Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol" "Oregon Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) evaluation report: Results, key issues and implications for policy, practice and systems","Watrus, B., & Fercho, H. (2015). Oregon Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) evaluation report: Results, key issues and implications for policy, practice and systems. Retrieved from https://www.roguecc.edu/Programs/CareerPathways/pdf/CASE%20final%20evaluation%20report_Final.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) program on education and employment outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the CASE program to a matched comparison group. The study found a positive relationship between participation in the CASE program and program completion and employment; however, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar or use sufficient. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CASE program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Credentials, Acceleration and Support for Employment (CASE) Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2020,https://www.roguecc.edu/Programs/CareerPathways/pdf/CASE%20final%20evaluation%2…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents' education, employment, and psychological wellbeing.","Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sabol, T. J., Eckrich Sommer, T., Chor, E., Cooperman, A. W., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., King, C., & Morris, A. (2019). Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents’ education, employment, and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(4), 433-443.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of CareerAdvance on education, employment, and earnings outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of parents who participated in CareerAdvance to outcomes of parents who did not participate. The study found that parents in the treatment group had significantly higher rates of certification, more years of education, and higher rates of enrollment in education and training programs than parents in the comparison group. The treatment group also had significantly higher rates of employment in the healthcare sector, higher rates of part-time employment, and worked more irregular hours than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CareerAdvance program, but other factors might also have contributed.","CareerAdvance Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2019,https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-a-two-generation-human-capital…,"Community College Review Protocol" "SUN PATH comparison group study","Dauphinee, T., & Bishwakarma, R. (2018). SUN PATH comparison group study. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Career to Cradle Policy Institute.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Skill‐UP Network Pathways Acceleration in Technology and Healthcare (SUN PATH) program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the SUN PATH program to a matched comparison group of students. The study found that SUN PATH students had higher rates of program completion, certificates/degree attainment, program retention, employment, and earnings than students in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SUN PATH program, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Skill‐UP Network Pathways Acceleration in Technology and Healthcare (SUN PATH) Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Other, Low-skilled, Veteran or military",,"United States",2018,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/18108/SUN%20PATH%20Compa…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact","Dillon, A., Porreca, E., & Rosati, F. (2018). Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mali Speed School Program on child labor and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children who participated in the Mali Speed School Program with children who did not. Using survey data, the authors conducted difference-in-differences models to examine long-term program outcomes between the groups. The study found that the percentage of children who worked in agriculture in the last seven days or wage employment in the previous 12 months was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group. The study also found that the percentage of children enrolled in school five years after program implementation was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mali Speed School Program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the PSSN group (both treatment groups) versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the probability of attending school significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers with Public Works Program component treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PWP households compared to children in control group households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the likelihood of dropping out of school significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up Plus intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up Plus program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up Plus program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Plus Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers (CCT) only treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in households receiving the CCT only compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Zambia Multiple Categorical Targeting Group (MCTG) program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that children in the treatment group were significantly more likely than children in the control group to participate in livestock herding and collect water or firewood. However, program participants were significantly more likely to attend school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Zambia's Multiple Categorical Targeting Group program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy","de Hoop, J., Friedman, J., Kandpal, E., & Rosati, F. (2017). Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, on children’s school attendance and participation and their participation in work inside and outside of their households. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The researchers used household surveys, administered at baseline and two and half years after the intervention began, to assess program impact on schooling and child labor outcomes between the treatment and control groups. The study found that, two and a half years after the program began, a significantly higher proportion of children participating in the program worked for pay outside of their household than children not participating in the program. However, there was a significantly greater proportion of children in the treatment group than the control group who attended school and attended school regularly. Similarly, children in the treatment group attended a significantly greater number of days of school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, and not to other factors.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil","Pais, P. S. M., Silva, F. D. F., & Teixeira, E. C. (2017). The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(2), 206-221.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a matched comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a national household survey. The study found that the program was significantly related to an increase in child labor, with a 52.5 percent increase in hours spent on child labor for those receiving Bolsa Familia. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found children in the treatment group were less likely to work for pay outside of the household, had less time spent in paid work, were more likely to attend school, but had an increase in hazardous work than children in the control group; these findings were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2017). The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Child Grant Programme (CGP) on child labor and education outcomes in Lesotho. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that participation in the CGP was significantly associated with increased school enrollment two years after the introduction of the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the treatment group received a second grant payment, the Food Emergency Grant, which presents a confound. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Child Grant Programme (CGP); other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Eliminating child labour in El Salvador through economic empowerment and social inclusion: Impact report","de Hoop, J., Kovrova, I., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Eliminating child labour in El Salvador through economic empowerment and social inclusion: Impact report. Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/07032017224El_Salvador_IE_07042016_web.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effects of a women’s entrepreneurship training program on children’s participation in school and work. The study was a regression discontinuity design, using baseline and follow-up household surveys to measure program outcomes. Households were selected into the program if they had a wealth score below a cut-off point. The authors compared the outcomes of children in households above and below the cut-off score to understand the program’s effects. The study found that selection and participation in the program was significantly associated with a decrease in the percent of children working-only and not attending school, and the number of hours that children worked per week. Selection and participation in the program was also significantly related to an increase in school attendance. This study used a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such, it does not receive a causal rating.","Eliminating Child Labour in El Salvador through Economic Empowerment and Social Inclusion","Child labor","Female, Parent, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/07032017224El_Salvador_IE_07042016_web.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi","de Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi. Retrieved from http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of Malawai’s Labour Intensive Public Works program (LIPW) on children’s school participation and involvement in paid work and household chores. The study was a randomized controlled trial where eligible villages were randomly assigned to a control group that would not receive any benefits, or to one of four treatment groups that differed by agricultural season (lean vs. post-harvest) and payment schedule (lump sum vs. installments). Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and work 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months after implementation. The study found that post-harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of paid work 6 months after participation for boys, whereas lean harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of household chores for girls one year after treatment. Lean program participation was also significantly related to school attendance 6 months after participation for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Malawi’s LIPW program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance?","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2016). Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance? Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the reformed Prospera cash transfer program on child work and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not in two urban areas in Mexico. Outcomes were compared between the treatment and control groups at six months and 18 months post-intervention. The study found that for households with eligible primary and secondary school children, the rates of children working and working for pay were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at six months post-intervention. The study also found that for households with only eligible secondary school children, the rates of school attendance were significantly lower among children in the treatment group than the control group at 18 months post-intervention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the reformed Prospera cash transfer program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R, Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the UCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of an unconditional cash transfer was significantly associated with an increases in school attendance for the poorest households, but not significantly related to child labor outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the unconditional cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets","Mert, K., & Kadioglu, H. (2016). Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets. International Nursing Review 63, 429–436. doi:10.1111/inr.12301","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a program developed to prevent children under 18 years of age from working on the street. The study was an interrupted time series design conducted in one neighborhood in the city of Izmit, Turkey. The authors compared the outcomes for mothers and their children before, immediately after, and three months after participating in The Streets are Not the Solution program. The study found that participating in the program was associated with a 44 percentage point decrease from pretest to posttest in the percentage of children who worked on the streets. However, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the effects are attributable to the Streets are Not the Solution program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","The Streets are Not the Solution","Child labor","Female, Other, Parent",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Third party evaluation of MoManufacturingWINS: Implementation, outcomes, and impact","Cosgrove, J. J., Cosgrove, M. S., & Bragg, D. D. (2016). Third party evaluation of MoManufacturingWINs: Implementation, outcomes, and impact. St. Louis, MO: Cosgrove & Associates and Bragg & Associates.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Missouri’s Manufacturing Workforce Innovation Networks(MMW) program on student education and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in MMW to a comparison group of students in other manufacturing-technology related programs. The study found that MMW participation was significantly associated with higher retention and employment rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention and they did not include sufficient controls. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MMW; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Missouri’s Manufacturing Workforce Innovation Networks (MMW)","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other, Low-skilled, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/10116/ThirdPartyFinalEva…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J. W. (2016) Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of a conditional cash transfer was significantly associated with a reduction in child work and increases in school attendance for the poorest households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training II Grant Program (TAACCCT II): Summative Evaluation of the University of District of Columbia, Community College’s Transportation Academy","Yoder, B., & Ryland, A. (2016). Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training II Grant Program (TAACCCT II): Summative Evaluation of the University of District of Columbia, Community College’s Transportation Academy. Retrieved from https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/15654/University%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%20-%20Final%20Evaluation%20-%202017.01.05.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the TAACCCT funded Transportation Academy program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare education, earnings, and employment outcomes of Transportation Academy participants to a matched comparison group from three different institutional data sources. The study did not find a significant association between participation in the Transportation Academy program and education, earnings, or employment outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Transportation Academy program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Transportation Academy Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/15654/University%20of%20…,"Community College Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor","Del Carpio, X. V., Loayza, N. V., & Wada T. (2016). The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor. World Development, 80, 33-47. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.013","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the amount and type of child labor conducted by children ages 8 to15. Types of child labor included household chores, farm labor (both at home and outside the home), and skill-forming activities defined as work in commerce, sales, or manufacturing activities outside the home. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in six municipalities in Nicaragua. Households from each community were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Treatment households received either the basic CCT or the basic CCT plus an additional a household grant for the creation of a micro business. Survey data were collected and child labor outcomes were analyzed using two statistical models. The study found that the program significantly reduced overall child labor, household chore labor, and farm labor for both treatment groups compared to the control group. The program had no effect on skill-forming labor for the treatment group that received the basic CCT but increased skill-forming labor for the children in the households that received the basic CCT plus the business grant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Atención a Crisis program and not to other factors.","Atención a Crisis (“Attention to the Crisis”)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002934,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Final external evaluation report: Trade Adjustment and Assistance Community College and Career Training Program Clovis Community College","Caffey, D. L. (2016). Final external evaluation report: Trade Adjustment and Assistance Community College and Career Training Program Clovis Community College. Fresno, CA: Clovis Community College.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Clovis Community College’s (CCC) inclusive Nursing and enhanced Radiologic Technology (RADT) programs on education outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the inclusive Nursing or enhanced RADT programs to a comparison group of students. The study found that participation in the Nursing and enhanced RADT program was significantly associated with higher program retention rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention and did not include sufficient controls. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the inclusive Nursing or enhanced RADT program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Inclusive Nursing and Radiologic Technology Programs","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Other",,"United States",2016,,"Community College Review Protocol" "The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings","Lincove, J. A., & Parker, A. (2016). The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings. Education Economics, 24(4), 352-373.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Nicaragua’s Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on attending school, working, and hours worked for children ages 6 to 16. The authors used data from an experimental design where communities were randomly assigned to participate in the program. The authors used difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the program, controlling for child and family demographics separately by child gender and child age groups. The CCT was not associated with the probability of attending school and working for boys, but was associated with a statistically significant decrease in hours worked for boys ages 6-11 (2.8 hours) and for boys as 12-13 (8.7 hours). The program was also associated with a statistically significant 15.8 percent increase in the probability of school enrollment for girls ages 6-11. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the RPS conditional cash transfer program, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.janelincove.com/uploads/3/7/2/0/37205101/educaton_economics_2015.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing: Final Report","Westat. (2016). Evaluation of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing: Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat & GEM Software Development, Inc.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing (INAM) program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the INAM program to a comparison group of students who took similar courses before the creation of INAM. Using data from college databases and the Illinois Department of Employment Security, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences in outcomes between the groups. The study found that participation in the INAM program was significantly associated with improved rates of certificate or degree completion. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the INAM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Illinois Network for Advanced Manufacturing (INAM)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed, Other, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315664265_Evaluation_of_the_Illinois_N…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment","Benedetti, F., Ibarrarán, P., & McEwan, P. J. (2016). Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64(4), 759-793. doi:10.1086/686583","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer on school enrollment and child labor. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in in low-income villages in Honduras. Villages were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. Baseline and follow-up survey data were collected from randomly selected households and analyzed using regression. The Bono 10,000 program significantly increased school enrollment but did not significantly reduce child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono 10,000 program and not to other factors.","Bono 10,000","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/bono.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Final evaluation of Southwest Virginia Community College’s PluggedInVA TAACCCT Grant initiative","Topper, A., Munn, W., Bor, E., Clery, S., & Smith, B. (2016). Final evaluation of Southwest Virginia Community College’s PluggedInVA TAACCCT Grant initiative. Retrieved from: https://www.skillscommons.org//handle/taaccct/15650","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the PluggedInVA (PIVA) program on education and employment outcomes. Using college administrative and state workforce data, the authors conducted a nonexperimental study to compare outcomes between students in the PIVA program with a comparison group of non-participating students. The study found no statistically significant relationships between participation in the PIVA program and education or employment outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure the groups being compared were similar before the intervention or include sufficient control variables. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PluggedInVA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","PluggedInVA (PIVA)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Unemployed, Other",,"United States",2016,https://www.skillscommons.org//handle/taaccct/15650,"Community College Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the UCT group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that the CCT group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the UCT group for the least poor households. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in the number of hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program","Lopez-Calva, L. F., & Patrinos, H. A. (2015). Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 16(3), 452-467. doi:10.1080/19452829.2015.1072378","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor and school attendance for children ages 8 to 17 across 3 indigenous, Spanish-speaking, and bilingual households. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on indigenous households versus individuals who were bilingual or Spanish-speaking. The study found that the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program was significantly related to a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance for indigenous speaking children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for the required variables. As a result, we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242464961_Exploring_the_Differential_I…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Third-party evaluation of the outcomes and impact of the National Information, Security, & Geospatial Technologies Consortium (NISGTC)","Bridges, K., Bishop, C., & Giani, M. (2015). Third-party evaluation of the outcomes and impact of the National Information, Security & Geospatial Technologies Consortium (NISGTC). Champaign, IL: Office of Community College Research and Leadership, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of TAACCCT-funded programming offered at National Information Security & Geospatial Technology Consortium (NISGTC) colleges on educational and employment outcomes. Using student-level data collected by the colleges’ Institutional Research offices and states’ Unemployment Insurance data systems, the study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students enrolled in NISGTC programs with students enrolled in similar programs of study prior to the grant. The study found that students in the NISGTC-affected programs were significantly more likely to attain credentials and have higher average quarterly earnings than students in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not use sufficient controls in their analysis for the education outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NISGTC-affected programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","National Information Security & Geospatial Technology Consortium (NISGTC) Programs","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Adult, Other, Low-skilled",,"United States",2015,https://occrl.illinois.edu/docs/librariesprovider4/nisgtc/nisgtc-impact.pdf,"Community College Review Protocol" "How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects","De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2015). How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM) program on child labor. The study used a nonexperimental design to assess the program’s impact. With data collected from a national survey, the authors compared the proportion of children that participated in work between those who received financial educational support in the past year before taking the survey, and matched comparison groups of children who had not received financial educational study. The study found that receipt of educational assistance was significantly associated with lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to BSM; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66767/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Honest Money Box program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Honest Money Box program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Honest Money Box program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Honest Money Box Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report","Berhane, G., Devereux, S., Hoddinott, J., Hoel, J., Roelen, K., Abay, K. Kimmel, M., Ledlie, N., & Woldu, T. (2015). Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report. New York, NY: UNICEF","Child Labor",,,"Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment in two districts in Ethiopia (Abi Adi and Hintalo Wajirat). The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children who received the cash transfer to those who did not. Outcomes were measured using baseline and follow-up household surveys and analyzed using regression. The study found that the number of days that girls were engaged in household business (non-farm activities) significantly decreased in Abi Adi; no significant impacts were found for boys in Abi Adi or any children in the Hintalo Wajirat. The study also found that the rates of school enrollment significantly increased for girls aged 6-11 in Hintalo Wajirat; there were no significant impacts for boys in Hintalo Wajirat or any children in Abi Adi. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Aflatoun program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Aflatoun program compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Aflatoun program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Aflatoun Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal","Datt, G., & Uhe, L. (2014). A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal. Monash Business School Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 50/14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of school scholarships in Nepal on child labor. Using the 2010 Nepal Living Standards Survey III, the authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the labor outcomes of scholarship recipients to those who did not receive scholarships. The study found that scholarship receipt was significantly related to an increase in extended-economic work for girls. However, higher scholarship values were significantly related to a reduction in the number of hours spent in economic and extended-economic work for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.monash.edu/business/economics/research/publications/2014/5014childl…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor","de Lima Amaral, E. F., Goncalves, G. Q., & Weiss, C. (2014). The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications, 2, 101-125","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Familia, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 who resided in families who met the income threshold for the Bolsa Familia program compared with those who had not, based on data from the 2010 Brazilian Census. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment. However, receipt of the transfer was also associated with significantly higher rates of work. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya","Asfaw, S., Davis, B., Dewbre, J., Handa, S., & Winters, P. (2014). Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(8), 1172-1196. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2014.919383","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a monthly cash transfer program on household food consumption, resources, and work, including child labor. The study used survey data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. Households from seven districts in Kenya were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. Within those locations, 20 percent of the poorest households were recruited if they had one or more children 17 years old or younger who was an orphan or had a chronically ill parent or caregiver.  The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in farm labor for children ages 10-15. This relationship was significant for boys but not for girls. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the program and an increase in school enrollment for children ages 12-18. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Experiment","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the EPA treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children receiving the EPA program to children over 12, who had not received the CEC program and were not attending school. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the EPA program and child work participation or hours worked. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the EPA program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s EPA program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour","Ranzani, M., & Rosati, F. (2014). The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour. Rome, Italy: Understanding Children’s Work.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades) on school attendance and participation in work for children ages 8 to 14 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the Oportunidades program on schooling and work for boys and girls using a statistical model. The study found that Oportunidades significantly increased school participation for boys and girls and significantly decreased participation in work for boys only. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Oportunidades, although other factors could also have contributed.",Oportunidades,"Child labor",Other,,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/Oportunidades_school_part_child_labour_Ja…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.deveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the stipend treatment group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the scholarship treatment group at the end of the school year. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CEC treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children in schools receiving CEC services to those that were the same age as the CEC children but did not participate in the program. The study found that participation in the CEC program was significantly associated with a reduction in the number of hours that children worked per day but not the probability of children working. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s CEC program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children's activities","de Hoop, J., Ranzani, M., Rosati, F. C. (2014). The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children’s activities (Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_144552.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program on child labor and school participation. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assess the intervention. Child outcomes were compared between the treatment and control group households, using data from follow-up surveys administered two years after the start of the intervention. The study found a 5 percent reduction in the proportion of children in the treatment group who were working in unpaid labor or conducting household chores compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because randomization was compromised and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means that if there were significant effects, we would not be confident that they were attributable to Kenya CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_14…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families.","Matsudaira, J. D., & Blank, R. M. (2014). The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 7-35.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of earnings disregards—the amount of earned income that is not counted when calculating whether someone is eligible for public benefits—for welfare assistance on the employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt of low-skilled single mothers. The study used a difference-in-differences approach to compare the outcomes of women before and after changes in the disregard rate within their state relative to women in other states over the same time period. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of earnings disregards on the outcomes of interest. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design; this is the highest causal evidence rating possible for a nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to earnings disregards, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Earnings Disregards for Welfare Assistance","Other employment and reemployment","Female, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the stipend treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance and lower rates of carpet weaving than the control group at the end of the school year. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Stipend, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project","de Hoop, J. & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project. Economics of Education Review, 39, 78-96. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.11.001","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the BRIGHT project on school participation and child labor in Burkina Faso in West Africa. The study used a regression discontinuity design. Villages were assigned to the treatment and comparison groups based on a numeric score (a constructed index score of how likely the program would be to benefit girls). Villages above the cut-off score received the program; villages below did not receive the program. Using survey data from schools and households, the authors analyzed the impact of the program on child labor, school enrollment, and school attendance for children aged 5-12. The study found that participation in the BRIGHT project was significantly associated with an increase in the probability of children working in the family business or selling goods on the streets. However, program participation was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment and attendance. This study used a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such, it does not receive a causal rating.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775713001556,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya","Owoko, S. A. (2014). Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya (Unpublished master's thesis). Nairobi, Kenya: University of Nairobi.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of Kenya’s Cash Transfer to the Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) program on children’s participation in work and school. The study used a post-test only design to assess differences in school enrollment and work participation between 5-17 year-old children in the CT-OVC program and those who were not in the program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly related to lower rates of child labor and higher rates of school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program (Kenya CT-OVC)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the scholarship treatment and control groups. There was also no statistically significant difference in rates of school attendance or school enrollment between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Scholarship, and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment","Orbeta, A., & Paqueo, V. (2013). Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment. Philippine institute for Development Studies. Retrieved from http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%20Statistics/IPS-09_2%20Impact_of_4Ps_on_Labor_Market_Outcomes%20AO-VP-new.pdf  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, called Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (Pantawid) on child work participation and hours children worked per week. Using household survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the Pantawid program on child work participation almost 24-months after implementation. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the program and child work participation or hours worked per week. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for pre-existing differences. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Pantawid; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%2…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES","Amarante, V., Ferrando, M., & Vigorito, A. (2013). Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES. Economia, 61-93.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,"Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: This objective of this study was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES), on child labor and school attendance for children 14-17 years old in Uruguay. The primary design was a regression discontinuity design (RDD) using households within a 2 percent range of the cutoff score. The authors also used a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The study used administrative data collected before the launch of the program and household surveys implemented in two follow-up waves (at two months and 18 months after the program ended). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the program on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the comparison group. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the PANES program and child labor or schooling. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report under the DID design is low. The RDD does not receive a causal rating.","National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265975653_Teenage_School_Attendance_an…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012","ICF International. (2013). Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012. Calverton, MD: Author.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Combating Worst Forms of Child Labor by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt (CWCLP) on schooling and work for children ages 6 to 11 (at the time of the baseline survey). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the CWCLP program on schooling and work after approximately 12-16 months of implementation (the timing of implementation varied). When compared to control group children, the study found that CWCLP participating children spent significantly less time in economic activities and unpaid household services and significantly more time in school-related activities. Participating children also had significantly higher school enrollment and significantly higher school attendance than children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CWCLP program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "STEM faculty and parental leave: Understanding an institution’s policy within a national policy context through structuration theory","Schimpf, C., Santiago, M., Hoegh, J., Banerjee, D., & Pawley, A. (2013). STEM faculty and parental leave: Understanding an institution’s policy within a national policy context through structuration theory. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 5(2), 103-125.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This study summarized the role of various factors, both within and outside a university, in shaping use of the university’s parental leave policy. The authors conducted semistructured interviews in 2009–2010 with 10 science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) faculty members (7 women and 3 men) at a Midwestern university. The interviews aimed to study the barriers STEM faculty face in using the university’s parental leave policy. The authors analyzed these data using a variety of qualitative coding techniques. The study found that faculty under-used the university’s parental leave policy for several reasons. First, the opinions of their department chairs and their peers often shaped faculty’s willingness to take parental leave. If faculty felt that their department heads, fellow faculty members, laboratory personnel, and students were supportive of parental leave policies, they were more willing to participate, because they felt less pressure to maintain their typical teaching and research workload after having a child. Additionally, the authors suggested that both knowledge of the parental leave policy and understanding of what was covered, among both the faculty themselves and their supervisors and administrators, was important to ensure that the policy was applied correctly in each specific case. The study also noted that faculty saw limitations in the university’s policy because it did not cover professional obligations outside the school, including writing and revising journal articles or managing externally funded laboratory experiments.",,"Other employer services Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","STEM professional, Parent",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Miller, C., Nunez, S., Verma, N., & Yang E. (2013). Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration. New York, NY: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes between families offered access to the program and families excluded from the program, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The authors found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at an Unemployment Insurance (UI)-covered job in the first year by 2 percentage points, but increased monthly earnings by $353 and decreased the share of families receiving income from Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or disability benefits by 3.9 percentage points. The authors also found that parents in the Family Rewards program group were 4.2 percentage points more likely to have achieved any trade license training certification. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors. However, some outcomes in the study receive a moderate or low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are less confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program; other factors may have contributed.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2013,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545453.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Why academic STEM mothers feel they have to work harder than others on the job","Kmec, J. (2013a). Why academic STEM mothers feel they have to work harder than others on the job. International Journal of Gender, Science, & Technology, 5(2), 80-101.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This report analyzed faculty members’ perceptions of how hard they have to work at their job based on their sex and parental status, specifically in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines that are typically characterized by a masculine work culture. The objective was to contribute to the knowledge base on gender issues in academic professions and the specific challenges that working mothers in STEM fields face. The study used data from the 2011 Faculty Caregiving and Workplace and Culture survey administered online to about 300 tenure-line faculty members in all disciplines at a large public U.S. university. The author conducted regression analyses to estimate the link between faculty members’ sex, parental status, academic discipline, and their level of agreement with the statement, “My job requires me to work very hard.” The regression controlled for several factors that might affect faculty members’ perceptions of how hard they have to work at their job, such as length of time at current institution, academic rank, perceived job demand levels, feelings of being valued, marital status, age of children, household/family responsibilities, and degree to which household responsibilities are perceived to affect job performance. The study found that mothers in STEM fields were more likely to strongly agree that they have to work very hard at their job, compared to fathers in both STEM and non-STEM fields and mothers in non-STEM fields, after controlling for a number of factors related to perceptions of effort required. Specifically, fathers in STEM and non-STEM fields were 84 percent and 92 percent less likely, respectively, to strongly agree that they have to work very hard at their job than mothers in STEM fields. Similarly, mothers in non-STEM fields were about 81 percent less likely than mothers in STEM fields to agree that they have to work very hard at their job.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Female, Male, STEM professional, Parent",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "From the shop floor to the kitchen floor: Maternal occupational complexity and children’s reading and math skills","Yetis-Bayraktar, A., Budig, M., & Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2013). From the shop floor to the kitchen floor: Maternal occupational complexity and children’s reading and math skills. Work and Occupations, 40(1), 37-64.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The authors sought to determine whether the complexity of a mother’s occupation (or the quality of employment as defined by its task complexity, autonomy, and authority) affected her 6- to 13-year-old children’s math and reading test scores. The study considered both the complexity of the mother’s occupation when her children were ages 6 to 13 as well as the complexity of her occupation in her children’s earliest years (birth to age 3). The authors analyzed data from the 1984–1996 Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its 1997 Child Development Supplement to determine the relationship between maternal occupational complexity and children’s scores on the Revised Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement. The analysis first accounted for traits associated with mothers’ employment status, that is, whether the mother was employed. Assuming the mother was employed, the authors then assessed the association between the complexity of the mother’s occupation and her children’s performance on the reading and math sections of the test. The study found that a one-point increase on the maternal white collar occupational complexity scale was associated with a 2.49-point increase in children’s test scores, whereas a one-point increase on the blue collar occupational complexity scale corresponded to a 1.01-point gain in test scores. Maternal occupational complexity during the child’s first three years also was associated with increased test scores later in life; a one-point gain in white collar occupational complexity in the first three years of the child’s life was associated with a 3.7-point increase in test scores when the child was ages 6 to 13.",,"Other employment and reemployment","Employed, Female, Parent",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico","Behrman, J. R., Gallardo-Garcıa, J., Parker, S. W., Todd, P. E., & Velez-Grajales, V. (2012). Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico. Education Economics, 20(3), 233-259.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on school enrollment and employment in paid activities for children ages 6 to 18 in urban areas. The study used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes from PROGRESA/Oportunidades program 1 and 2 years after implementation in urban areas. The study found that PROGRESA/Oportunidades was significantly related to reduced labor rates for boys who were 12-14 in the first and second year, and girls ages 15 to 18 in the first year. The program was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment for boys and girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Urban",2012,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Helping parents to motivate adolescents in mathematics and science: An experimental test of a utility-value intervention","Harackiewicz, J., Rozek, C., Hulleman, C., & Hyde, J. (2012). Helping parents to motivate adolescents in mathematics and science: An experimental test of a utility-value intervention. Psychological Science, 23(8), 899-906.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of providing information to parents about the importance of STEM on their children’s decisions to enroll in advanced high school math and science courses. The study was based on a subsample of 188 students and their parents included in the Wisconsin Study of Families and Work (WSFW) 1990–1991 birth cohort. Students were randomly assigned at the end of 9th grade to either a treatment group that was given brochures and access to a website that promoted STEM at the beginning of 10th grade, or to the control group, to which no materials were provided. The authors measured STEM course enrollment using students’ self-reported responses to the WSFW surveys and the students’ high school transcripts. The study found that students in the treatment group took significantly more math and science classes than students in the control group (predicted means of 8.31 versus 7.50 semesters), but outcomes did not vary by gender. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the information provided to parents about the importance of STEM, and not to other factors.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Youth programs","Adult, Parent",,"United States",2012,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data","Luseno, W. K. (2012). Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (Accession No. 1240627043).","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS) on child labor and school outcomes.  The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Mchinji district of Malawi. Within the district, eight villages were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control groups. Using survey data, the author compared the child labor and school outcomes of children ages 6-17 in households that received the cash transfer with those that did not receive the cash transfer. The study found that when compared to the control group, children in the Mchinji SCTPS program had significantly: 1) increased school enrollment; 2) fewer school absences; and 3) worked fewer hours outside of the home. An unexpected finding was that children participating in the Mchinji SCTPS also had significantly higher rates of domestic work when compared to children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme and not to other factors.","Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:7052544c-df44-46b5-aa01-500991b72…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973-2003","Kurtulus, F. (2012). Affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973-2003. Industrial Relations, 52(2), 213-246.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of affirmative action requirements for federal contractors on the occupational employment shares of minorities and women at federal contractors and noncontractors from 1973 to 2003. The author used a nonexperimental design to examine establishments’ employment share of race, ethnicity, and gender groups in seven occupational categories over time using data from annual EEO-1 Employer Information Report files. The study found that, among firms that became federal contractors from 1973 to 2003, the share of Hispanic women, white women, African American women, and African American men significantly increased in some skilled occupational categories compared with firms that did not become federal contractors in that period. The study also found that the share of African American men and women increased significantly in manual jobs at federal contractor firms, compared with nonfederal contractor firms in that period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a strong non-experimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to affirmative action requirements for federal contractors, but other factors might also have contributed.","Affirmative Action Legislation","Affirmative action Executive Order 11246 (E.O. 11246) Civil Rights Act of 1964",Other,,"United States",2012,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "A study of the impact of a first-year experience initiative on first-year developmental education student success and persistence","Spencer, K. (2012). A study of the impact of a first-year experience initiative on first-year developmental education student success and persistence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3542047)","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Achieving the Dream learning community program on students’ retention and completion of developmental English and math courses at a community college in Michigan. The study used students’ records to compare outcomes of developmental education students who enrolled in the Achieving the Dream program to outcomes of those who took standard developmental courses. The study found no significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups in retention rates or in completion of English or math developmental courses. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the author did not include sufficient controls in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Achieving the Dream. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","Achieving the Dream","Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Low income, Other",,"United States",2012,,"Community College Review Protocol" "Poverty alleviation and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), 100-124.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor, within the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where households within each local parish were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, who are eligible for the cash transfers, or the control group, who are not. The authors compared child labor and school enrollment outcomes, using a follow-up survey administered over a year after the program began. The study found that children were significantly less likely to participate in child labor and more likely to be enrolled in school if they were assigned to the treatment group than if they were assigned to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program, and not to other factors.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.100,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Success of joint programs between junior and senior colleges","Krudysz, M., Walser, A., & Alting, A. (2012). Success of joint programs between junior and senior colleges. American Society for Engineering Education.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Joint/Dual (JD) program on retention and graduation rates for community college and undergraduate engineering students who were under-represented minorities and women. JD students received dual admission to a community college as well as a senior college, and transitioned into the upper division of the baccalaureate engineering program at the senior college upon successful completion of lower-division courses and degree requirements at the community college. This study used data from junior and senior colleges within a major urban university system to compare outcomes of a treatment group of JD program participants and a comparison group of transfers into the urban university system from other, nonparticipating community colleges. This study found that first- and second-year retention rates were higher for JD program participants than for transfers from other community colleges, but did not conduct statistical tests of these differences. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not include controls for relevant student characteristics in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the JD program. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Joint/Dual Program","Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Adult, Female, Other",,"Urban, United States",2012,https://www.asee.org/public/conferences/8/papers/3558/download,"Community College Review Protocol" "What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. [Minnesota Tier 2]","Butler, D., Alson, J., Bloom, D., Deitch, V., Hill, A., Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., Kim, S., McRoberts, R., & Redcross, C. (2012). What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. (OPRE report 2012-08). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Minnesota Tier 2]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Minnesota Tier 2 program on employment, earnings, and receipt of public assistance for unemployed single parents. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors estimated the impact of the Tier 2 program by comparing the outcomes of the treatment and control groups four years after random assignment using data from Minnesota public assistance records and Unemployment Insurance wage records. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the Minnesota Tier 2 program and employment, earnings, or receipt of public assistance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for the employment and earnings outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects on earnings and employment would be attributable to the Minnesota Tier 2 program, and not to other factors. The public assistance outcomes receive a low rating, which means we would not be confident that any estimated effects on public assistance would be attributable to the Minnesota Tier 2 program; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or benefit receipt.","the Minnesota Tier 2 Program","Other employment and reemployment Substance abuse recovery","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/strategies_work.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges","Costello, C. (2012). Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This study examined the enrollment patterns for low-income women and students with children (including mostly mothers and some fathers, collectively referred to as student parents) in STEM fields at community colleges in the United States, comparing outcomes for 2000–2001 to 2008–2009. In addition, the study presented examples of promising strategies to encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM education at community colleges. To assess the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, the author analyzed publicly available data, including data from the U.S. Department of Labor and the National Center for Education Statistics at the U.S. Department of Education. The author also completed a review of existing programs at community colleges that encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM fields, and consulted with 16 experts to formulate suggestions for additional programs to support these students in STEM fields. The study found that in the 2008–2009 school year, women earned 22 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in STEM fields—a 7 percentage point reduction in the proportion of STEM associate degrees earned by women eight years earlier. The study also found that, in 2008, roughly one-third of community college students were parents and student parents with children younger than 12 who ultimately earned a baccalaureate or master’s degree in a STEM field were more likely to have attended a community college at some point than students without young children. Given the decline in women’s share of STEM associate degrees earned over the study observation period, as well as the high proportion of student parents in STEM fields who attend community colleges (compared with students without young children), the author highlighted potential strategies to increase and improve the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, including targeted recruitment, financial support, child care services, strong developmental education options, and specific counseling and academic support for women. These recommendations were informed by information gathered from existing programs and consultation with experts.",,"Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, Male, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/student-parent-success-initiative/increasing-op…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Enhanced Early Head Start with employment services: 42-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Research Project","Hsueh, J., and Farrell, M. (2012). Enhanced Early Head Start with employment services: 42-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Research Project. OPRE Report 2012-05. Washington DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS) participation on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt for low-income families with young children. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either the Enhanced EHS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment and earnings data, as well as a 42-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and public assistance receipt. Outcomes were adjusted for characteristics before random assignment. The study found that the longest period of continuous employment during the 3.5-year follow-up period was, on average, 2.5 months shorter for mothers in the Enhanced EHS group than mothers in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Enhanced EHS services, and not to other factors.","Enhanced Early Head Start","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Rural",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/kansas_missouri.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor","Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of an unconditional cash transfer program, the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS), on child school participation and child labor. To assess the program’s effects, the authors used a randomized controlled trial in which villages were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which would receive the intervention, and the control group, which would not. Child labor was assessed using household surveys, and schooling outcomes were assessed using household surveys and school records. To understand the program’s impact on child school and work participation, the authors compared change in these outcomes over the first year of the program. The study found that children participating in the intervention had significantly greater decreases in school absences over one year, relative to the comparison group. In addition, over one year there was a significantly lower increase in the percent of both boys and girls who worked for income if they were in the intervention group rather than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme, but other factors might also have contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://interactions.eldis.org/sites/interactions.eldis.org/files/database_sp/Ma…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Compliance-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Compliance Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the school meals treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the school meals program significantly increased all labor (productive labor plus domestic labor/household chores) for boys enrolled at the time of survey. However, the study also found that the school meals program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the school meals program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme","Covarrubias, K., Davis, B. & Winters, P. (2012). From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 50-77.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) on household work activities, including child labor. The study used household survey data from a randomized controlled trial. Due to pre-existing baseline differences between the original treatment and control groups, the authors used a matched comparison group design to compare child schooling and labor outcomes between children in the treatment group and those in the control group. The study found that the SCTS program significantly decreased the proportion of children in paid domestic work outside of the household and the proportion of children pulled from school to work for food or money. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS); however, other factors might have also contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/p2p/Publications/MalawiSCT_ProductiveI…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the take home rations treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the take home rations program significantly decreased productive labor for all children, with a larger decrease for girls than boys. For children enrolled in school at the time of the survey, the program significantly decreased productive labor for all children. The study also found that the take home rations program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the take home rations program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Three essays on investments in children's human capital","Bustelo, M. (2011). Three essays on investments in children's human capital (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4837518.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program, Red de Proteccion Social (RPS), on child work participation and school enrollment. The study was a randomized controlled trial that took place in Nicaragua. Data were obtained from a baseline and two follow-up surveys administered to treatment and control group households. The study found that the RPS program significantly increased school enrollment for targeted children by 18% in the first year post-intervention and 14% in the second year post-intervention. The study found no statistically significant relationships between RPS and work participation for targeted children. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the author demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Red de Proteccion Social, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor",Other,,International,2011,https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/29654/Bustelo_Monserrat.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program","World Bank. (2011). Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-Harapan-impact-evaluation-of-Indonesias-Pilot-Household-Conditional-Cash-Transfer-Program","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), on child school and work participation. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared outcomes between the treatment and control groups using household surveys conducted before and two years after initial program implementation. The study found a significant increase in time spent working in family enterprises for children 13-15 and children 7-12 in the treatment group compared to the control group. The study found that relative to the control group, children aged 13-15 who participated in the program had significantly larger increases in the hours attending school two years after program implementation began. However, school enrollment rates significantly decreased for children aged 7-12 who participated in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because randomization was compromised but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Program Keluarga Harapan, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-H…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Mothers of invention: Gender, motherhood, and new dimensions of productivity in the science profession","Whittington, K. (2011). Mothers of invention: Gender, motherhood, and new dimensions of productivity in the science profession. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 417-456.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study's objective was to determine whether women, specifically mothers, in STEM academic or industry jobs were less likely to participate in the patenting process than fathers and childless men in the same field. In addition, the study sought to examine whether previous experience with patenting reduced gender or motherhood inequalities in patenting participation. The study analyzed survey data from the April 1995 and April 2001 waves of the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, a longitudinal study of research doctorates conducted by the National Science Foundation. The author restricted the sample to scientists in four-year colleges and in business or industry who worked in computer and mathematical sciences, life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering; were active in applied and basic research, development, or design; and worked full time. Respondents were asked if they had been named as an inventor on a U.S. patent application in the past five or six years. The author estimated logistic regression models to determine whether females, and specifically mothers, were less likely to have received a patent in the past five or six years. The author also conducted additional analyses to determine if previous experience with patenting affected patenting participation. The study found that in academia, among those surveyed at both rounds, mothers were no less likely to patent than males, including fathers, or childless females after controlling for prior patenting experience. In industry, among those surveyed in both rounds, married, childless women were less likely to patent than childless women, even after controlling for prior patenting experience. The authors estimated numerous other models that found mixed effects of gender, marital status, and parenthood on the likelihood of scientists participating in patenting activities.",,"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Female, STEM professional, Parent",,"United States",2011,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "A two-generational child-focused program enhanced with employment services: Eighteen-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the enhanced services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project","Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., & Farrell, M. (2011). A two-generational child-focused program enhanced with employment services: Eighteen-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the enhanced services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS) participation on employment, earnings, public assistance receipt, and education for low-income families with young children. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either the Enhanced EHS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment and earnings data, as well as an 18-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and other outcomes. Outcomes were adjusted for characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, public assistance receipt, or education. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Enhanced EHS services and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2011,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/two_generational.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT","Arriaz, I., & Rozo, S. (2011). Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Evaluation & Oversight.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Red de Oportunidades (RdO), a conditional cash transfer program in Panama, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used cross-sectional data to compare the treatment group to the comparison group on several outcomes, including child labor (if the child worked in the previous week) and school enrollment (if the child was enrolled in formal schooling). In the analyses for rural areas, the study found that the receipt of the RdO was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor by 6.2 percentage points and an increase in school enrollment by 8.8 percentage points. In the analyses for the indigenous areas, the receipt of RdO was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment by 6.3 percentage points, but not related to child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Oportunidades (RdO) program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Oportunidades (RdO)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2011,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1847124,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades","Behrman, J. R., Parker, S. W., & Todd, P. E. (2011). Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades. Journal of Human Resources, 46(1), 93-122. doi:10.3368/jhr.46.1.93","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on long-term schooling and work for children ages 9 to 15 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on schooling and work 18-months after implementation. The authors also used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes five-and-a-half years post-implementation. The study found that 18 months of program exposure significantly increased the school grade completion by 2.4 percent for boys and 2.7 percent for girls. The 18-month program exposure significantly decreased participation in work by 4.1 percent for boys but had no significant effect for girls. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and increased school grade completion five-and-a-half years post-implementation for all groups except for girls aged 17-19. It also found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for boys aged 15-16 in 2003 but did not find a significant relationship between the program for girls or for any other age groups of boys. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for short-term outcomes (18 months) because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but low for longer-term outcomes (five-and-a-half years) because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,https://www.mcgill.ca/isid/files/isid/behrman_et_al_2011.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [TAAG—Medford]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [TAAG—Medford]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former and current public assistance recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Medford site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,164 employed single parents who were former or current public assistance recipients to either a treatment group that received services from Medford’s ERA project (Transition, Advancement, and Growth, or TAAG), or a control group that could participate in other programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those assigned to the Medford ERA project earned, on average, $41 more per week when surveyed one year after random assignment than those in the control group. However, treatment group members were also 6.7 percentage points more likely to have ever received Food Stamps at the three-year follow-up than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Medford ERA project and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Medford","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent, Employed",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between all treatment groups and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in treatment households, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys significantly decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.3 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work by 2.8 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia","Attanasio, O., Fitzsimons, E., Gomez, A., Gutierrez, M. I., Meghir, C., & Mesnard, A. (2010). Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(2), 181-210. doi:10.1086/648188.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the conditional cash transfer program, Familias en Acción, on children’s work and school participation in Columbia. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor and schooling outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a survey. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with a decrease in the likelihood of participating in domestic work for urban children aged 10 to 17, a decrease in the hours spent in income-generating work for urban children aged 14 to 17, and a decrease in the hours spent in domestic work for all but rural children aged 14 to 17. Receipt of the cash transfer was also significantly related to an increase in the hours spent in school for all children in urban and rural areas. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Familias en Acción program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Familias en Acción","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5381/1/Child_Education.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,727 unemployed single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Corpus Christi ERA group were more likely to be employed at all or for four consecutive quarters in the fourth year after random assignment. Corpus Christi ERA group members also had higher earnings and received lower Food Stamps benefits. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [RFS-Los Angeles]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [RFS-Los Angeles]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of individualized and flexible post-employment job supports on employed welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Los Angeles Reach for Success (RFS) site was one of two in Los Angeles that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 5,700 employed single-parent participants in Los Angeles’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program who were working full-time to either a treatment group that received RFS services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and surveys administered 12 and 42 months after random assignment. The study found that, 12 to 42 months after random assignment, RFS group members’ employment, earnings, and benefits receipt did not differ significantly from those of control group members. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Los Angeles’ RFS and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Reach for Success (RFS)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Public Work Program (PWP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among PWP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in PWP was significantly associated with a lower amount of time spent on child care and household chores. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Public Work Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Eugene site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,179 employed single parents who were former Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants to either a treatment group that received employment retention services from Eugene’s Progress Towards Retention, Opportunities, Growth, Enhancement and Self-Sufficiency (PROGRESS) program or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the PROGRESS group were 7 percentage points less likely than control group members to be employed in the third year after random assignment and 6.6 percentage points less likely to have been employed in every quarter of that year. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Eugene ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Eugene","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Employed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil","Helfand, S.M., & Souza, A.P. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil. University of California, Riverside, CA: Sao Paulo School of Economics.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Escola program on school enrollment, school progression, and child labor for children ages 6 to 15 in rural areas. Using data from the 2001 and 2003 Brazilian Census, the authors used a structural model to examine the average program impact of the Bolsa Escola program. The study found that the Bolsa Escola program was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment and school progression. However, the study did not find a statistically significant relationship between program participation and child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.8 hours compared to girls. Older boys, aged 10-15, showed a larger reduction in economic work by 3.3 hours a week compared to their siblings. However, older girls, aged 10-15, showed an increase in economic work by 1.5 hours a week and domestic work of an hour a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City’s conditional cash transfer program","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Greenberg, D., Miller, C., Rucks, Z., and Verma, N. (2010). Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City’s conditional cash transfer program. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program against the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The study found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at a job covered by unemployment insurance (UI) in the first year. However, the Family Rewards program increased the likelihood of being employed at a job not covered by UI after 18 months, total monthly income after 18 months, and the likelihood that adult recipients had received an associate’s degree after 18 months. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Unemployed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/FamRewards2010ONYC%20FULL%20Report%20RE…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Direct Support Program (DSP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among DSP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in the DSP was significantly associated with a lower amount of total time spent in work outside home, time spent in unpaid work outside the home and a composite measure of total work (paid and unpaid outside the home plus child care and household chores). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Direct Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social","Gee, K.A. (2010). Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Red de Protección Social (RPS), in Nicaragua on child labor outcomes for children who are working. The study was an expansion of an earlier randomized controlled trial (RCT). The author used survey data from the RCT taken before the program started (2000) and two years after (2002) to examine the probability and duration of child work. The study found that the receipt of the cash transfer significantly reduced the probability that a child would work by approximately 10.6 percent and, for a child that was working, significantly reduced the hours worked per week by approximately 3.65 hours, on average. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Protección Social program, and not to other factors.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.1 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, also showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work of 3.0 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Working toward Wellness: Telephone care management for Medicaid recipients with depression, eighteen months after random assignment.","Kim, S., LeBlanc, A., Morris, P., Simon, G., & Walter, J. (2010). Working toward Wellness: Telephone care management for Medicaid recipients with depression, eighteen months after random assignment. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of a telephone care management program, Working toward Wellness (WtW), on low-income depressed parents’ employment and earnings. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible parents to either the WtW program or existing services. Authors used data from an 18-month follow-up survey to estimate program impacts, adjusting for sample members’ characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the WtW program on employment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to WtW and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Working toward Wellness (WtW)","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/telephone_care.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Agricultural Extension Support Program (AEP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among AEP participants and non-participants. The study found that AEP participation was significantly related to lower amounts of time spent in paid work and in a combined measure of all work, as well as greater amounts of time spent in school. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Agricultural Extension Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil","Ferro, A. R., Lúcia Kassouf, A., & Levison, D. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition between School and Work (pp. 193-218). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Escola program, which provided conditional cash transfers to families in Brazil, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental matched comparison group design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had applied but who had not received it (waitlisted families), based on data from Brazil’s national household survey. The study found that receipt of the Bolsa Escola benefit was significantly related to higher rates of school enrollment and lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,http://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2009/inscricao.on/arquivos/000-dde4869521f17def…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [VISION—Salem, OR]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [VISION—Salem, OR]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Salem site was one of several across the United States that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,504 single parents eligible for welfare-to-work programs to either a treatment group that received Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) services or to a control group that received the state’s typical welfare-to-work program. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the VISION group were 6.7 percentage points more likely than those in the control group to have received TANF benefits at any point during the first follow-up year. The VISION group also received, on average, $298 more in annual TANF benefits during the first three follow-up years, compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Salem ERA program and not to other factors.","the Salem Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance Job search assistance and supportive services","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [PASS - Riverside]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [PASS - Riverside]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports and supportive services on recent welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,770 employed single parents who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and surveys administered 12 and 42 months after random assignment. The study found that individuals assigned to the Riverside PASS ERA program had significantly higher earnings in the first and fourth years after random assignment and were more likely to be employed in every quarter of the fourth year, compared with those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside PASS ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study receives a moderate causal evidence rating for outcomes from the 12-month survey because that data source had high attrition, yet the analysis included adequate statistical controls to correct for resulting imbalance.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_core.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,032 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the Houston ERA group received on average $56 more per year in TANF benefits across the first four years after random assignment, compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Parent, Low income",,"Urban, United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Los Angeles EJC]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Los Angeles EJC]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge how a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests affected employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 36 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the interim report here.) The authors randomly assigned nearly 1,200 single-parent recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received traditional job club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and food stamp databases to obtain benefits receipt information. Thirty-six months after random assignment, the study found no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members’ employment, earnings, or benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Moving Up—South Carolina]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Moving Up—South Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The South Carolina site was one of 16 sites nationwide that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,776 single parents who had left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in the past three years to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on earnings, employment, or benefits receipt one to four years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the South Carolina ERA project and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, South Carolina","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,572 unemployed single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Fort Worth ERA group received on average $162 more per year in Food Stamps across the first four years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program","Borraz, F., & González, N. (2009). Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program. Cuadernos de economia, 46(134), 243-271. doi:10.4067/S0717-68212009000200006","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program (Ingreso Ciudadano) on school attendance (ages 8 to 14) and child labor (ages 6 to 14) among children in Uruguay from 2005 to 2007. Using the annual Uruguayan National Household Survey with cross sectional data from 2006 and 2007, the authors compared school attendance and child labor for households who received the conditional cash transfer to a group of non-participating households who had similar characteristics. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the conditional cash transfer program and school attendance. However, the study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for females in the Montevideo region, but not for males in any region or females in the rest of the country. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Ingreso Ciudadano; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ingreso Ciudadano","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cecon/v46n134/art06.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil","Yap, Y. T., Sedlacek, G., & Orazem, P. F. (2009). Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child Labor and Education in Latin America (pp. 147-165). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_10","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor on child labor and hours in school. The authors used an experimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 residing in municipalities who received income transfers with those residing in municipalities who did not receive income transfers. Based on data from Brazil’s national household survey, the authors used statistical models to assess the impact of the program in each group. The PETI program was significantly associated with an increase in time in school and less time in work for participating children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PETI program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving both the PSNP and OFSP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from both PSNP and OFSP and an increase in domestic chores for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program or the Other Food Security Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Rewarding Persistence: Effects of a performance-based scholarship program for low-income parents","Richburg-Hayes, L., Brock, T., LeBlanc, A., Paxson, C., Rouse, C.E., & Barrow, L. (2009). Rewarding persistence: Effects of a performance-based scholarship program for low-income parents. New York: MDRC.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Opening Doors program at Delgado Community College and Louisiana Technical College-West Jefferson in New Orleans, Louisiana, on progress toward completing a college degree. The Opening Doors program offered students with dependent children a performance-based $1,000 scholarship in each of two semesters. The study examined both the shorter- and longer-term impacts of the Opening Doors program using different cohorts of students. The study was a randomized controlled trial. Eligible students were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, which was offered the opportunity to receive the scholarship, or the control group, which was not eligible for the scholarship. The primary data sources were a baseline survey on the background characteristics of students, student transcripts, and degree attainment information from the National Student Clearinghouse. The study found that for all four cohorts of students, the treatment group was significantly more likely to have registered for any course and have enrolled full-time in college, and to have attempted and earned significantly more credits in both the first and second program semesters, compared with the control group. The study found that for the first two cohorts of students, the treatment group registered for classes at a higher rate, enrolled in more semesters of college, and earned more credits than the control group cumulatively through the fourth semester after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Opening Doors program, and not to other factors.","the Opening Doors Program at Delgado Community College and Louisiana Technical College-West Jefferson","Tuition assistance Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2009,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/rewarding_persistence_fr.pdf,"Community College Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Los Angeles Reach For Success program","Anderson, J., Freedman, S., and Hamilton, G. (2009). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Los Angeles Reach For Success program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an individualized case management program called Reach for Success (RFS) on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance benefits. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible people over a two-year period to either the RFS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment, earnings, and public benefits data, as well as a 12-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and other outcomes. Outcomes were adjusted for prerandom assignment characteristics. The study found that RFS participants were significantly more likely to receive TANF and Food Stamps benefits at the end of the two-year follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the RFS program and not to other factors.","Reach for Success (RFS)","Other employment and reemployment","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_la_rfs_embed.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving a certain amount of the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that for boys ages 6-16, there was a significant relationship between households receiving a certain amount of cash transfer and increased school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Essays on welfare, children, and families","Zhu, Yi. (2009.) Essays on welfare, children, and families. (Unpublished dissertation, Michigan State University.)","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of child care subsidies through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) program on the employment of low-income single mothers. The author used data from the 2001–2007 Current Population Survey (CPS). The treatment condition was defined as the amount of the state child care subsidy for single mothers with children younger than 13. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the amount of child care subsidies and single mothers’ full-time employment. The study did not find relationships between child care subsidies and other employment outcomes examined. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for existing differences between the mothers who did and did not receive the child care assistance. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the child care subsidies; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Child Care Subsidies","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2009,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The links between parent behaviors and boys’ and girls’ science achievement beliefs","Bhanot, R.T., & Jovanovic, J. (2009). The links between parent behaviors and boys’ and girls’ science achievement beliefs. Applied Developmental Science, 13(1), 42-59.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study's objective was to examine the relationship between parents’ and middle school students’ perceptions of science education and whether that relationship varied based on the gender of the parent or child. Specifically, the study looked at links between parents’ attitudes toward science and participation in their children’s science education and the child’s opinion of the utility of science (called science task-value) and perception of his or her own science ability. The study, conducted in four school districts in Illinois, used student survey data collected at the start and end of the school year and parent survey data collected in the middle of the school year. The authors analyzed changes in students’ perceptions from the beginning to end of the year, by gender, as well as differences in parents’ perceptions and behavior by the gender of the child and parent. The authors also conducted a series of regression analyses by gender to determine the relationship between parents’ involvement in their children’s science education and their children’s end-of-year perceptions. The study found that boys had higher perceptions of their own science ability at the end of the school year than girls, though there was no difference in actual performance. Compared with parents of girls, parents of boys also had higher perceptions of the child’s science ability and of the value of science and were more likely to encourage an interest in science. There were some positive correlations between parents’ beliefs and actions and girls’ perceptions of science; however, some actions taken by mothers were found to be negatively correlated with boys’ perceptions of their science ability and their task-value beliefs about science. Even after controlling for mothers’ behaviors, mothers’ perceptions of their children’s science ability was a significant predictor of the children’s perceptions of their own ability. The study found that the links between fathers’ actions and children’s perceptions did not vary by the child’s gender.",,"Youth programs Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Youth, Parent",,"United States",2009,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study did not find a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from PSNP and the number of hours worked (in domestic labor, agricultural labor, or total labor hours) or school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Working toward Wellness: Early results from a telephone care management program for Medicaid recipients with depression.","Kim, S., LeBlanc, A. and Michalopoulos, C. (2009). Working toward Wellness: Early results from a telephone care management program for Medicaid recipients with depression. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of a telephone care management program, Working toward Wellness (WtW), on low-income depressed parents’ employment and earnings. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible parents to either the WtW program or existing services. Authors used data from a six-month follow-up survey to estimate program impacts, accounting for parents’ characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the WtW program on employment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to WtW and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Working toward Wellness (WtW)","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/working_wellness.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Own and sibling effects of contiditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia","Ferreira, F. H. G., Filmer, D., & Schady, N. (2009). Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia (Policy Research Working Paper 5001, Impact Evaluationo Series). Washington, DC: The World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP), a conditional cash transfer valued at 2-3 percent of household expenditure, on children’s and their ineligible siblings’ school enrollment and work participation in Cambodia. This study is an intent-to-treat regression discontinuity design. Data were collected from applications at all 100 CSP schools, as well as from household surveys at five randomly selected schools and households in five provinces, eighteen months after application. The cutoff score that was used to decide who would receive the scholarship offer was based on the application forms; 26 questions correlated with how likely the child was to drop out of school. Enrollment and work outcomes were compared for students around the cutoff score who did, and did not, receive a scholarship offer and their siblings. The study found children who received the scholarships were significantly more likely to be enrolled in school and less likely to work for pay than those that did not receive the scholarship. However, girls that received the scholarships were significantly more likely to work without pay. This study uses a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such it does not receive a causal rating.","CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP)","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil","Cardoso, E., & de Souza, A. F. (2009). The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An Economic perspective. Houndmills, U.K. and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two Brazilian income transfer programs (Minimum Income and Bolsa Escola) on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 10 to 15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had not, based on data from the 2000 Brazilian Census. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who had not received the transfers but who had similar characteristics to the treatment group to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that the income transfer programs were significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the income transfer programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Income Transfer Programs (Minimum Income Program and Bolsa Escola)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://ideas.repec.org/p/van/wpaper/0407.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa","Badillo Bautista, C. (2009). Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (Accession No. 1314572898)","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor for children ages 8 to 17. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program using a difference-in- differences (DID) regression model for the child labor outcome and cross-sectional models to estimate spillover effects on child labor. The study found the number of children aged 12-16 who worked significantly decreased in cash transfer participating households compared to control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented, low attrition randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades and not to other factors.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"Rural, International",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program","Maluccio, J. A. (2009). Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An economic perspective (pp. 187-204). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_12","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) cash transfer program on school attendance and enrollment and on child labor for children aged 7-13 in rural Nicaragua. Using panel survey data collected before and one year after program implementation, the author measured the impact of RPS using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study found that participation in RPS was significantly related to a reduction in child labor and a significant increase in school enrollment and attendance. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because, while it was based on an RCT, attrition was high and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Proteccion Social; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The strength of weak enforcement: The impact of discrimination charges, legal environments, and organizational conditions on workforce segregation","Hirsh, C. (2009). The strength of weak enforcement: The impact of discrimination charges, legal environments, and organizational conditions on workforce segregation. American Sociological Review, 74, 245-271.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Compliance-Low-Favorable impacts Compliance","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess two approaches to mitigating employment discrimination: direct Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforcement and indirect, industry-level EEOC enforcement. The author applied a fixed-effects regression analysis to a national random sample of private U.S. employment establishments required to report race and gender data to the EEOC from 1990 to 2002. The study found that EEOC settlements mandating policy changes or monetary payouts within an industry were associated with statistically significant decreases in sex segregation within establishments in the industry, but had limited effects on race segregation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not establish that firms subject to different levels of enforcement activities were similar before those activities. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to either direct or indirect EEOC enforcement; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforcement","Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972",Other,,"United States",2009,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay","Hirata, G. I. (2008). The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay. Brazil: International Poverty Centre/UNDP.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Tekoporã conditional cash transfer program on children’s participation in non-domestic labor and school attendance. The author used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 4 to 14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from a program eligibility questionnaire and a follow-up survey. The author used statistical models to estimate the effects of the program. The study found no significant relationship between the Tekoporã program and the number of children in the household who participated in non-domestic labor. However, the program was significantly related to decisions between school and work, with a decrease in the probability that children would “only work” or “neither work nor attend school.” The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention or adequately control for time-varying characteristics that might influence the outcome. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Tekoporã; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Tekoporã,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/hirata.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the tertiary treatment group and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the tertiary treatment group worked significantly less in the past week than students in the control group. They were also significantly more likely to report their primary activity as studying and less likely to report their primary activity as work or home versus students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the tertiary treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the basic treatment group had a significant increase in self-reported school attendance compared to students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the savings treatment group and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor, school attendance, or school enrollment between students receiving the savings treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program in Salem, Oregon","Molina, F., Cheng, W., and Hendra, R. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program in Salem, Oregon. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Salem, Oregon, Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt among eligible single parents. VISION provided job search assistance and post-employment services to unemployed Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) applicants. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assign TANF applicants eligible for welfare-to-work programs to either VISION or the state’s typical welfare-to-work program, Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS), from May 2002 to May 2004. To estimate differences in outcomes between the two study groups, the authors retrieved data from unemployment insurance wage records, TANF and Food Stamps administrative records, and a 12-month follow-up survey. The study found that people in the VISION group received, on average, $365 more in TANF benefits and $160 more in Food Stamps than those in the JOBS group during the first year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to VISION, and not to other factors.","the Salem Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2008,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501587.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in grades 6-10 who received the basic treatment worked significantly fewer hours in the last week than students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles","Navarro, D., Azurdia, G., & Hamilton, G. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge the effect of a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 18 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the final report here.) The authors randomly assigned almost 1,200 single-parent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received Traditional Job Club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and Food Stamps databases to obtain benefits receipt information. The study found that, 18 months after random assignment, there were no statistically significant differences between EJC and control group members’ employment, earnings, or public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_la.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from two education and training models for employed welfare recipients in Riverside, California.","Navarro, D., Freedman, S., & Hamilton, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from two education and training models for employed welfare recipients in Riverside, California. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, and benefit receipt outcomes after two years. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,907 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups that received differing ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that the households of participants in the Work Plus program were 10.5 percentage points less likely to receive TANF benefits relative to those in the control group 12 months after random assignment. The study found no statistically significant effects associated with the Training Focused program. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors. It also means that we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Riverside Training Focused program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects of the Training Focused program.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project—Work Plus and Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Other employment and reemployment","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/riverside_phase2.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia","Sparrow, R. (2007). Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 99-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00438.x","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Jaring Prengaman Sosial (JPS), a scholarship program in Indonesia, on child labor and school enrollment. The author used data from an annual Indonesian national survey to estimate an instrumental variable (IV) regression model to examine if scholarship receipt affected school enrollment, and probit models to examine the effects on child labor and school attendance. The study found that the receipt of a scholarship was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the JPS in the probit model and no evidence was provided on the strength of the instrument used in the IV model. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Jaring Prengaman Sosial","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2007,https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8f79/add16372936ea1e388e3a9c82e320435a87d.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City","Bloom, D., Miller, C., and Azurdia, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) welfare-to-work program in New York City on the employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt of low-income single parents with physical or mental health problems that limited their ability to work. The study was a randomized controlled trial that used data from administrative records for the two years following assignment and a survey conducted with a random subset of the sample to assess outcomes one year after assignment. The study found that treatment group participants were significantly more likely than control group participants to have had a job and had higher average earnings. The treatment group was significantly less likely to receive cash assistance and received lower amounts of cash assistance benefits than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRIDE and not to other factors.","Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE)","Other employment and reemployment","Disability, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_pride.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "A cure for discrimination? Affirmative action and the case of California’s Proposition 209.","Myers, C. (2007). A cure for discrimination? Affirmative action and the case of California’s Proposition 209. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(3), 379-396.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge the impact of California’s Proposition 209, a 1996 repeal of affirmative action, on employment, unemployment, labor force participation, and wages among women and racial minorities. The author used a nonexperimental design and estimated a difference-in-difference-in-differences regression model on monthly Current Population Survey data from 1994 to 2001. The study found that the employment rate of all minorities in California relative to white men dropped 2.8 percentage points from 1995 to 1999, a statistically significant decrease. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not control for pre-intervention minority employment trends in California relative to the rest of the United States or preemptive hiring decisions that might have anticipated the law’s passage. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to California’s affirmative action repeal through Proposition 209. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","California's Proposition 209","Affirmative action",Other,,"United States",2007,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program in Riverside, California","Navarro, D., van Dok, M., & Hendra, R. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program in Riverside, California. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt after two years. The Riverside PASS site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,770 employed single-parent participants who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to a treatment group that received ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that Riverside PASS had positive impacts on earnings and employment in the first and second years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Riverside PASS, and not to other factors.","the Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/riverside_pass.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from Minnesota’s Tier 2 program","LeBlanc, A., Miller, C., Martinson, K., & Azurdia, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from Minnesota’s Tier 2 program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the 18-month impact of Minnesota’s Tier 2 welfare-to-work program compared with existing Tier 1 services. Minnesota’s Tier 2 program was part of the nationwide Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned approximately 1,700 long-term Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to either a treatment group, which received Tier 2 services including intensive assessments and case management, or a control group, which received Minnesota’s existing Tier 1 TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Minnesota Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study found that, 12 months after random assignment, more people in the Tier 2 group (79.2 percent) reported that they received Food Stamps than in the control group (70.0 percent). After 18 months however, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members’ employment, earnings, or benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Minnesota’s Tier 2 program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Minnesota’s Tier 2 Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Unemployed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/minnesota_tier2.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Paying for persistence: Early results of a Louisiana scholarship program for low-income parents attending community college","Brock, T., & Richburg-Hayes, L. (2006). Paying for persistence: Early results of a Louisiana scholarship program for low-income parents attending community college. New York: MDRC.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Louisiana Opening Doors, a scholarship program, on semester-to-semester retention and course completion at two community colleges in Louisiana. The study was a randomized controlled trial that compared the outcomes of treatment and control groups over three semesters. The primary data sources were students’ transcripts from the colleges and a baseline survey on students’ background characteristics. The study found that students who participated in the Opening Doors program attempted and passed a greater number of courses, registered for and earned more credits, and were enrolled for more semesters than students in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Louisiana Opening Doors program, and not to other factors.","Opening Doors in Louisiana","Community college education and other classroom training Tuition assistance","Adult, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2006,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_472.pdf,"Community College Review Protocol" "College as a job advancement strategy: Final report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., & Beecroft, E. (2006). College as a job advancement strategy: Final report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, welfare receipt, and educational achievement. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions Project services compared with encouraging recipients to participate in other employment services. The authors used California public benefits and community college administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to New Visions with the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences in demographic and pre-intervention characteristics between the groups. The study found that participants in the New Visions program received $456 more in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) payments than control group participants in the third year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions Project, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/nv_final_pdf.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador","Schady, N. & Araujo, M. C. (2006). Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3930. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program on child labor and school enrollment for children 6-17 years old. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare the outcomes of children in households assigned to participate in the program to outcomes of those who did not participate. The study found a significant relationship between being selected for the BDH program and whether children worked and hours per week children worked; both were significantly lower for those in the treatment group than those in the control group. The study also found that children selected into the BDH program had significantly higher rates of school enrollment and significantly lower rates of having dropped out since the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2006,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Houston]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,800 single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment or earnings. However, the study found that treatment group members received, on average, $33 more in TANF benefits in the ninth quarter after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,200 single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study found that treatment group members were 6.1 percentage points more likely to have been employed at any time in the second year after random assignment than those in the control group. Treatment group members were also 4.2 percentage points more likely to be employed during the last quarter of that second year. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,300 single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study did not find statistically significant effects 18 to 24 months after random assignment on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).","Wilson-Brewster, V.L. (2006). A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of two welfare-to-work programs—the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) program and the Human Capital Development (HCD) program—on the employment and earnings of African American women 25, 35, and 45 years old in Atlanta. The author analyzed a subsample of participants in the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) study. The study was a randomized controlled trial that assigned individuals within a geographic location to one of three groups: LFA, HCD, or a control group. The study found that women in the 35-year-old group who participated in LFA or HCD had higher earnings and needed less time to find a job than those in the other age cohorts. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups being compared in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to LFA or HCD programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Labor Force Attachment (LFA) and Human Capital Development (HCD)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Female, Black or African American, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Riverside, CA – Work Plus]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K. & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Riverside, CA – Work Plus]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of a Riverside, California, program to increase the earnings of welfare recipients after one year. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,912 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus or Training Focused) that received different ERA services, or to a control group (Work Focused) that received standard public benefits and some limited case management. This review compared the Work Plus program and the control group. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study found that those in the Work Plus group were 5 percentage points more likely to receive Food Stamps in the year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Project—Work Plus (Phase 2), Riverside","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Turning welfare into a work support: Six-year impacts on parents and children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program.","Gennetian, L., Miller, C., & Smith, J. (2005). Turning welfare into a work support: Six-year impacts on parents and children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), a precursor to the national Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial: Families newly applying to Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or families that were recertifying their eligibility were randomly assigned to MFIP or AFDC. Evaluators analyzed outcomes using a 36-month follow-up survey and administrative data from the six years after the intervention. The study found that, among single parents in the year after MFIP began, the MFIP group experienced higher rates of short-term employment and higher rates and levels of cash assistance than the AFDC group. For two-parent households, the study found that, in the first year after the study began, the MFIP group had lower rates of employment, lower levels of earnings, and higher rates and levels of benefits receipt than the AFDC group. In both family types, higher receipt of cash assistance for the MFIP group persisted through six years after the study began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MFIP, and not to other factors.","the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2005,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_594.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Fort Worth]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Fort Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,163 unemployed single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Texas ERA program in Fort Worth on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Texas ERA and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes","Dyke, A., Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2005). The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes. Institute for Research on Poverty, 1295(5). [North Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of North Carolina’s welfare-to-work program training activities on the quarterly earnings of women ages 18 to 65 years in single-parent households who were cash recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Using data from the state’s administrative records and unemployment insurance program, the authors compared the quarterly earnings of women who took part in the training activities with those who enrolled in the welfare-to-work program but never took part in any of the training. The study found that those taking part in any of the training activities experienced an initial (quarter 1) reduction in their quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in the training activities. However, those who took part in the assessment or intensive training activities experienced an increase in both their cumulative (based on 16 quarters of follow-up) and average (based on quarters 11 to 15 of follow-up) quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in any training activities. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the welfare-to-work program, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services","Female, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://repec.iza.org/dp1520.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,300 single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects one year after random assignment on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Corpus Christi ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor marker outcomes","Dyke, A., Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2005). The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor marker outcomes. Institute for Research on Poverty, 1295(5). [Missouri]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Missouri’s welfare-to-work program training activities on the quarterly earnings of women ages 18 to 65 years in single-parent households who were cash recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Using data from the state’s administrative records and unemployment insurance program, the authors compared the quarterly earnings of women who took part in the training activities with those who enrolled in the welfare-to-work program but never took part in any of the training. The study found that those taking part in the training activities experienced an initial (quarter 1) reduction in their quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in the training activities. However, both cumulative (based on all 16 quarters of follow-up) and average (based on quarters 11 to 15) quarterly earnings increased for those who took part in the training activities compared with those who did not. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the welfare-to-work program training activities, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services","Female, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://repec.iza.org/dp1520.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [South Carolina] (Bloom et al. 2005)","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [South Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The South Carolina site was one of 16 sites nationwide that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,839 people who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group (Moving Up) that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of Moving Up on employment, earnings, or benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Moving Up and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, South Carolina","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Riverside, CA – Work Plus versus Training Focused]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Riverside, CA – Work Plus versus Training Focused]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of a Riverside, California, program to increase the earnings of welfare recipients after one year. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned eligible single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus and Training Focused) that received differing ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. This review focuses on the comparison between the Work Plus program and the Training Focused program. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Work Plus program on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt compared with the Training Focused program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project—Work Plus and Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry.","Blanchflower, D.G., & Wainwright, J. (2005). An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry. Working paper no. 11793. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (referred to as the Croson decision) in 1989, which weakened affirmative action policies, on self-employment, with a focus on the construction industry, by race, ethnicity, and gender. The study used a nonexperimental analyses to compare self-employment before and after the Croson decision. The authors used national data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. The study found that gender disparities in self-employment rates have declined since the Croson decision in all industries, but have declined most in construction. In contrast, racial and ethnic disparities in self-employment have declined since the Croson decision in all industries except construction. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not control for trends in self-employment or earnings before the Croson decision. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Croson decision. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.","Affirmative action",Other,Construction,"United States",2005,http://www.nber.org/papers/w11793.pdf,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Chicago]","Bloom, D, Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Chicago]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of a Chicago program to increase the earnings of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients after one year. The Chicago site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 990 TANF recipients to either a treatment group, which received enhanced employment services, or a control group, which received benefits as usual. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Illinois Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and Food Stamps and TANF receipt data from Illinois administrative records. The study found that those in the Chicago ERA program received, on average, $193 less in TANF benefits in the first year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Chicago ERA project, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Chicago","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Houston]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,816 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Houston ERA program on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Houston ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "College as a job advancement strategy: An interim report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., Beecroft, E., Long, D., & Robertson A. (2003). College as a job advancement strategy: An interim report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates Inc.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, and welfare receipt. The study is based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions program by using California and community college administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program to the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences between the groups. The authors found that access to the New Visions program increased the average number of quarters during which participants received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits and increased the average amount of TANF benefits received in the first two years. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions program, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2003,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers","Galiani, S., & McEwan, P. J. (2013). The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers. Journal of Public Economics, 103, 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Honduran Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF-II) conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used census data from a randomized sample of municipalities to compare the outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer to those who did not. The authors used statistical models to estimate program effects. The study found a significant relationship between the PRAF-II and child labor, with work outside the home decreasing by 3 percentage points and work inside the home decreasing by 4 percentage points. Program participation was also significantly related to an 8-percentage point increase in school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Programa de Asignación Familiar; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2003,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "College as a job advancement strategy: An early report of the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., Beecroft, E., Long, D., & Catalfamo, A. (2000). College as a job advancement strategy: An early report of the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a pilot for Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ welfare receipt. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions program compared with encouraging recipients to participate in other employment services. The authors used California Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) records to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program against the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences in demographic and pre-intervention characteristics between the groups. The authors did not find any statistically significant effect of the New Visions program on the likelihood of receiving TANF or the amount of TANF benefits received. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions Project, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2000,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED466834.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Final report on the implementation and impacts of the Minnesota Family Investment Program in Ramsey County. [MFIP-R versus AFDC, single parents in the early cohort]","Auspos, P., Miller, C., & Hunter, J. A. (2000). Final report on the implementation and impacts of the Minnesota Family Investment Program in Ramsey County. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. [MFIP-R versus AFDC, single parents in the early cohort]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Family Investment Program of Ramsey County (MFIP-R), a precursor to the national Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, on participants’ employment, earnings, and benefit receipt. The authors used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either MFIP-R or existing services. Employment, earnings, and benefit receipt data were collected quarterly from Minnesota’s Unemployment Insurance earnings and public assistance benefit records. This review was conducted in collaboration with the Employment Strategies for Low-Income Adults Evidence Review (ESER). Because ESER did not report findings for studies that received a low causal evidence rating, this CLEAR profile does not report the findings either. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because assignment to condition was not fully random, and the authors did not account for potential pre-existing differences in group characteristics in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MFIP-R; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Minnesota Family Investment Program of Ramsey County (MFIP-R)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2000,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_364.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "New Hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare","Bos, J., Huston, A., Granger, R., Duncan, G., Brock, T., & McLoyd, V. (1999). New Hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Hope program on employment, earnings, public benefits receipt, and educational attainment. The authors estimated the impact of the New Hope program by comparing average outcomes among a treatment group randomly selected to have access to the program with those of a randomly selected control group that did not have access to the program. The study found that receiving access to New Hope services increased average earnings in the first year of the program by $583 and the average likelihood of ever being employed in the first and second year of the program by 7.8 percentage points and 5.5 percentage points, respectively. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Hope program, and not to other factors.","The New Hope Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States",1999,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED433455.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "An evaluation of an urban community college Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program (Doctoral dissertation)","Rice, L. M. (1999). An evaluation of an urban community college Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program (Doctoral dissertation). Old Dominion University. DOI: 10.25777/tqh7-3c76","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study's objective was to examine the impact of the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program on education outcomes by students at an urban community college. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of program participants to those on the waiting list. Using data from the community college’s Students Information System, the author conducted statistical tests to examine the differences between groups. The study found that participation in the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program was significantly related to increased retention rates and number of credits taken. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program","Employment and Training Services Training and Education Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training Other training and education","Adult, Other barriers, Female, Parent",,"Urban, United States",1999,https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/urbanservices_education_etds/50/,"Community College Review Protocol"