Lessons from California teachers.","Brown, K. M. (2013). The link between pensions and retirement timing: Lessons from California teachers. Journal of Public Economics, 98(C), 1-14.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of pension reform under the California State Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) on retirement timing.
The author used a statistical model and data from retirement-eligible employees in Los Angeles Unified School District from 1997 to 2000 to estimate the impact.
The study found public school employees were more likely to work an extra year in response to changes in pension plans that provided additional bonuses tied to age and tenure.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the changes in CalSTRS. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the changes in CalSTRS; other factors are likely to have contributed.","CalSTRS Defined Benefit Program","Older workers' programs Other wages and benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://eml.berkeley.edu//~saez/course/brown_jpube13.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Gender equity issues in CTE and STEM education","Toglia, T. (2013). Gender equity issues in CTE and STEM education. TechDirections, 72, 14-18.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This article summarized current gender equity issues in career and technical education (CTE) as well as in STEM fields for high school and college students.
	Using findings from various other published studies, the author discussed the progression of the Carl D. Perkins Act of 1984, which required states to employ a sex equity coordinator to mitigate gender bias and stereotypes, over the past three decades, and how it has affected women’s involvement in nontraditional careers, such as electrical work and plumbing. The study also briefly summarized other gender equity trends in CTE and STEM fields, including why women choose to not work in CTE and STEM fields and how gender disparities in various industries can be detrimental to society at large.
	The author found that the Perkins Act and its various reauthorizations had aimed to improve female participation in nontraditional career fields, but lack of funds limited the legislation’s influence. The author also identified additional factors influencing women’s career choices—including gender-role socialization, socioeconomic status, parents’ education level and expectations for their daughters, and advice from guidance counselors—as perpetuating gender disparities in these fields. The author concluded that gender disparities in STEM and CTE careers can lead to an underdevelopment of human resources and capital at the societal level.
	The study concluded with a list of suggested strategies to counter existing gender inequities in CTE and STEM, including offering mentoring programs to provide female students with role models in CTE fields, removing gender-biased images or messaging from textbooks and other educational materials, increasing parental education on nontraditional career options for women, and training guidance counselors to address gender equity issues.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"The impact of uncapping of mandatory retirement on postsecondary institutions.","Weinberg, S. L., & Scott, M. A. (2013). The impact of uncapping of mandatory retirement on postsecondary institutions. Educational Researcher, 42(6), 338-348.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of uncapping mandatory retirement on retirement ages at postsecondary institutions
The study used a statistical model to examine the age of retirement before and after the policy change in 1993. It used data on faculty’s employment and retirement from a research university with multiple schools.
The study found that uncapping was associated with a statistically significant increase in the retirement age among those who retired from the university.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar nor did they control for differences between the groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA); other factors are likely to have contributed.","Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA)","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258134776_The_Impact_of_Uncapping_of_M…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Training and retirement patterns.","Montizaan, R., Cörvers, F., & de Grip, A. (2013). Training and retirement patterns. Applied Economics, 45(15), 1991-1999. doi:10.1080/00036846.2011.646066","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of firm-specific training and general training on older men’s retirement decisions
The study used a nonexperimental design and data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men for 1966 to 1983 to estimate impacts.
The study found that workers with firm-specific training were more likely to retire within the time period studied and to have jobs with a mandatory retirement age than workers without firm-specific training.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving training and did not account for self-selection into training. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to firm-specific or general training; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Firm-specific & General Training","Work based and other occupational training","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236021967_Training_and_retirement_patt…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Not lack of ability but more choice: Individual and gender differences in choice of careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics","Wang, M., Eccles, J., & Kenny, S. (2013). Not lack of ability but more choice: Individual and gender differences in choice of careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Psychological Science, 24(5), 770-775.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This paper examined whether people with high math and verbal abilities were more likely to work in STEM occupations at the age of 33 compared with people with high math but only moderate verbal abilities. The authors also considered whether employment in STEM occupations varied by gender.
	The authors surveyed 1,490 people drawn from a national longitudinal study in the United States—once in 1992 when the respondents were in 12th grade and again in 2007 when the respondents were 33 years old—to ask about occupation type. They also collected math and verbal Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores for these people, as well as the number of high school mathematics courses taken and parental reports of parental education and family income. The authors used regression analyses of longitudinal survey data and other descriptive statistical techniques.
	The study found that students’ high school math and verbal abilities predicted whether they worked in a STEM field at age 33. Of those with moderate verbal and high math abilities, 49 percent worked in a STEM job at age 33, whereas only 34 percent of those with both high verbal and math abilities worked in a STEM job. Though more women were in the high math and high verbal abilities group than men, the likelihood of someone with both high math and verbal abilities choosing to work in a STEM occupation did not vary by gender but did vary by the individual’s self-perception on abilities in math in 12th grade.
	The authors argued that people with high math and high verbal abilities could find a wider variety of jobs that fit their skill sets, which might explain why fewer of those in this group pursued STEM careers than those with high math but moderate verbal abilities.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, Male, STEM professional",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Does retiree health insurance encourage early retirement?","Nyce, S., Schieber, S. Shoven, J. B., Slavov, S., & Wise, D. A. (2013). Does retiree health insurance encourage early retirement? Journal of Public Economics, 104, 40-51.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of employer-provided retiree health insurance on early retirement.
The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare early retirement outcomes of employees who are eligible for retiree health insurance with that of those who have no coverage.
The study found that people who were employed at age 57 and eligible for employer-subsidized retiree health coverage were significantly more likely to retire at ages 62 to 64 (before becoming eligible for Medicare at age 65) compared with those with no coverage.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for other factors that could have affected the difference between the treatment and comparison groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to retiree health insurance; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Employer provided retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2013,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770310/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Why academic STEM mothers feel they have to work harder than others on the job","Kmec, J. (2013a). Why academic STEM mothers feel they have to work harder than others on the job. International Journal of Gender, Science, & Technology, 5(2), 80-101.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This report analyzed faculty members’ perceptions of how hard they have to work at their job based on their sex and parental status, specifically in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines that are typically characterized by a masculine work culture. The objective was to contribute to the knowledge base on gender issues in academic professions and the specific challenges that working mothers in STEM fields face.
	The study used data from the 2011 Faculty Caregiving and Workplace and Culture survey administered online to about 300 tenure-line faculty members in all disciplines at a large public U.S. university. The author conducted regression analyses to estimate the link between faculty members’ sex, parental status, academic discipline, and their level of agreement with the statement, “My job requires me to work very hard.” The regression controlled for several factors that might affect faculty members’ perceptions of how hard they have to work at their job, such as length of time at current institution, academic rank, perceived job demand levels, feelings of being valued, marital status, age of children, household/family responsibilities, and degree to which household responsibilities are perceived to affect job performance.
	The study found that mothers in STEM fields were more likely to strongly agree that they have to work very hard at their job, compared to fathers in both STEM and non-STEM fields and mothers in non-STEM fields, after controlling for a number of factors related to perceptions of effort required. Specifically, fathers in STEM and non-STEM fields were 84 percent and 92 percent less likely, respectively, to strongly agree that they have to work very hard at their job than mothers in STEM fields. Similarly, mothers in non-STEM fields were about 81 percent less likely than mothers in STEM fields to agree that they have to work very hard at their job.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Female, Male, STEM professional, Parent",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective?","Neumark, D., & Song, J. (2013). Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective? Journal of Public Economics, 108, 1-16.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined whether the strength of state age discrimination protections affected rates of Social Security benefit claiming and employment outcomes of older workers.
The study used a nonexperimental design and the data on Social Security claiming and employment outcomes from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to estimate the impacts.
The study found that among older men affected by the 1983 Social Security reform, age discrimination protections were associated with increases in employment rates between age 62 and the full retirement age and delayed benefit claiming.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state age discrimination laws, but other factors might also have contributed.","The 1983 Social Security Reform","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2013,https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v108y2013icp1-16.html,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Preventing youth violence and dropout: A randomized field experiment (No. w19014)","Heller, S., Pollack, H. A., Ander, R., & Ludwig, J. (2013). Preventing youth violence and dropout: A randomized field experiment (No. w19014). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Becoming a Man program on arrest and educational outcomes.
The study was a randomized controlled trial. Eligible male youth from 18 public schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods were screened for eligibility. The 2,740 who met requirements were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups or a control group.
The study found that being offered the opportunity to participate in the program reduced violent crime arrests during the program year and improved schooling outcomes in both the program and follow-up years.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Becoming a Man program, and not to other factors.","Becoming a Man","Other training and education Safety Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Disconnected youth, Male, Low income",,"United States, Urban",2013,http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/workshops/AppliedEcon/past/pdf/jensludwigyouthv…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Income tax and older American workers’ job transition into self-employment.","Choi, S. (2012). Income tax and older American workers’ job transition into self-employment. Korea and the World Economy, 13(2), 189-214.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of a progressive income tax on the likelihood of transitioning to self-employment among older workers.
The study used a nonexperimental approach (the exponential hazard model) that compared the likelihood of transitioning from a wage job to self-employment based on the marginal taxes a worker would expect to pay. The author used the data from the Health and Retirement Study in 1992 matched to the Social Security Administration Master Earnings File from 1980 to 1991, which contains W-2 records of earnings from both wage work and self-employment.
The study found that a more progressive tax (that is, a tax schedule that increases sharply toward the higher end) or higher marginal tax rates reduces the likelihood of entering self-employment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups with higher or lower marginal tax rates were similar before a change in the tax schedule. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in marginal taxes; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Progressive Income Tax","Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker, Employed",,"United States",2012,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges","Costello, C. (2012). Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	
	
		This study examined the enrollment patterns for low-income women and students with children (including mostly mothers and some fathers, collectively referred to as student parents) in STEM fields at community colleges in the United States, comparing outcomes for 2000–2001 to 2008–2009. In addition, the study presented examples of promising strategies to encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM education at community colleges.
		To assess the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, the author analyzed publicly available data, including data from the U.S. Department of Labor and the National Center for Education Statistics at the U.S. Department of Education. The author also completed a review of existing programs at community colleges that encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM fields, and consulted with 16 experts to formulate suggestions for additional programs to support these students in STEM fields.
		The study found that in the 2008–2009 school year, women earned 22 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in STEM fields—a 7 percentage point reduction in the proportion of STEM associate degrees earned by women eight years earlier. The study also found that, in 2008, roughly one-third of community college students were parents and student parents with children younger than 12 who ultimately earned a baccalaureate or master’s degree in a STEM field were more likely to have attended a community college at some point than students without young children.
		Given the decline in women’s share of STEM associate degrees earned over the study observation period, as well as the high proportion of student parents in STEM fields who attend community colleges (compared with students without young children), the author highlighted potential strategies to increase and improve the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, including targeted recruitment, financial support, child care services, strong developmental education options, and specific counseling and academic support for women. These recommendations were informed by information gathered from existing programs and consultation with experts.",,"Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, Male, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/student-parent-success-initiative/increasing-op…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Gender and career outcomes of U.S. engineers","Frehill, L. (2012). Gender and career outcomes of U.S. engineers. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 4(2), 149-166.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This study addressed two research questions concerning the retention rates of engineers in the United States: whether more women leave the engineering field because of family-related concerns than men and whether more women than men move into managerial work.
	The author analyzed data from the National Science Foundation’s public use Science and Engineering Statistical Data System (SESTAT) for 2006. SESTAT includes three surveys: the National Survey of College Graduates, the National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and the Survey of Doctorate Recipients. The study sample was 17,004 people.
	The study found that the retention rate for women in the engineering field was 70 percent, compared with 86 percent retention for men, and more women cited family-related issues as a reason for departure than did men. However, family-related issues were not the main reason for leaving the engineering field for either gender—female respondents noted a change in career or professional interests as their main reason for departure, whereas a lack of pay or promotion opportunities were the main reasons cited by men.
	The study also found that women engineers were less likely to currently hold management positions compared with male respondents. For example, 49 percent of male respondents indicated that they supervised employees in their current position, compared with 33 percent of female respondents.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Female, Male, STEM professional",,"United States",2012,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia.","Twamley, E. W., Vella, L., Burton, C. Z., Becker, D. R., Bell, M. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2012). The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 135(1-3), 100-104.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) on competitive employment for older people with schizophrenia
The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at a community mental health clinic and used weekly work logs cross-referenced with pay stubs to measure employment outcomes over a 12-month period.
The study found that IPS was positively associated with employment and earnings.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the RCT has a confounding factor. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Individual Placement and Support and Vocational Rehabilitation Program","Health Individuals facing barriers to employment Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Older worker, Disability",,"United States",2012,https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-30184-001,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Engineering students' beliefs about research: Sex differences, personality, and career plans","Woodcock, A., Graziano, W., Branch, S., Ngambeki, I., & Evangelou, D. (2012). Engineering students' beliefs about research: Sex differences, personality, and career plans. Journal of Engineering Education, 101 (3), 495-511.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	The authors explored the relationships among male and female engineering major undergraduates’ perceptions of research and researchers, their intellectual orientation toward people versus objects, and their interest in pursuing engineering research careers.
	The authors administered an online study to second-year or higher undergraduate students in the engineering, life sciences, and psychology departments of a large research university in the midwestern United States. They used regression analysis to identify beliefs and personality traits that predict interest in engineering research careers for male and female students.
	The study found that having a “Thing Orientation”—a predisposition to focus on objects and their manipulation instead of a tendency to notice and identify with others’ emotions—significantly predicts research interest and has a greater association with research interest among female engineering students than among their male classmates.
	The authors also sought to discover the pathway through which Thing Orientation promotes interest in a research career by identifying associations between Thing Orientation and beliefs about research. For the female students in this sample, Thing Orientation was positively associated with the beliefs that research is innovative and transformative, requires repetitive lab work, and calls for creativity and collaboration. In turn, these beliefs affect female engineering students’ interest in research careers; the belief that research is innovative and transformative is positively associated with interest in a research career.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2012,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Jacobs, E. (2012). Returning to work after prison: Final results from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The author used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to the transitional jobs program or to a group that was offered job search assistance and compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes two years after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment.
The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were significantly more likely (by 29 percentage points) than control group members to be employed at any point during the two years after random assignment.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Unemployed, Male",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_626.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Women, men, and academic performance in science and engineering: The gender difference in undergraduate grade point averages","Sonnert, G., & Fox, M. (2012). Women, men, and academic performance in science and engineering: The gender difference in undergraduate grade point averages. Journal of Higher Education, 83(1), 73-101.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	The study tested a hypothesis that women have higher undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs) than their male peers (referred to as a GPA advantage), and that the difference is most pronounced in STEM fields with fewer female students and fewer female faculty members. In addition, the authors tested a second hypothesis that women’s GPA advantage was driven by institution type, with larger advantages existing at institutions offering specific programs supporting women in science and engineering, compared with institutions without such programs.
	The authors used data from the Integrated Postsecondary Data System and from a survey of 499 university and college registrars in the United States to examine the academic performance of undergraduate students in biology, the physical sciences, and engineering from 1984 to 2000. They used regression models to compare the GPAs of male and female students over time both across and within the three fields, controlling for the percentage of female majors, degree recipients, and faculty within each field at each institution in a given year.
	The study found that women’s GPAs across the three fields were, on average, 0.1 points (on a 4.0-point scale) higher than men’s during the study period. The study also found that in the physical sciences field, the percentage of female degree recipients was significantly associated with women’s GPA advantage—when more women earned degrees in physical sciences, the GPA advantaged diminished; however, this finding did not hold in the biology or engineering fields.
	The study found that the strongest predictor of women’s GPA advantage across fields was the type of institution, with a larger advantage occurring at nonresearch institutions compared with research institutions. In addition, the study found that at nonresearch institutions with programs specifically supporting women in science and engineering, women’s GPA advantage was even larger.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2012,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Tax elasticity of labor earnings for older individuals","Alpert, A. & Powell, D. (2012). Tax elasticity of labor earnings for older individuals. (Report no. 2012-272). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, University of Michigan.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of tax changes on people’s employment, retirement, and labor income outcomes.
The study uses a nonexperimental approach and the data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate the effect.
The study found positive statistically significant relationships between increases in after-tax labor income and the employment of men and women as well as the delay in retirement for men. The study also found a positive statistically significant relationship between increases in the marginal net-of-tax rate and earnings for women.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to tax changes from the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA), and their marriage tax penalty relief provision, but other factors might also have contributed.","Tax Changes","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2012,https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/94533/wp272.pdf?sequenc…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The role of parents and teachers in the development of gender-related math attitudes","Gunderson, E., Ramirez, G., Levine, S., & Beilock, S. (2012). The role of parents and teachers in the development of gender-related math attitudes. Sex Roles, 66, 153-166.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	The study’s objective was to summarize existing literature and identify future areas for research related to the relationship between parents’ and teachers’ gender stereotypes in math and children’s mathematics performance and self-concept.
	The authors summarized the findings of recent studies that examined parents’, teachers’, and students’ math gender stereotypes, focusing on impressions of success—whether boys or girls had above-average ability in math or were likely to succeed in math—as well as reasons for that success, particularly natural ability and effort.
	The authors suggested three new directions for future research on this topic based on their review of the literature. First, research could investigate the links among parents’ and teachers’ math anxiety, self-efficacy, and teaching self-efficacy and their children’s or students’ attitudes. A second direction involved transmission of gender differences in theories of math intelligence—that is, whether mathematical ability is fixed or can improve through effort. Finally, research has shown that children identify with math gender stereotypes from a young age, but does not yet suggest a mechanism through which children acquire these stereotypes.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2012,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Questioning a white male advantage in STEM: Examining disparities in college major by gender and race/ethnicity","Riegle-Crumb, C., & King, B. (2011). Questioning a white male advantage in STEM: Examining disparities in college major by gender and race/ethnicity. Educational Researcher, 39(9), 656-664.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	
	
		The study's objective was to examine differences in students’ likelihood of majoring in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field, based on gender and ethnicity.
		The study used statistical methods to estimate the likelihood of majoring in the physical sciences or engineering, or in the biological sciences, versus non-STEM fields. The authors also examined this likelihood for traditionally underrepresented groups (white, black, and Hispanic women and black and Hispanic men) compared to white men. The analyses controlled for student socioeconomic factors, delayed college entry, academic preparation, and attitudes toward math. Data sources included students’ high school transcripts and surveys conducted through the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002.
		The study found that white and Hispanic women were less likely to major in the physical sciences or engineering, versus a non-STEM major, than white men. Black women were also less likely to major in a physical science or engineering field than white men, but the gap was slightly smaller.
		In contrast to the large gender gaps evident in the choice of physical science and engineering majors, there were no differences between the gender/ethnicity groups in the likelihood of majoring in a biological sciences field compared to a non-STEM field. The study found that academic preparation and attitudes toward math rarely explained why men were more likely to choose a STEM major than women.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male, White, Black or African American, Hispanic of any race",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Arguing separate but equal: A study of argumentation in public single-sex science classes in the United States","Glasser, H. (2011). Arguing separate but equal: A study of argumentation in public single-sex science classes in the United States. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 3(1), 70-92.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	In a study performed at a public coeducational middle school during the 2007–2008 school year, the author sought to determine whether students in single-sex science classes learned “the same science” by experiencing the same instructional approaches and earning the same grades as those in mixed-gender classes.
	The author attended both the boys’ and girls’ science classes, and collected data from audio and video recordings, reviews of students’ work, and interviews with students and teachers. He analyzed these data using a variety of coding schemes, with particular emphasis on argumentation, defined for the purpose of the study as a whole-class scientific discussion involving the teacher that contained both a challenge and a defense. He also examined more than seven hours of video recordings from each class section and counted the instances of argumentation occurring in each class. Finally, the author reviewed students’ grades in the course.
	Although argumentation was not a primary feature of either boys’ or girls’ science classes, with no more than five instances of argumentation per hour of instruction in either case, the author found that boys’ science classes contained more than three times as many instances of argumentation than did girls’ classes. Over the sample lessons considered in this study, the boys produced 22 instances of argumentation, compared with only 7 in the girls’ class. There were no differences in students’ grades by gender.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers.","Blau, D., & Shvydko, T. (2011). Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(3), 464-484.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of flexibility in hours of work on the likelihood that older workers separate from an employer.
The study used a statistical model to compare the job exit behavior of older and younger workers in firms with different shares of women younger than age 30. The analysis used monthly data on workers ages 45 to 69 in the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1990 to 2001 matched to employers in the Longitudinal Employment and Household Dynamics data.
The study found that workers in their sixties who work for employers with a higher share of women younger than age 30 are less likely to experience job separations compared with workers in their late 40s to mid-50s.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the groups being compared might not be similar before leaving their employer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to employment flexibility, other factors are likely to have contributed.","Employment flexibility","Other employer services","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2011,https://www.jstor.org/stable/41149475?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Who wants to have a career in science or math? Exploring adolescents’ future aspirations by gender and race/ethnicity","Riegle-Crumb, C., Moore, C., & Ramos-Wada, A. (2011). Who wants to have a career in science or math? Exploring adolescents’ future aspirations by gender and race/ethnicity. Science Education, 95(3), 458-476.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	The study's objective was to examine whether different gender and racial/ethnic subgroups of 8th-grade students in the United States varied in their aspirations of pursuing a career in science or math. The study further sought to observe how students’ attitudes toward and achievement in science and math helped explain any disparities in career aspirations by gender and race/ethnicity.
	The authors conducted a regression analysis that estimated the likelihood of different gender and race/ethnicity subgroups stating that they “would like a job that involves using science/math,” controlling for their attitudes toward and achievement in science/math. Career aspirations for groups traditionally underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics—including white, black, and Hispanic girls and black and Hispanic boys—were compared to those of white boys. The study used data from the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, specifically looking at a nationally representative sample of 8th-grade students in the United States.
	In the primary analysis of science aspirations, no female and/or racial minorities had a statistically different likelihood of aspiring to a career in science than white boys. Black boys had comparable career aspirations to white boys even before controlling for any other factors, and Hispanic and white boys were similar after controlling for socioeconomic factors. Both white and Hispanic girls had similar career aspirations to white boys after controlling for enjoyment of science.
	In the primary analysis of math aspirations, all female subgroups were significantly less likely to aspire to a math career than white boys, even after controlling for general school attitudes, test scores, enjoyment in the subject, and belief in their own math ability. Black and Hispanic boys were as likely as white boys to be interested in pursuing a career in math before controlling for any of those factors.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Youth, Other barriers, Female, Male",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Understanding the factors affecting degree completion of doctoral women in the science and engineering fields","Ampaw, F., & Jaeger, A. (2011). Understanding the factors affecting degree completion of doctoral women in the science and engineering fields. New Directions for Institutional Research, 152, 59-73.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary:

	This study aimed to determine if student characteristics; financial aid receipt; and labor market conditions (such as unemployment, weekly wages, and professors’ salary) predicted doctoral degree completion in science, engineering, or math differently for men and women.
	Following students enrolled in a doctoral program at an academic institution in the southeastern United States, the study used data from the institution in which study participants were enrolled, Bureau of Labor Statistics data on unemployment and weekly earnings, and expected earnings information from the National Faculty Salary Survey by Discipline and Rank in Four Year Colleges and Universities. Nonlinear regression models were used to estimate the effects on doctoral degree completion.
	The study found that 9 percent more males than females in the study completed their doctoral degree, although women tended to be younger at the start of their degree. International students, but not minority students overall, were more likely to complete their degree than white domestic students.
	Regarding financial aid, students who held research assistantships were 67 percent more likely to finish their degree than students without an assistantship, but males were much more likely to acquire an assistantship than females.
	Regarding labor market conditions, students were more likely to complete a degree in fields with high unemployment and higher expected earnings.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Preventing discrimination","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Retiree health insurance and disengagement from a career job.","Robinson, C., & Clark, R. (2010). Retiree health insurance and disengagement from a career job. Journal of Labor Research, 31(3), 247-262.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the effect of availability of retiree health insurance (RHI) on a person’s decision to leave a career job (a measure of retirement).
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the authors used a nonexperimental approach to estimate the likelihood of retirement for those who worked at firms with RHI compared with those who worked at firms without RHI.
The study found that workers at firms that offer RHI are more likely to retire than those at firms that do not offer RHI.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the availability at RHI, but other factors might also have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Other health and safety Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-010-9091-4,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 1: completion of adult basic education course vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education course.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release employment, where those who completed an adult basic education course tended to have higher employment rates after release from incarceration than did those who dropped out of adult basic education.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative.","Hawkins, S., Lattimore, P., Dawes, D., & Visher, C. (2010). Reentry experiences of confined juvenile offenders: Characteristics, service receipt and outcomes of juvenile male participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. The multi-site evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative. NCJ 230423. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) on employment, education, and recidivism among juvenile incarcerated males.
The study used propensity scores to match participants in SVORI to nonparticipants who were similar on observed characteristics. The study used data from interviews collected at multiple time points through 15 months after release.
The study found that SVORI participants were more likely than nonparticipants to be enrolled in school 3 months post-release (68 and 52 percent, respectively) and were more likely than nonparticipants to have a job with benefits 15 months post-release (69 and 40 percent, respectively).
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SVORI program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)","Other employment and reemployment Other health and safety Reentry Substance abuse recovery Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/230423.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"Framing Social Security Reform: Behavioral responses to changes in the full retirement age","Behaghel, L., & Blau, D. M. (2010) Framing Social Security Reform: Behavioral responses to changes in the full retirement age. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 5310). Bonn, Germany: IZA.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes to the Full Retirement Age (FRA) on labor force exit, Old Age and Survivor’s Insurance (OASI) claims, and retirement.
The study uses a statistical model and the data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to compare outcomes of people in birth cohorts who were affected by the change in FRA with those of a comparison group of people who were not.
The study found that the change in the FRA was associated with significant increases in the likelihood of claiming OASI and exiting the labor force at the new, later full retirement age.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the change in FRA, but other factors might also have contributed.","changes to the Full Retirement Age (FRA)","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.41,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Can Social Security explain trends in labor force participation of older men in the United States?","Blau, D. M., & Goodstein, R. M. (2010). Can Social Security explain trends in labor force participation of older men in the United States? Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 328-363.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes in Social Security Administration (SSA) retirement rules on men’s labor force participation rates in the 1960s–1980s and 1990s–2000s.
The study used regression analyses to predicted labor force participation rates using actual and counterfactual SSA retirement rules. These analyses use data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) for the period from 1962 to 2005 merged with data from SSA on taxable earnings.
The study found that changes in the delayed retirement credit and full retirement age in 1983 could explain one-quarter to one-half of the increase in labor force participation in the early 2000s.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate, because it is a well-implemented nonexperimental study. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to SSA reforms, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security Administration Reforms","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2010,http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/45/2/328.abstract,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Study 1, Contrast 4: participation in adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of participation in prison-based adult basic education on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Compared with people who did not participate in adult basic education, those who did had lower earnings and both lower and higher employment depending on the statistical model used.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to participated in an adult basic education program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Elderly immigrants’ labor supply response to supplemental security income.","Kaushal, N. (2010). Elderly immigrants’ labor supply response to supplemental security income. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(1), 137-162.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study objective is to examine the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 on employment outcomes of foreign-born people and noncitizens ages 60 to 74
The study used a statistical model and the data from the Current Population Survey’s monthly outgoing rotation group and the March Current Population Survey from 1994 to 2005 to estimate the impact.
The study found that the PRWORA is associated with increased employment and decreased retirement for foreign-born men compared with U.S.-born men, but it found no statistically significant association with the employment for foreign-born women.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that does not demonstrate that the groups were similar before the policy change. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRWORA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996","Federal retirement benefits Foreign and temporary workers","Adult, Older worker, Immigrant",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222576/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The effects of changes in state SSI supplements on preretirement labor supply","Neumark, D., & Powers, E. T. (2005). The effects of changes in state SSI supplements on preretirement labor supply. Public Finance Review, 33(1), 3-35.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of a theoretical increase in Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits on the preretirement employment outcomes for likely SSI participants ages 60 to 64.
Using data from the annual Current Population Survey from 1979 to 2001 and state-level SSI receipt data, the authors used regression methods in a nonexperimental analysis of likely SSI participants to compare the outcomes of workers ages 62 to 64 with those of workers ages 60 to 61.
The study found that an increase in monthly SSI benefits was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the employment rate and number of hours worked for likely SSI recipients ages 62 to 64 compared with those ages 60 to 61.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in SSI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1091142104270655,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison 3: participation in adult basic education vs. involuntary dropout of adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment and earnings for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant, positive relationships between participation in an adult basic education course and post-release employment and earnings. Those who participated in adult basic education tended to have higher employment rates and earnings than did those who involuntarily dropped out of adult basic education.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to adult basic education; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The influences on bridge employment decisions.","Pengcharoen, C., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). The influences on bridge employment decisions. International Journal of Manpower, 31(3), 322-336. doi:10.1108/01437721011050602","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of work schedule flexibility on retirement outcomes among older workers, where work schedule flexibility was measured as the ability to reduce hours from one’s regular work schedule.
The study used a statistical model (multinomial logit regression) and the longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1992 and 2002 to examine the relationship between reporting work schedule flexibility or inflexibility during the baseline survey and reporting complete retirement, partial retirement, or continued employment at the follow-up survey 10 years later among older workers.
The study found that individuals who reported work schedule inflexibility in the 1992 were more likely to report completely retired than partially retired in 2002, but when comparing the likelihood of reporting continued employment to complete or partial retirement, there was no difference between older workers reported work schedule flexibility and those who reported inflexibility in 1992.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the participants reporting work schedule flexibility were similar to the participants reporting work schedule inflexibility in 1992. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to work schedule flexibility; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Other wages and benefits","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2010,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46545640_The_influences_on_bridge_empl…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Jacobs, E., Manno, M., Muller-Ravett, S., Seefeldt, D., Yahner, J., Young Jr., A., & Zweig, J. (2010). Work after prison: One-year findings from the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD) on ex-offenders’ employment and wages.
The study used a randomized controlled trial to assign former prisoners to either the transitional jobs program or to a control group that was offered job search assistance. The authors compared the two groups’ employment and earnings outcomes one year after random assignment, controlling for participants’ characteristics before random assignment.
The study found that members of the transitional jobs group were 8.6 percentage points more likely than control group members to be employed during all four quarters of the year after random assignment, but 8.9 percentage points less likely to have unsubsidized employment during the year after random assignment. Transitional jobs group members’ total earnings from all jobs were $1,419 higher, on average, than those of control group members during the year after random assignment, but their total earnings from unsubsidized jobs were $625 lower.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TJRD, and not to other factors.","the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry","Justice-involved, Male, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514698.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida?","Cho, R. M., & Tyler, J. H. (2010). Does prison-based adult basic education improve postrelease outcomes for male prisoners in Florida? Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 975-1005. [Comparison #2: completion of adult basic education vs. no participation in adult basic education.]",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of prison-based adult basic education courses on post-release employment, earnings, and recidivism for incarcerated people who read below the 9th-grade level. The authors also investigated similar research questions for other contrasts, the profiles of which are available here.
The authors used a statistical model to compare outcomes for treatment and comparison group members, drawing on data from the Florida Department of Corrections, The Florida Department of Law Enforcement, and the Florida Education and Training Placement Information Program.
The study found statistically significant relationships between completing an adult basic education course and post-release earnings and employment, where those who completed adult basic education tended to have lower earnings and lower employment over the full study period, but higher employment in the first year after release compared than did those who did not participate in adult basic education while incarcerated.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to the completion of an adult basic education course; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Adult basic education","Basic skills Reentry","Justice-involved, Male",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288462/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"New evidence on the labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test.","Friedberg, L., & Webb, A. (2009). New evidence on the labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test. Tax Policy and the Economy, 23(1), 1-36.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of changes to the Social Security earnings test in 1996 and 2000 on employment outcomes.
The authors used a nonexperimental design and the data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to compare outcomes before and after the changes in earning test rules for those between the ages of 62 and 74 who faced different earnings test thresholds at different ages and years.
The study found that upcoming anticipated earnings test between ages 62 to 69 was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of having a job last week. A higher present value of upcoming anticipated earnings threshold between ages 62 to 69 was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of having a job last week.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the study is a nonexperimental analysis that did not demonstrate that the groups being compared were similar and did not account for possible differences in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the changes in the earnings test decision. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Assessment of the impact of WorkSource job search services","Lee, K., Weeks, G., Bodeutsch, G., Clay-Poole, S., Garoflo, T., Petritz, M., Stromsdorfer, E., Field, J., Paterson, T., & Jennings, K. (2009). Assessment of the impact of WorkSource job search services. Washington: Washington State Employment Security Department Labor Market and Economic Analysis.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

	The study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of Washington State WorkSource job search services. WorkSource services included staff-assisted job matching, provision of labor market information, job search and placement assistance, and initial assessments.
	Using a nonexperimental design, the authors compared the employment and earnings of Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants who received at least one WorkSource service with those of UI claimants who did not receive any WorkSource services using state UI administrative records for more than 64,000 Washington State UI claimants with no UI-reported wage earnings in the third quarter of 2007.
	The study found that WorkSource services were associated with a higher probability of employment and higher earnings growth for men and women who were intermittently (rather than continuously) employed in the baseline period.
	The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WorkSource services. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","JSA services","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services","Unemployed, Female, Male",,"United States",2009,https://esdorchardstorage.blob.core.windows.net/esdwa/Default/ESDWAGOV/labor-ma…,"Reemployment Review Protocol"
"The repeal of the retirement earnings test and the labor supply of older men.","Engelhardt, G. V., & Kumar, A. (2009). The repeal of the retirement earnings test and the labor supply of older men. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 8(4), 429-450.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the repeal of the earnings test under the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 on the labor supply and earnings of older men ages 62 to 72.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach and data from the Health and Retirement Study to compare labor force participation, annual hours of work, retirement behavior, and earnings of men who were and were not subject to the repeal of the earnings test.
The study found that the policy change was associated with a significant increase in older men’s average annual hours of work. The policy change was also associated with a change in the distribution of real earnings in that a smaller proportion of older men had earnings at or below the earnings test threshold.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata.","Benítez-Silva, H., & Yin, N. (2009). An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata. Social Security Bulletin, 69(3), 77-95.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of three policy changes to the Social Security program that went into effect in 2000 on average monthly benefits and the proportion of new claimants by age.
The study was a nonexperimental analysis that examined outcomes for older workers by age and year using data from the 2004 Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program public-use microdata files.
The study found that the changes were associated with lower average monthly benefits for individuals ages 66 to 69 after the year 2000 relative to individuals of the same ages in 1994.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the intervention program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Policy Changes to the Social Security Program","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2009,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1480653,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"How did the elimination of the US earnings test above the normal retirement age affect labour supply expectations?","Michaud, P., & Van Soest, A. (2008). How did the elimination of the US earnings test above the normal retirement age affect labour supply expectations? Fiscal Studies, 29(2), 197-231. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2008.00073.x","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The authors used a nonexperimental approach and the data from Health and Retirement Study data from 1996 to 2002 and Social Security earnings history to estimate the impact.
The study examined the impact of repealing the earnings test from Social Security recipients between full retirement age and age 70 on older workers’ subjective probability of retirement.
The authors used a nonexperimental approach and the data from Health and Retirement Study data from 1996 to 2002 and Social Security earnings history to estimate the impact.
The study found that after the repeal of the earnings test, the subjective probability of working of full-time past age 65 for older male workers who were likely to have most of their projected Social Security benefits reduced under the earnings test has increased their expected probability of working relative to those who were not likely to be affected. •The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design.This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the repeal of the earnings test, but other factors might also have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The outcomes of policies designed to eliminate discrimination","Choe, C. (2008). The outcomes of policies designed to eliminate discrimination (Doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 on the employment and wages of men with disabilities relative to men without disabilities.
The study used data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) from 1984, 1990, 1996, and 2001. The analysis attempted to determine how much of the difference in wages between men with and without disabilities was explained by background characteristics and how much was not; the portion that was not was interpreted as the effect of discrimination.
The study found that neither the employment nor wages of men with disabilities improved relative to men without disabilities following passage of the ADA. Instead, employment and wage differentials both increased. However, the unexplained portion of the wage gap narrowed significantly after the ADA, consistent with a decrease in discrimination, among other explanations.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not establish the comparability of men with and without disabilities before passage of the ADA. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ADA. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990","Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)","Disability, Male",,"United States",2008,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"
"The effect of the social security earnings test on male labor supply: New evidence from survey and administrative data.","Haider, S. J., & Loughran, D. S. (2008). The effect of the social security earnings test on male labor supply: New evidence from survey and administrative data. Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 57-87.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employer benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employer benefits receipt","Summary:

The study’s objective is to examine the impact of 1983 and 2000 policy changes that removed the Social Security earnings test for certain age groups on the earnings and employment outcomes of affected men
The study is a nonexperimental analysis that examines the correlations between the 1983 and 2000 policy changes and earnings and employment status. The study compares the outcomes of men affected by the policy changes with the outcomes of men of similar ages not affected by the policy changes.
The study finds that the 1983 policy change is associated with few changes to the observed outcomes and that the 2000 policy change is associated with higher earnings and hours worked per week for affected men.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study does not demonstrate that men affected by the policy changes are similar to the men not affected by the policy change, nor does it control for possible differences. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 1983 and 2000 policy changes; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security Earnings Test","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/43/1/57.refs,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation final report","Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., Troske, K., & Benus, J. (2008). Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation final report. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International, LLC.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages","Summary:

The report’s objective was to examine the effects of participation in the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on average earnings and employment. Results for earnings of participants ages 22 to 26 were presented separately and are the focus of this review.
The effectiveness of the programs was evaluated using a matched comparison group design. Outcomes were examined up to 10 quarters after WIA participants entered the Adult or Dislocated Worker programs.
The study found that participants in the WIA Adult Program under age 26 earned significantly more than those in the comparison group every quarter after program entry. In the WIA Dislocated Worker program, participants under age 26 began earning significantly more than those in the comparison group a year following program entry.
The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate. This means we have confidence that the effects estimated in this study are attributable at least in part to WIA programs. However, as in any nonexperimental study, other factors not accounted for in the analysis might have contributed to the estimated effects.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA)","Basic skills Community college education and other classroom training Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Work based and other occupational training","Adult, Youth, Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2008,http://www.nawdp.org/Content/NavigationMenu/ResearchReports/2009-10-WIANon-Expe…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"State age protection laws and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.","Lahey, J. State age protection laws and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. (2008). The Journal of Law and Economics, 51(3), 433-460.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of enforcement of age discrimination laws on the employment and earnings of older male workers
The author used a nonexperimental regression model and data from the Current Population Survey to estimate the impact.
The study found that males older than 50 in states with age discrimination laws were 0.2 percentage points less likely to be hired compared with those in states without their own age discrimination laws.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the state laws on age discrimination, but other factors might also have contributed.","Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA)","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2008,https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/589670?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia.","Twamley, E., Narvaez, J., Becker, D., Bartels, S., & Jeste, D. (2008). Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11(1), 76-89.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) on competitive employment for older people with schizophrenia
The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and used weekly work logs cross-referenced with pay stubs to measure employment outcomes over a 12-month period.
The study found that IPS increased competitive employment and earnings compared with conventional services.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the RCT has a confounding factor. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the IPS program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Individual Placement and Support and Vocational Rehabilitation Program","Health Individuals facing barriers to employment Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Older worker, Disability",,"United States",2008,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638571/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter?","Coile, C., & Levine, P. (2007). Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter? Journal of Public Economics, 91(10), 1902-1919.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on retirement decisions.
The study used a statistical model and data from the March Current Population Survey for 1980–2004 to estimate impacts.
The study found no relationship between the generosity of UI benefits and the likelihood of retirement or receipt of UI.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before changes in the generosity of UI benefits were observed. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in the generosity of UI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Unemployment Insurance (UI)","Unemployment Insurance","Adult, Older worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2007,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/Coile/PDF%20files/coile-levine%20JPubE…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Evaluating multi-treatment programs: Theory and evidence from the U.S. Job Training Partnership Act experiment.","Plesca, M., & Smith, J. (2007). Evaluating multi-treatment programs: Theory and evidence from the U.S. Job Training Partnership Act experiment. Empirical Economics, 32, 491-528.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) on earnings and employment for disadvantaged adults.
The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They analyzed data from one baseline survey, two follow-up surveys, and earnings and employment records.
The study found that men in the treatment group had earned more at the 30-month follow-up than men in the control group, and that women in the treatment group experienced significantly better earnings and employment outcomes at several points compared to the control group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to JTPA, and not to other factors.","Job Training Partnership Act","Other training and education Supported employment or other employment supports Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Female, Male, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2007,,"Review Protocol"
"A tax on work for the elderly: Medicare as a secondary payer.","Goda, G. S., Shoven, J. B., & Slavov, S. N. (2007). A tax on work for the elderly: Medicare as a secondary payer. (NBER Working Paper No. 13383). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Medicare as a Secondary Payer (MSP) on older workers’ labor force participation and full-time employment
The study used a nonexperimental regression design. The authors used data from the 1980 to 2006 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey.
The study found that labor force participation for older males increased following the enforcement of the MSP policy, and that older males and females in the labor force were more likely to be employed full time after the policy was enforced.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention, and confounding factors could have impacted older workers differentially during the time periods examined. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MSP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Medicare as a Secondary Payer","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2007,https://www.nber.org/papers/w13383,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"The labor market effects of sex and race discrimination laws.","Neumark, D., & Stock, W. (2006). The labor market effects of sex and race discrimination laws. Economic Inquiry, 44(3), 385-419.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the effect of state-level sex and race discrimination laws passed before 1960 on employment and earnings outcomes for women and African Americans.
The authors used a triple difference estimator including state, year, and subgroup variables. The primary data source was U.S. Census data from 1940 to 1960.
The study found that sex-related equal pay laws had negative, statistically significant effects on women’s employment relative to men and a growing positive effect on women’s earnings relative to men over time. Racial discrimination laws had no significant immediate effects on employment or earnings for African American men compared with white men in the short term, but there were positive effects after the laws were in effect for a number of years.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects were attributable to the state sex and race discrimination laws; other factors are likely to have contributed.","State Sex and Race Discrimination Laws","Affirmative action","Female, Male, Black or African American",,"United States",2006,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"
"New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000.","Song, J. G., & Manchester, J. (2006). New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000. (ORES Working Paper 107). Washington, DC: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. Also available in Journal of Public Economics, 91(3–4), 669–700 (2007).","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-No impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment
      


  
      
            Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Public benefit receipt","Summary:

The study examined the impact of the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes of workers ages 65 to 69.
The study was a nonexperimental analysis and used Social Security Administrative data to estimate the impacts.
The study found that the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 was associated with significant increases in the rate of Social Security claims for both sets of individuals affected by the law. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 and earnings.
The quality of casual evidence presented in this report for Social Security claims and earnings outcomes is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report on employment is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"More than robots: An evaluation of the FIRST robotics competition participant and institutional impacts","Melchior, A., Cohen, F., Cutter, T., & Leavitt, T. (2005). More than robots: An evaluation of the FIRST robotics competition participant and institutional impacts. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Center for Youth and Communities Heller School for Social Policy and Management.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) on participants’ education and career outcomes. The FRC was a six-week competition in which teams of high school male and female students (with the help of mentors) used a set of standard parts to build a robot. Students showcased these robots by competing against teams from other high schools.
The authors used propensity-score matching to create treatment and comparison groups and conducted an analysis of retrospective survey data to measure education and career outcomes of FRC participants who graduated from the program from 1999 to 2003. They administered a researcher-designed survey to students in the treatment group in 2004 and collected data from a national survey—the Beginning Postsecondary Student Survey (BPSS)—to measure outcomes for the comparison group, who began college in 1995-1996.
The study found that a higher percentage of female FRC participants majored in engineering compared with females in the comparison group.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate equivalency of the treatment and comparison groups on all required measures. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the FRC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","FIRST Robotics Competition","Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Youth programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2005,http://www.techfire225.com/uploads/6/3/7/1/6371896/first_study.pdf,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report","Wiebush, R., Wagner, D., McNulty, B., Wang, Y., & Le, T. (2005). Implementation and outcome evaluation of the Intensive Aftercare Program: Final report. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence",,"Summary:


The study’s objective was to measure the impact of participation in an Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) for high-risk youth from juvenile justice facility placements on recidivism.
The authors used a random assignment design and multivariate regression analysis to estimate impacts on aggregate recidivism scores, the sum of all subsequent offenses, weighted by severity. Data for the study were collected from standardized forms, surveys, risk assessment tests, and state agency and police records.
The study found no statistically significant effects of the program on participants’ aggregate recidivism scores.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for some outcomes and low for other outcomes. This means we have little confidence that any estimated effects would be attributable to the IAP. However, the study found few statistically significant effects.","the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)","Reentry Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth, Male",,"United States",2005,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED484683.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol"
"The effect of the SSI program on labor supply: Improved evidence from Social Security administrative files","Neumark, D., & Powers, E. T. (2005). The effect of the SSI program on labor supply: Improved evidence from Social Security administrative files. Social Security Bulletin, 65(3), 45-60.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study examined the relationship between generous state Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and the employment of older worker nearing SSI eligibility age.
The authors used a regression model and data from the Survey of Income and Program Participants (SIPP) and Social Security Administration (SSA) to estimate the effect.
The study found that older males who were likely SSI participants in generous states worked significantly fewer hours and had lower employment rates compared with those living in less generous states. The authors, using the SSA administrative records, also found that likely older participants (ages 60 to 64) worked significantly fewer hours than younger ones.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to generosity of state SSI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","state Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits","Older workers' programs Other employment and reemployment","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2005,https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v65n3/v65n3p45.html,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"
"Student enrollment in high school AP sciences and calculus: how does it correlate with STEM careers?","Robinson, M. (2003). Student enrollment in high school AP sciences and calculus: how does it correlate with STEM careers? Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 23, 265–273.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Education and skills gains","Summary:

This study’s objective was to examine differences in the intended choice of college science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors between females and males enrolled in high school advanced placement (AP) science and calculus courses.
The study used survey data from eight high schools to examine the percentage of AP students who chose a STEM field as their intended college major. The authors compared outcomes for minority and nonminority males and females.
The study found that among students taking AP science or calculus classes, males were generally more likely than females to plan to choose a college major in engineering but less likely to plan to choose a college major in medicine.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to AP courses. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Advanced Placement (AP) Program","Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Youth programs","Youth, Female, Male",,"United States",2003,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol"
"The effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A longitudinal model analysis","Moon, S., Chung, K, & Yang, D. (2003). The effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A longitudinal model analysis. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs, 20(4), 433-445.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), both the original 1992 legislation and its 1994 extension, on working hours and employment among men with disabilities. 
The authors applied a multiple regression model to panel data from the 1989–1995 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).
The study found that working hours and employment decreased on average among all men with disabilities, regardless of their labor force participation, relative to men without disabilities after the ADA was first implemented in 1992. In contrast, relative working hours and employment increased for labor force participants who self-reported a disability after the law’s 1994 extension went into effect.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not control for possible disparities in pre-intervention trends in working hours and employment among men with and without disabilities. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ADA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990","Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)","Disability, Male",,"United States",2003,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"
"The labor market impact of state-level anti-discrimination laws","Collins, W. (2001). The labor market impact of state-level anti-discrimination laws. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 8310. Cambridge, MA: NBER.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Low-Mixed impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


This study’s objective was to assess the impact of state-level fair employment legislation, enacted in the 1940s through the 1960s, on labor market outcomes including income, unemployment, and labor force participation, by gender and race.
The study used a nonexperimental design, drawing on data from the 1940, 1950, and 1960 decennial U.S. Censuses for 19 non-southern states.
The study found that state-level fair employment laws adopted in the 1940s had larger positive effects on the relative income of African American workers than those adopted in the 1950s. In contrast, laws adopted in the 1950s led to larger increases in African American male unemployment but larger increases in African American women’s labor force participation. Only states that implemented the laws in the 1940s experienced a narrowed income gap between white and African American workers.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not demonstrate that the states that adopted fair employment legislation when they did were comparable to those that did not adopt or adopted at a later time. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state-level fair employment legislation. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","State-level Fair Employment Legislation","Affirmative action","Black or African American, Female, Male",,"United States",2001,http://www.nber.org/papers/w8310.pdf,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"
"The unintended consequences of the Americans with Disabilities Act","DeLeire, T. (2000). The unintended consequences of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Regulation 23(1), 21–24.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:

The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on the employment rate for men with disabilities.
Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1985 to 1995, the author compared the change in employment for men with disabilities ages 18 to 65 pre- and post-ADA with the change in employment for men without disabilities over the same period.
The study found that the employment rate for men with disabilities was 8 percentage points lower relative to men without disabilities after ADA, with particularly large differences for those with mental disabilities or low education levels.
The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ADA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990","Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)","Disability, Male",,"United States",2000,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"
"The impact of federal civil rights policy on black economic progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Chay, K. (1998). The impact of federal civil rights policy on black economic progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51(4), 608-632.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Earnings and wages
      


  
      
            Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts
      
    
  
              


      
            Employment","Summary:


The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) on employment, earnings, and occupational outcomes of African American men.
The study used a non-experimental design that used regression analysis for impact evaluation. The author used data from the 1968–1980 Current Population Survey (CPS).
This study found that the 1972 EEOA had positive impacts on the employment, earnings, and occupational status of African American men in the South in industries with more than 50 percent of workers employed in small establishments covered by the law.
The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a strong non-experimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 1972 EEOA, but other factors might also have contributed.","the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972","Male, Black or African American","Small business","United States",1998,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol"