Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Miller, C., Nunez, S., Verma, N., & Yang E. (2013). Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration. New York, NY: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes between families offered access to the program and families excluded from the program, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The authors found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at an Unemployment Insurance (UI)-covered job in the first year by 2 percentage points, but increased monthly earnings by $353 and decreased the share of families receiving income from Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or disability benefits by 3.9 percentage points. The authors also found that parents in the Family Rewards program group were 4.2 percentage points more likely to have achieved any trade license training certification. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors. However, some outcomes in the study receive a moderate or low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are less confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program; other factors may have contributed.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2013,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545453.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Enhanced Early Head Start with employment services: 42-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Research Project","Hsueh, J., and Farrell, M. (2012). Enhanced Early Head Start with employment services: 42-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Research Project. OPRE Report 2012-05. Washington DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS) participation on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt for low-income families with young children. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either the Enhanced EHS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment and earnings data, as well as a 42-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and public assistance receipt. Outcomes were adjusted for characteristics before random assignment. The study found that the longest period of continuous employment during the 3.5-year follow-up period was, on average, 2.5 months shorter for mothers in the Enhanced EHS group than mothers in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Enhanced EHS services, and not to other factors.","Enhanced Early Head Start","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Rural",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/kansas_missouri.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Los Angeles EJC]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Los Angeles EJC]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge how a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests affected employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 36 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the interim report here.) The authors randomly assigned nearly 1,200 single-parent recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received traditional job club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and food stamp databases to obtain benefits receipt information. Thirty-six months after random assignment, the study found no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members’ employment, earnings, or benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,032 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the Houston ERA group received on average $56 more per year in TANF benefits across the first four years after random assignment, compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Parent, Low income",,"Urban, United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,572 unemployed single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Fort Worth ERA group received on average $162 more per year in Food Stamps across the first four years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [RFS-Los Angeles]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [RFS-Los Angeles]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of individualized and flexible post-employment job supports on employed welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Los Angeles Reach for Success (RFS) site was one of two in Los Angeles that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 5,700 employed single-parent participants in Los Angeles’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program who were working full-time to either a treatment group that received RFS services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and surveys administered 12 and 42 months after random assignment. The study found that, 12 to 42 months after random assignment, RFS group members’ employment, earnings, and benefits receipt did not differ significantly from those of control group members. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Los Angeles’ RFS and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Reach for Success (RFS)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,727 unemployed single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Corpus Christi ERA group were more likely to be employed at all or for four consecutive quarters in the fourth year after random assignment. Corpus Christi ERA group members also had higher earnings and received lower Food Stamps benefits. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles","Navarro, D., Azurdia, G., & Hamilton, G. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge the effect of a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 18 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the final report here.) The authors randomly assigned almost 1,200 single-parent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received Traditional Job Club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and Food Stamps databases to obtain benefits receipt information. The study found that, 18 months after random assignment, there were no statistically significant differences between EJC and control group members’ employment, earnings, or public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_la.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City","Bloom, D., Miller, C., and Azurdia, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) welfare-to-work program in New York City on the employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt of low-income single parents with physical or mental health problems that limited their ability to work. The study was a randomized controlled trial that used data from administrative records for the two years following assignment and a survey conducted with a random subset of the sample to assess outcomes one year after assignment. The study found that treatment group participants were significantly more likely than control group participants to have had a job and had higher average earnings. The treatment group was significantly less likely to receive cash assistance and received lower amounts of cash assistance benefits than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRIDE and not to other factors.","Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE)","Other employment and reemployment","Disability, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_pride.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Houston]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,800 single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment or earnings. However, the study found that treatment group members received, on average, $33 more in TANF benefits in the ninth quarter after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,200 single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study found that treatment group members were 6.1 percentage points more likely to have been employed at any time in the second year after random assignment than those in the control group. Treatment group members were also 4.2 percentage points more likely to be employed during the last quarter of that second year. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).","Wilson-Brewster, V.L. (2006). A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of two welfare-to-work programs—the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) program and the Human Capital Development (HCD) program—on the employment and earnings of African American women 25, 35, and 45 years old in Atlanta. The author analyzed a subsample of participants in the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) study. The study was a randomized controlled trial that assigned individuals within a geographic location to one of three groups: LFA, HCD, or a control group. The study found that women in the 35-year-old group who participated in LFA or HCD had higher earnings and needed less time to find a job than those in the other age cohorts. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups being compared in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to LFA or HCD programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Labor Force Attachment (LFA) and Human Capital Development (HCD)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Female, Black or African American, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Chicago]","Bloom, D, Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Chicago]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of a Chicago program to increase the earnings of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients after one year. The Chicago site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 990 TANF recipients to either a treatment group, which received enhanced employment services, or a control group, which received benefits as usual. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Illinois Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and Food Stamps and TANF receipt data from Illinois administrative records. The study found that those in the Chicago ERA program received, on average, $193 less in TANF benefits in the first year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Chicago ERA project, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Chicago","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Houston]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,816 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Houston ERA program on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Houston ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "An evaluation of an urban community college Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program (Doctoral dissertation)","Rice, L. M. (1999). An evaluation of an urban community college Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program (Doctoral dissertation). Old Dominion University. DOI: 10.25777/tqh7-3c76","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study's objective was to examine the impact of the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program on education outcomes by students at an urban community college. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of program participants to those on the waiting list. Using data from the community college’s Students Information System, the author conducted statistical tests to examine the differences between groups. The study found that participation in the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program was significantly related to increased retention rates and number of credits taken. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Single Parent and Displaced Homemaker Program","Employment and Training Services Training and Education Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training Other training and education","Adult, Other barriers, Female, Parent",,"Urban, United States",1999,https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/urbanservices_education_etds/50/,"Community College Review Protocol"