Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link "Synthesis Report: Reemployment Synthesis",,Reemployment,,,,"Findings: The majority of reemployment interventions reduced weeks of benefit receipt and amount of benefits paid. The reemployment interventions had varying degrees of effectiveness. The Reemployment and Eligibility Assistance (REA) program boosted short-and long-term employment and earnings. Job search assistance (JSA) services had favorable impacts on all outcomes examined, but employment and earnings impacts varied over time. Reemployment bonuses appear to work in the short term, but their long-term effects are not known. Lighter-touch interventions, such as profiling and changing employer contact requirements,yield more limited benefits.",,"Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance",Unemployed,,"United States",, "Synthesis Report: Research Synthesis: Employment Programs and Demonstrations for SSI and SSDI Beneficiaries",,"Disability Employment Policy",,,,"Findings: Evidence echoes previous literature reviews on the challenges of generating substantive impacts, though customized supports to well-targeted populations show some potential. The most effective interventions provided intensive, customized supports and services focused on job training, placement, and retention to narrowly defined target populations. Interventions that provided support services or incentives to help beneficiaries keep more of their benefits when working had small or no impacts on employment, even if spending on services was high. There is no evidence of SSI or SSDI caseload reductions, even among interventions that improved employment and/or earnings. Little is known about interventions for improving earnings of people with TBI and PTSD. Recruiting beneficiaries to participate in demonstrations was difficult, which limited the generalizability of study findings. Fidelity to the demonstration model is important. Work incentives and supports can be difficult to implement in the context of SSA’s existing work incentives, creating potential confusion for beneficiaries and program staff. A strong technical assistance component, with incentives for service providers to accept the assistance, is important to successful implementation. Demonstrations should be pilot tested before being implemented on a national scale.",,,Disability,,,, "Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report","Klerman, J. A., Saunders, C., Dastrup, E., Epstein, Z., Walton, D., Adam, T., & Barnow, B. S. (2019). Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. [Comparison between multiple REA treatment group and single REA treatment group]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) program in four states (Indiana, New York, Washington, and Wisconsin) on people’s public benefit receipt, employment, and earnings. The authors investigated similar research questions for three other contrasts, the profiles of which are available using the study search. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to compare public benefit receipt outcomes among unemployment insurance (UI) claimants randomly assigned to states’ multiple REA treatment group as well as with the single REA treatment group. The authors drew on state administrative records from the UI benefit and case management systems for 28 weeks after random assignment. For this contrast, the study used data from New York and Washington. The study found that weeks of UI benefits were significantly lower for the multiple REA treatment group than the single REA treatment group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA program and not to other factors.","the Reemployment and Eligibility (REA) Program","RESEA Unemployment Insurance",Unemployed,,"United States",2019,https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/REA%20Impact%20Study… "Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report","Klerman, J. A., Saunders, C., Dastrup, E., Epstein, Z., Walton, D., Adam, T., & Barnow, B. S. (2019). Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. [Comparison between existing REA group and partial REA group]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) program in four states (Indiana, New York, Washington, and Wisconsin) on people’s public benefit receipt, employment, and earnings. The authors investigated similar research questions for three other contrasts, the profiles of which are available using the study search. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to compare public benefit receipt and employment outcomes among unemployment insurance (UI) claimants randomly assigned to each state’s existing REA program as well as with a partial REA condition. The authors drew on state administrative records from the UI benefit and case management systems for 28 weeks after random assignment and National Directory of New Hires data for two years after random assignment. The study found that the existing REA treatment group received significantly fewer weeks of UI benefits and worked significantly more quarters than the partial REA treatment group. These findings were consistent in some of the individual states. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA program and not to other factors.","the Reemployment and Eligibility (REA) Program","RESEA Unemployment Insurance",Unemployed,,"United States",2019,https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/REA%20Impact%20Study… "Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report","Klerman, J. A., Saunders, C., Dastrup, E., Epstein, Z., Walton, D., Adam, T., & Barnow, B. S. (2019). Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. [Comparison between partial REA treatment group and control group]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) program in four states (Indiana, New York, Washington, and Wisconsin) on people’s public benefit receipt, employment, and earnings. The authors investigated similar research questions for three other contrasts, the profiles of which are available using the study search. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to compare public benefit receipt and employment outcomes among unemployment insurance (UI) claimants randomly assigned to a partial REA treatment group or a control group. The authors drew on state administrative records from the UI benefit and case management systems for 28 weeks after random assignment and National Directory of New Hires data for two years after random assignment. The study found that, across the four states, the partial REA treatment group received significantly fewer weeks of UI benefits. The study found no statistically significant differences between the groups in the number of quarters employed or longest job tenure one or two years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA program and not to other factors.","the Reemployment and Eligibility (REA) Program","RESEA Unemployment Insurance",Unemployed,,"United States",2019,https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/REA%20Impact%20Study… "Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report","Klerman, J. A., Saunders, C., Dastrup, E., Epstein, Z., Walton, D., Adam, T., & Barnow, B. S. (2019). Evaluation of impacts of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Program: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. [Comparison between existing REA services group and control group]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) program in four states on people’s public benefit receipt, employment, and earnings. The authors investigated similar research questions for three other contrasts, the profiles of which are available using the study search. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to compare the public benefit, earnings, and employment outcomes among unemployment insurance (UI) claimants randomly assigned to each state’s existing REA program or a control group. The authors drew on state administrative records from the UI benefit and case management systems for 28 weeks after random assignment and National Directory of New Hires data for two years after random assignment. The study found that, across the states, the existing REA treatment group received significantly fewer weeks and dollars of UI benefits than the control group did, and the existing REA treatment group had higher employment, longer job tenure, and higher earnings than the control group in the first or second year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA program and not to other factors.","the Reemployment and Eligibility (REA) Program","RESEA Unemployment Insurance",Unemployed,,"United States",2019,https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/REA%20Impact%20Study… "Long-term effects of job-search assistance: Experimental evidence using administrative tax data","Manoli, D. S., Michaelides, M., & Patel, A. (2018). Long-term effects of job-search assistance: Experimental evidence using administrative tax data. (Report no. w24422). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Nevada Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) program on long-term employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial that took place in the state of Nevada and involved new UI claimants from July to December 2009. The authors used program administrative and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax return data to compare outcomes of participants with outcomes of the control group for six years following the intervention. The study found that participants of the Nevada REA program experienced greater increases in employment and earnings relative to the control group for each of the six years following the intervention. Additionally, the study found that participants of the Nevada REA program experienced greater decreases in UI benefit receipt relative to the control group and lower benefit amounts in the first year after program entry. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Nevada REA program, and not to other factors. See more CLEAR profiles related to The Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"Urban, United States",2018,http://www.daymanoli.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Manoli_Michaelides_Patel-nv… "Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs [Comparison Between Full-WIA Services versus Core-and-Intensive Services].","Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Burkander, P., Mastri, A., Schochet, P., Rosenberg, L., McConnell, S., & D'Amico, R. (2017). Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs (No. 42e8b3550e40408f854b966d0229c3b5). Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. [Comparison Between Full-WIA Services versus Core-and-Intensive Services]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 30 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received the full-WIA services versus the group who received core-and-intensive services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 30 months after study enrollment. The study found that full-WIA customers were significantly more likely than core-and-intensive customers to complete a training program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2017,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs [Comparison Between Full-WIA Services versus Core Services].","Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Burkander, P., Mastri, A., Schochet, P., Rosenberg, L., McConnell, S., & D'Amico, R. (2017). Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs (No. 42e8b3550e40408f854b966d0229c3b5). Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. [Comparison Between Full-WIA Services versus Core Services]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 30 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received the full-WIA services versus the group who received core services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 30 months after study enrollment. The study found that compared to core customers, full-WIA customers reported a higher number of hours worked, an increased likelihood to receive a credential and complete a training program, and a decreased likelihood to receive public assistance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2017,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs [Comparison between Core-and-Intensive Services versus Core Services].","Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Burkander, P., Mastri, A., Schochet, P., Rosenberg, L., McConnell, S., & D'Amico, R. (2017). Providing Public Workforce Services to Job Seekers: 30-Month Impact Findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker Programs (No. 42e8b3550e40408f854b966d0229c3b5). Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. [Comparison between Core-and-Intensive Services versus Core Services]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 30 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received core-and-intensive services versus the group who received core services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 30 months after study enrollment. The study found that compared to core customers, core-and-intensive customers were significantly more likely to receive a credential through a training program and have higher earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2017,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "The labor market effects of U.S. reemployment programs during the Great Recession","Michaelides, M., & Mueser, P. (2016). The labor market effects of U.S. reemployment programs during the Great Recession. (Working paper 08-2015). Nicosia, Cyprus: University of Cyprus, Department of Economics.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Florida’s Priority Reemployment Services (PREP) program on Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants’ reemployment rates, earnings, and receipt of UI benefits. The study was a randomized controlled trial. UI claimants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group that could receive PREP services, another treatment group that could receive Reemployment Eligibility and Assessment (REA) services, or a control group that had access to neither. The authors examined administrative data from Florida’s UI claims and wage records. The study found that the PREP group had significantly higher reemployment rates and lower UI benefit receipt but had similar earnings as the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PREP program, and not to other factors. The study also examined the impact of Florida’s REA program compared with the control group. CLEAR’s profile of that study is available here.","Profiling, Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2016,http://papers.econ.ucy.ac.cy/RePEc/papers/08-15.pdf "Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program","Glosser, A., Barden, B., Williams, S., & Anderson, C. (2016). Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program. (OPRE Report 2016-77). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. [Contrast 2: On-the-job training versus comparison]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of on-the-job training, part of Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration, on employment, earnings, education, training, and public benefit receipt relative to no subsidized job opportunities. The authors also investigated related impacts, the profiles of which are available [here]. The authors used regression methods in a randomized controlled trial study to examine the impacts of participating in on-the-job training. The data sources included administrative wage records, subsidized employment payroll records, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefit payment records, and survey data. The study found that on-the-job training had positive, statistically significant impacts on employment and earnings compared with the control condition of no subsidized job opportunities. There were mixed impacts on benefit receipt and negative impacts on earning a professional license or certification. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the on-the-job training program and not to other factors.","Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2016,https://www.mdrc.org/publication/testing-two-subsidized-employment-approaches-r… "Framing and claiming: How information-framing affects expected social security claiming behavior","Brown, J. R., Kapteyn, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2016). Framing and claiming: How information-framing affects expected social security claiming behavior. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 83(1), 139-162.","Behavioral Finance: Retirement, Behavioral Insights","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of different ways of framing retirement information on the age at which individuals intended to claim Social Security benefits. The authors randomly assigned people who had been employed for at least 10 years and had yet to claim Social Security benefits to receive different messages about claiming the benefits. Each message contained the same financial information, but the information was presented—or framed—in different ways. There were 10 different messages—9 treatment conditions and one control condition that presented neutral information. Each study participant received 6 of the 10 messages. The study found that, on average, those presented with the break-even treatment were more likely to indicate a younger intended age to receive benefits compared with those presented with the control condition, whereas those who received 4 of the other treatment conditions expressed an older intended age compared with the control condition. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the framing of information about the age at which Social Security is collected; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Federal retirement benefits Behavioral interventions",Employed,,"United States",2016, "Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs [Comparison between Core-and-Intensive Services versus Core Services].","McConnell, S., Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Schochet, P., Burkander, P., Rosenberg, L., Mastri, A., & D’Amico, R. (2016). Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs.  Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. [Comparison between Core-and-Intensive Services versus Core Services]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 15 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received core-and-intensive services versus the group who received core services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 15 months after random assignment. The study found that core-and-intensive customers were significantly more likely than core customers to complete a training program, receive a training credential, and have higher earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2016,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program","Glosser, A., Barden, B., Williams, S., & Anderson, C. (2016). Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program. (OPRE Report 2016-77). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. [Contrast 1: Paid work experience versus comparison]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a paid work experience program, part of Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration, on employment, earnings, education, training, and public benefit receipt relative to no subsidized job opportunities. The authors also investigated related impacts, the profiles of which are available [here]. The authors used regression methods in a randomized controlled trial study to examine the impacts of participating in paid work experience. The data sources included administrative wage records, subsidized employment payroll records, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefit payment records, and survey data. The study found that the paid work experience program had positive, statistically significant impacts on employment, earnings, and benefit receipt compared with the control condition of no subsidized job opportunities. Paid work experience had no impacts on education and training outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the paid work experience program and not to other factors.","Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2016,https://www.mdrc.org/publication/testing-two-subsidized-employment-approaches-r… "To work for yourself, for others, or not at all? How disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans","Coile, C., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2016). To work for yourself, for others, or not at all? How disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans. Unpublished manuscript.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of a 2001 expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC) to cover type 2 diabetes for Vietnam-era veterans on their employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors estimated statistical models to compare outcomes among male Vietnam-era veterans who did and did not serve with on the ground using data from the Veterans Supplement to the Current Population Survey from 1995 to 2015. The study found that the expansion of eligibility for DC was associated with greater receipt of DC, a lower likelihood of working for others, and a greater likelihood of self-employment by on-the-ground veterans compared with those veterans who did not serve on the ground. The study did not find a relationship between the expansion and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in eligibility for DC and not to other factors.",DC,"Other wages and benefits Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://www.nber.org/papers/w23006 "Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports","Wiegand, A., & Sussell, J. (2016). Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) program: Final impact reports. Retrieved from the Department of Labor website: https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation-of-the-Re-Integration-of-Ex-Offenders-%28RExO%29-Program-Final-Impact-Report_Acc.pdf",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs on employment, earnings, public benefits receipt, and recidivism outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial whose authors employed a statistical method to estimate the impact of RExO using data from four sources, including qualitative data generated from an implementation study, administrative data on criminal justice outcomes, administrative data on employment and earnings from the National Directory of New Hires, and a follow-up survey of participants. The study found that the RExO program did not increase the long-term employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, or recidivism. The quality of causal evidence on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes presented in this report is high because the evidence is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to the RExO program and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects.","Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) programs","Job search assistance and supportive services Reentry Mentoring",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2015-10_The-Evaluation… "The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program","Autor, D. H., Duggan, M., Greenberg, K., & Lyle, D. S. (2016). The impact of disability benefits on labor supply: Evidence from the VA’s disability compensation program. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(3), 31-68. http://www.aeaweb.org/aej-applied/ [Impact of eligibility expansion]",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of a 2001 expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC) to type 2 diabetes for Vietnam-era veterans on labor force participation, earnings, and receipt of public benefits. The authors also examined the impact of receiving DC benefits and amount on labor force participation and earnings; see profile here . The authors estimated statistical models to compare outcomes for Vietnam-era Army veterans who served with “boots on the ground” (BOG) with those who served “not on the ground” (NOG) Veterans who did not fight directly in the conflict, from before and after the implementation of the type 2 diabetes policy change in 2001. The authors used administrative data from the U.S. Army Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the Social Security Administration. The implementation of expanded DC coverage and benefits in 2001 resulted in reductions in labor force participation and earnings among impacted veterans as well as increases in the receipt of disability benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the expansion in eligibility for Disability Compensation (DC); other factors are likely to have contributed to the findings.",DC,"Disability insurance Veterans' reemployment","Disability, Male, Veteran or military",,"United States",2016,https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/app.20150158 "Effects of the unemployment insurance work test on long-term employment outcomes.","Lachowska, M., Meral, M., & Woodbury, S.A. (2016). Effects of the unemployment insurance work test on long-term employment outcomes. Labour Economics, 41, 246–265.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of more-stringent work search requirements for unemployment insurance (UI) claimants on earnings, employment, and UI benefit receipt outcomes over a nine-year follow-up period. This study extended the work of Johnson and Klepinger (1991), the CLEAR profile of which is available here. The CLEAR profile of a related study, Lachowska et al. (2015), is available here. The study examined data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in the 1980s in Washington State. UI claimants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, each with different work search requirements and/or verification of that work search. The authors used administrative data to compare the outcomes of the groups up to nine years after the initial UI claims. The study found that the groups with more-stringent work search requirements were more likely to be employed than the group with less-stringent requirements in the first year following their claims. They also received UI benefits payments for fewer weeks, exhausted UI benefits at a lower rate, and received fewer conditional payments in the year following their initial UI claims. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the more stringent work search requirements, and not to other factors.","More stringent work search requirements","RESEA Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2016, "Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs [Comparison between Full-WIA Services versus Core-and-Intensive Services].","McConnell, S., Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Schochet, P., Burkander, P., Rosenberg, L., Mastri, A., & D’Amico, R. (2016). Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 15 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received the full-WIA services versus the group who received core-and-intensive services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 15 months after random assignment. The study found that full-WIA customers were significantly more likely than core-and-intensive customers to complete a training program and receive a training credential. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2016,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program","Glosser, A., Barden, B., Williams, S., Anderson, C. (2016). Testing two subsidized employment approaches for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implementation and early impacts of the Los Angeles County Transitional Subsidized Employment Program. (OPRE Report 2016-77). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. [Contrast 3: Paid work experience versus on-the-job training]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of paid work experience, part of Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration, on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt relative to on-the-job training. The authors also investigated related impacts, the profiles of which are available [here]. The authors used regression methods in a randomized controlled trial study to examine the impacts of participating in paid work experience. The data sources included administrative wage records, subsidized employment payroll records, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefit payment records, and survey data. The study found that paid work experience had positive, statistically significant impacts on employment, earnings, and benefit receipt compared with on-the-job training. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the paid work experience program and not to other factors.","Los Angeles’ Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income",,"Urban, United States",2016,https://www.mdrc.org/publication/testing-two-subsidized-employment-approaches-r… "Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs [Comparison betwwen Full-WIA Services versus Core Services].","McConnell, S., Fortson, K., Rotz, D., Schochet, P., Burkander, P., Rosenberg, L., Mastri, A., & D’Amico, R. (2016). Providing public workforce services to job seekers: 15-month impact findings on the WIA Adult and Dislocated Worker programs. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. [Comparison betwwen Full-WIA Services versus Core Services]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult and Dislocated Worker programs on training, employment, earnings, and service receipt after 15 months. This summary focuses on the comparison between the group who received the full-WIA services versus the group who received core services. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where customers in each local area were randomly assigned to one of three groups: full-WIA, core-and-intensive, or core. The authors compared the outcomes between the groups from baseline to 15 months after random assignment. The study found that full-WIA customers were significantly more likely than core customers to complete a training program and receive a training credential. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Adult and Dislocated Worker programs and not to other factors.","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2016,https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/prov… "Net impact study on annual earnings for the training benefits program 2002-2012","Aviles, G., Bordelon, C., Greenwell, A., Pham, L., Sinkler, A., & Stromsdorfer, E. (2015). Net impact study on annual earnings for the training benefits program 2002-2012. Olympia, WA: Washington State Employment Security Department",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to evaluate the impact and cost-benefit of the Training Benefits program on participants’ employment, earnings, and unemployment benefits. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of individuals who participated in the program with those who did not, based on data from the Washington Employment Security Department. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group to test the impact of the program on time employed, annual earnings, and receipt of unemployment benefits. The study found that program participation was associated with a decrease in employment and earnings in early follow up years, but an increase in employment and earnings in later years. However, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented non-experimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Training Benefits program, but other factors might have also contributed.","Training Benefits (TB) Program","Unemployment Insurance Work based and other occupational training","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2015, "Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report","Cunningham, M. K., Biess, J., Emam, D., & Burt., M. R. (2015). Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the effect of the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program on the employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and education and training outcomes of veterans at risk of homelessness. The study uses a nonexperimental design to examine whether there were changes in veterans’ outcomes from before the program began to six months after the program ended using self-reported data directly from the veterans. The study found statistically significant positive relationships between the VHPD program and veterans’ employment and earnings six months after the program ended compared with before the program. The study found mixed relationships between the VHPD program and public benefit receipt: significantly fewer veterans in the study received several types of public benefits, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Significantly more veterans in the study, however, received Veterans Pension benefits after the program compared with before it. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the VHPD program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income, Veteran or military, Homeless",,"United States",2015,http://apps.urban.org/features/homeless-veterans/ "Job rationing in recessions: evidence from work-search requirements.","Toohey, D. (2015). Job rationing in recessions: evidence from work-search requirements. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of required contacts with employers on Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants’ employment and UI benefit receipt. The study used a nonexperimental design in which the author compared the labor market outcomes of UI claimants in different states who were subject to different job search requirements between 2001 and 2013. The study found that an increase in the number of required contacts with employers was associated with decreases in the unemployment rate. Accounting for expected employment growth along with changes in the number of required contacts also decreased the unemployment rate. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the number of required contacts and UI claim duration. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for differences in the age of UI claimants in the analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to required contacts with employers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","More stringent work search requirements","RESEA Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2015, "How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement?","Coe, N. B., & Goda, G. S. (2015). How much does access to health insurance influence the timing of retirement? (SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 14-007). Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. City, ST: Publisher.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of state-level reforms of health insurance on early retirement and Social Security retirement benefit claims. The authors used 1996–2010 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and statistical models to compare the outcomes of individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance with those in non-reform states. The study found that employed individuals in states with non-group health insurance reform were significantly more likely to retire at age 63. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that individuals in states with state-level reforms of health insurance were similar to those in non-reform states. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the non-group health insurance reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Retiree Health Insurance","Health insurance Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2015, "An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program","Cook, P. J., Kang, S., Braga, A. A., Ludwig, J., & O’Brien, M. E. (2015). An experimental evaluation of a comprehensive employment-oriented prisoner re-entry program. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 355-382.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative on employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and recidivism. Drawing on administrative data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections, the study used a randomized controlled trial to estimate program impacts. The authors used statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and comparison group members. The study found that those in the treatment group had significantly higher earnings and rates of employment and significantly lower likelihood of new arrests than those in the control group. The study found no significant differences between the groups in the likelihood of reimprisonment in the one year of follow-up. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes is moderate because it was based on a randomized controlled trial in which the authors did not account for the different probabilities of assignment to the treatment group; nevertheless, this study can be considered to have employed a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative and not to other factors. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Milwaukee Safe Street Prisoner Release Initiative","Reentry Work based and other occupational training",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Cook2/publication/284942331_An_Expe… "Can compulsory dialogues nudge sick-listed workers back to work?","Markussen, S., Røed, K., & Schreiner, R. C. (2015). Can compulsory dialogues nudge sick-listed workers back to work? (IZA Discussion Paper No. 9090). Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).","Behavioral Insights","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a compulsory dialogue meeting (DM) on the return to partial or full-time employment for long-term sick-listed workers in Norway. The authors compared differences in outcomes between long-term sick-listed workers whose absence started in July 2004 through June 2006 and those whose absence started in January 2009 through December 2010, during which time the DM program became compulsory. The authors used salary and social insurance data from the Norwegian Social Security Administration (SSA) to measure program impacts. The study found that increasing the probability of a sick-listed worker attending a DM resulted in a significant increase in base salary, for those who returned to full-time employment, of $1,436. It also resulted in a significantly lower probability of receiving temporary disability benefits two years later for those who returned to full-time employment (1.4 percent) and those who returned to either part- or full-time employment (2.3 percent). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not establish the comparability of the treatment and comparison groups. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to compulsory DMs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Dialogue Meeting (DM)","Behavioral Interventions","Unemployed, Adult",,International,2015,http://ftp.iza.org/dp9090.pdf "The effects of eliminating the work search requirement on job match quality and other long-term employment outcomes.","Lachowska, M., Meral, M., & Woodbury, S.A. (2015). The effects of eliminating the work search requirement on job match quality and other long-term employment outcomes. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of less-stringent work search requirements for unemployment insurance (UI) claimants on earnings, employment, and UI benefit receipt over a nine-year follow-up period. This study extended the work of Johnson and Klepinger (1991), the CLEAR profile of which is available here. The CLEAR profile of a related study, Lachowska et al. (2016), is available here. The study examined data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in the 1980s in Washington State. UI claimants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, each with different work search requirements and/or verification of that work search. The authors used administrative data to compare the outcomes of the groups up to nine years after the initial UI claims. The study found that the group with less-stringent work-search requirements was significantly less likely to be employed in the first quarter following their claims, compared with the groups with more-stringent requirements. In addition, they received more UI benefit payments for more weeks and exhausted UI benefits at a higher rate during the year following their initial claims. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the less-stringent work search requirements, and not to other factors.","Less stringent work search requirements","RESEA Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2015,https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/completed-studies/2013-2014-scholar-programs… "Psychological frictions and the incomplete take-up of social benefits: Evidence from an IRS field experiment","Bhargava, S., & Manoli, D. (2015). Psychological frictions and the incomplete take-up of social benefits: Evidence from an IRS field experiment. American Economic Review, 105(11), 3489-3529.","Behavioral Insights","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of complexity, program information, and stigma on the take-up rate of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) among eligible taxpayers who had not previously claimed the credit. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial, sending different combinations of materials to likely eligible taxpayers who had not previously claimed the EITC. They used tax data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for tax year 2009. The study found that use of complex materials and a longer worksheet decreased the EITC take-up rate by 6 and 4 percentage points, respectively. Materials that displayed the potential tax credit amount increased the EITC take-up rate by 8 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the experimental mailings, and not to other factors.",,"Behavioral Interventions","Adult, Employed",,"United States",2015, "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029 [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of low-income adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in the WIA Adult Program with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange Employment Services. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Adult Program had higher employment rates and average quarterly earnings and lower receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Reference-dependent job search: Evidence from Hungary","DellaVigna, S., Lindner, A., Reizer, B., & Schmieder, J. (2014). Reference-dependent job search: Evidence from Hungary. Unpublished working paper.","Behavioral Insights","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to empirically test a behavioral model of job search using a reform in Hungary’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) program. The authors compared rates of exit from unemployment in groups of claimants who entered UI before and after the reform’s implementation in November 2005. The authors used social security and UI data from Hungary’s Institute of Economics and National Employment Service. The study found support for the behavioral job search model and theorized that approximately budget-neutral transitions to two-step UI systems could speed claimants’ exit out of unemployment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it cannot account for factors other than the UI program that also changed over the period of study and could also have influenced the outcomes of interest. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Hungary’s 2005 UI reform; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Hungary’s Unemployment Insurance Reform","Unemployment Insurance Behavioral Interventions Job search assistance and supportive services","Adult, Unemployed, Dislocated or displaced worker",,International,2014,http://eml.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/HungaryUIRD_wp_2014_07_20.pdf "Earnings and disability program participation of Youth Transition Demonstration Participants after 24 months","Hemmeter, J. (2014). Earnings and disability program participation of Youth Transition Demonstration Participants after 24 months. Social Security Bulletin, 74(1), 1–26.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 24-month impacts for the six Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) sites that used a randomized evaluation. YTD projects provided services to help youth with disabilities improve their education and employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient. Data were collected from the Master Earnings File (MEF), Supplemental Security Record (SSR), Master Beneficiary Record (MBR), and Numerical Identification System (Numident) file. The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that, in three of the sites examined, YTD participants were more likely to have at least some earnings in the first calendar years after random assignment; this was also the case for three sites in the second calendar year after random assignment. However, YTD had no statistically significant impacts on average earnings during either calendar year. In four of the six sites, YTD participants were more likely to receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 24 months after random assignment. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we can be confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to YTD, and not other factors.","the Youth Transition Demonstration","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Disability, Youth",,"United States",2014,http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v74n1/v74n1p1.html "The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies.","Figinski, T. F. (2013). The economics of federal tax and employment laws: Empirical evidence from three studies. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. Accession No. 1415455735.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of removing the Social Security earnings test on Social Security claims, earnings, and labor force participation for female beneficiaries. The study used a statistical model and the data from the Social Security Administration’s Benefit and Earnings Public Use File to estimate impacts. The study found that removing the earnings test was associated with an increase in Social Security claims among women who were primary or spousal beneficiaries and with an increase in average earnings and in labor force participation among women who were primary beneficiaries. The qaulity of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the change in Social Security earings test. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the removal of the Social Security earnings test; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Social Security 2000 Earnings Test Removal","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker, Female",,"United States",2014, "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 13-029. [Adult basic education programs on community and technical college campuses]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 13-029. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029 [Adult basic education programs on community and technical college campuses]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of community and technical college campus Adult Basic Education (ABE) programs on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and unemployment insurance benefits between those who took part in the ABE program with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange (Employment Services). The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, the employment rate for ABE participants decreased and average quarterly earnings increased, in both the short and long terms. Compared with the Labor Exchange group, ABE participants received fewer benefits in the short and long terms. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ABE program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Adult Basic Education (ABE) Program","Other training and education",Adult,,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029).","Hollenbeck, K. & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of apprenticeship programs on employment rates, earnings, and benefit receipt. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9–12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and unemployment insurance benefits between those who took part in the apprenticeship programs and those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange (Employment Services). The study found that, compared to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the apprenticeship programs had higher employment rates, hours worked, earnings, and receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the apprenticeship programs; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","Apprenticeship Programs","Labor Exchange Registered apprenticeship Work based and other occupational training",Adult,,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029%20 [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical College (CTC) Worker Retraining (WR) program on employment, earnings, and benefit receipt of long-term unemployed and dislocated workers who are eligible for or have exhausted their unemployment benefits in Washington State. The authors assigned workers to the treatment group if they received training through the CTC WR program and exited from July 2005 to June 2006 or from July 2007 to June 2008. The comparison group comprised workers who registered at the Labor Exchange. The study found that both short- and long-term employment and earnings increased for those who participated in the WR program compared to those in the Labor Exchange. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CTC WR program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Community and Technical College Worker Retraining (CTC WR) Program","Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families.","Matsudaira, J. D., & Blank, R. M. (2014). The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 7-35.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of earnings disregards—the amount of earned income that is not counted when calculating whether someone is eligible for public benefits—for welfare assistance on the employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt of low-skilled single mothers. The study used a difference-in-differences approach to compare the outcomes of women before and after changes in the disregard rate within their state relative to women in other states over the same time period. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of earnings disregards on the outcomes of interest. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design; this is the highest causal evidence rating possible for a nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to earnings disregards, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Earnings Disregards for Welfare Assistance","Other employment and reemployment","Female, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2014, "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [Community and Technical College Job Prep Training]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029%20[Community and Technical College Job Prep Training]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Community and Technical College (CTC) Job Preparatory Training on employment rates, average quarterly earnings, and benefit receipt of high school graduates and/or those age 18 or older in Washington State. The authors assigned participants to the treatment group if they received technical job training through the CTC Job Preparatory Training program and exited from July 2005 to June 2006 or from July 2007 to June 2008. The comparison group comprised workers who registered for services with the Labor Exchange program during this period. The study found that both short- and long-term employment and earnings increased for those who participated in the CTC training program compared to those in the Labor Exchange. In addition, short- and long-term receipt and value of benefits decreased for those in the treatment group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CTC Job Preparatory Training program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Community and Technical College (CTC) Job Preparatory Training Program","Other training and education Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [Private career school programs]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029 [Private career school programs]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of private career schools’ programs on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of adults who completed high school in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in private career school programs with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange Employment Services. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in private career school programs had lower initial employment but higher long-term employment and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to private career school programs; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Private Career School Programs","Other training and education",Adult,"Other services, Transportation and warehousing","United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029%20[WIA Dislocated Workers]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors assigned dislocated workers to the treatment group if they received employment-related services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program and exited from July 2005 to June 2006 or from July 2007 to June 2008. The comparison group comprised workers who registered for services at the Labor Exchange during this period. The study found that in both the short and long term the employment rate and average quarterly earnings increased for those in the treatment group compared to those in the comparison group. Benefit receipt decreased for those in the treatment group compared with those in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the treatment and comparison group were compared at different follow-up points and therefore were not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [VOC]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029. [VOC]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Vocational Rehabilitation (VOC) programs on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of adults with disabilities in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in VOC programs relative to those who were eligible, but did not receive services from VOC programs. The study found that, compared with those who did not receive services from VOC programs, VOC program participants had higher employment and earnings. Receipt of benefits was lower in the short-term for VOC program participants relative to those who did not receive VOC program services. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to VOC programs; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Vocational Rehabilitation (VOC) Programs","Unemployment Insurance Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica… "Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Miller, C., Nunez, S., Verma, N., & Yang E. (2013). Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration. New York, NY: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes between families offered access to the program and families excluded from the program, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The authors found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at an Unemployment Insurance (UI)-covered job in the first year by 2 percentage points, but increased monthly earnings by $353 and decreased the share of families receiving income from Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or disability benefits by 3.9 percentage points. The authors also found that parents in the Family Rewards program group were 4.2 percentage points more likely to have achieved any trade license training certification. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors. However, some outcomes in the study receive a moderate or low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are less confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program; other factors may have contributed.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2013,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545453.pdf "BOND implementation and evaluation: First-year snapshot of earnings and benefit impacts for Stage 1","Stapleton, D., Wittenburg, D., Gubits, D., Judkins, D., Mann, D.R., & McGuirk, A. (2013). BOND implementation and evaluation: First-year snapshot of earnings and benefit impacts for Stage 1. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, Inc.; Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to measure eight-month impacts for Stage 1 of the Benefit Offset National Demonstration (BOND), which tested whether a more-generous work incentive for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients affected their employment rates, earnings, and reliance on benefits.  The study was a randomized controlled trial; eligible SSDI recipients were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which was eligible for the benefit offset, or a control group that was not. The authors analyzed data from the Master Earnings File (MEF), Master Beneficiary Record (MBR), and Supplemental Security Record (SSR). The study found that the BOND intervention had no significant impact on total earnings or total SSDI benefits paid over the eight-month follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the effects estimated in the study are attributable solely to the BOND, and not to other factors.","the Benefit Offset National Demonstration","Disability insurance Other wages and benefits Supplemental security income (SSI)",Disability,,"United States",2013,http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/BOND_Deliverable%2024c1_DRAFT_S… "Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective?","Neumark, D., & Song, J. (2013). Do stronger age discrimination laws make Social Security reforms more effective? Journal of Public Economics, 108, 1-16.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined whether the strength of state age discrimination protections affected rates of Social Security benefit claiming and employment outcomes of older workers. The study used a nonexperimental design and the data on Social Security claiming and employment outcomes from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to estimate the impacts. The study found that among older men affected by the 1983 Social Security reform, age discrimination protections were associated with increases in employment rates between age 62 and the full retirement age and delayed benefit claiming. The quality of casual evidence presented in this report is moderate because the study was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to state age discrimination laws, but other factors might also have contributed.","The 1983 Social Security Reform","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker, Male",,"United States",2013,https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v108y2013icp1-16.html "Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Nevada","Michaelides, M., Poe-Yamagata, E., Benus, J., & Tirumalasetti, D. (2012). Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Nevada. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International, LLC.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Nevada on Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits receipt, employment, and earnings after six quarters.  The study was a randomized controlled trial. Of some 33,000 first-time UI claimants eligible for the study, about 5,100 were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which had to take part in REA and reemployment services (RES) to retain UI eligibility, and the rest were randomly assigned to the control group, which was not required to participate in such services. The authors compared state administrative records on UI payments and covered employment of the two groups to estimate the program’s effectiveness. The study found that, in the first six calendar quarters following the initial claim, REA services substantially reduced the average duration and amount of UI benefits receipt, increased employment rates, and increased earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA services, and not other factors.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2012,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_08_REA_Nevada_Foll… "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Miller, C., Tessler B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in the Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment, and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Department of Labor, the Department of Social Services in Connecticut, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors also used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 3.9 percentage points less likely than the control group to have ever been employed in a Unemployment Insurance-covered job one year after the program began, and that members of the treatment group were 8.9 percentage points more likely to obtain a license or certificate one year after the program began than members of the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport and not to other factors.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration, Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf "What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. [Minnesota Tier 2]","Butler, D., Alson, J., Bloom, D., Deitch, V., Hill, A., Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., Kim, S., McRoberts, R., & Redcross, C. (2012). What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. (OPRE report 2012-08). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Minnesota Tier 2]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Minnesota Tier 2 program on employment, earnings, and receipt of public assistance for unemployed single parents. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors estimated the impact of the Tier 2 program by comparing the outcomes of the treatment and control groups four years after random assignment using data from Minnesota public assistance records and Unemployment Insurance wage records. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the Minnesota Tier 2 program and employment, earnings, or receipt of public assistance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for the employment and earnings outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects on earnings and employment would be attributable to the Minnesota Tier 2 program, and not to other factors. The public assistance outcomes receive a low rating, which means we would not be confident that any estimated effects on public assistance would be attributable to the Minnesota Tier 2 program; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or benefit receipt.","the Minnesota Tier 2 Program","Other employment and reemployment Substance abuse recovery","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/strategies_work.pdf "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [San Diego—EARN!]","Miller, C., Tessler, B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [San Diego—EARN!]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in San Diego—EARN!, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC), on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Employment Development Department in California, the San Diego County Health and Human Service Agency, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 5.7 percentage points more likely than the control group to have ever received Food Stamps one year after the program began. The study also found that members of the treatment group received an average of $155 more in Food Stamps than the control group one year after the program began and an average of $320 more in Food Stamps than the control group three years after the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for outcomes measured with administrative data. This means we are confident that the estimated effects on these outcomes are attributable to San Diego—EARN! and not to other factors. However, outcomes measured with survey data receive a low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to San Diego—EARN!; other factors may have contributed.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration (WASC), San Diego—EARN!","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf "What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. [NYC PRIDE]","Butler, D., Alson, J., Bloom, D., Deitch, V., Hill, A., Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., Kim, S., McRoberts, R., & Redcross, C. (2012). What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. (OPRE Report 2012-08). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [NYC PRIDE]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors estimated the impact of PRIDE by comparing the outcomes of the treatment and control groups four years after random assignment using data from public assistance records and Unemployment Insurance wage records. The study found that those assigned to the PRIDE group were more likely to be employed and received less in cash assistance in the four years following random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study had a shift in the probability of assignment and did not sufficiently demonstrate that the treatment and control groups were similar. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRIDE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/strategies_work.pdf "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [Dayton—Move Up]","Miller, C., Tessler, B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [Dayton—Move Up]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in Dayton—Move Up, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC), on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment, and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that the treatment group was 6.4 percentage points more likely to obtain a license or certificate than the control group and 6.2 percentage points more likely to have ever received Food Stamps one year after the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Dayton—Move Up and not to other factors.","Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC), Dayton—Move Up","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on the Career Transitions Program","Fraker, T., Baird, P., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., Reed, D., & Thompkins, A. (2012). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on the Career Transitions Program. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the Maryland Career Transitions Program (CTP), one of six project sites of the larger Social Security Administration (SSA)-sponsored Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) projects that used a randomized evaluation. CTP provided services to help youth with severe emotional disturbances or significant mental illness improve their education and employment outcomes and become more self-sufficient. Data were collected from a baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and the Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that CTP did not achieve any statistically significant impacts on employment, earnings, total income, or Social Security disability benefit receipt during the 12-month follow-up period. However, CTP participants were more likely to enroll in postsecondary education than members of the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is high for the education and SSA benefit receipt outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for employment, earnings, and total income because sample attrition for these outcomes was high.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, Career Transitions Program","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs",Disability,,"United States",2012,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/PDFs/disability/YTD_CTP_Int… "What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the hard-to-employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. [NYC SACM]","Butler, D., Alson, J., Bloom, D., Deitch, V., Hill, A., Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., Kim, S., McRoberts, R., & Redcross, C. (2012). What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the hard-to-employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. (OPRE Report 2012-08.) Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [NYC SACM]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Substance Abuse Case Management (SACM) program on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt after two years. The authors attempted to implement a randomized controlled trial, but they used a process that resulted in nonrandom assignment. The study estimated impacts by comparing the regression-adjusted outcomes of the treatment and control groups, using data collected from New York City public assistance records and Unemployment Insurance wage records for New York State. The study found no statistically significant relationships between SACM and employment, earnings, or public assistance receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the assignment mechanism was nonrandom and the authors did not demonstrate that the treatment and control groups were similar. This means we would not be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Substance Abuse Case Management program; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically siginificant effects.","the Substance Abuse Case Management (SACM) Program","Other employment and reemployment Substance abuse recovery","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/strategies_work.pdf "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on West Virginia Youth Works","Fraker, T., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., Reed, D., Thompkins, A., & Wittenburg, D. (2012). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on West Virginia Youth Works. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the West Virginia Youth Works project, one of six project sites of the larger Social Security Administration (SSA)-sponsored Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) that used a randomized evaluation. Youth Works provided services to help youth with disabilities improve their education and employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient. Data were collected from a baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and the Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that Youth Works had positive impacts on employment, earnings, and total income after one year of implementation. There were no impacts on educational attainment and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is high for the education, employment, and SSA benefit receipt outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for earnings and total income because sample attrition for these outcomes was high.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, West Virginia Youth Works Program","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Youth, Disability",,"United States",2012,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/pdfs/disability/ytd_wv_inte… "Estimated impacts for participants in the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program under the 2002 amendments.","Schochet, P.Z., D’Amico, R., Berk, J., Dolfin, S., & Wozny, N. (2012). Estimated impacts for participants in the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program under the 2002 amendments. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program on education and training, employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The study used a nonexperimental method to match those who took part in the TAA Program to a similar group of nonparticipants. The authors used data from telephone surveys and administrative records to compare education, employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt outcomes across the groups. The study found that education and training programs completion and educational attainment were higher among TAA participants than similar nonparticipants. Employment, earnings, and receipt of cash assistance were lower for TAA participants than for similar nonparticipants, and a larger percentage of TAA participants than nonparticipants received Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits and food stamps. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to TAA, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2012,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&… "Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE): Final report","Whalen, D., Gimm, G., Ireys, H., Gilman, B., & Croake, S. (2012). Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE): Final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The report’s objective was to examine the impacts of the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE). DMIE was implemented in Hawaii, Kansas, Minnesota, and Texas with the aim of preventing or delaying people with disabilities from leaving the workforce and applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits.  The study was a randomized controlled trial examining DMIE’s impact on employment, earnings, benefit applications and receipt, and health status. Study data sources included the Ticket Research File (TRF), Master Earnings File (MEF), and survey data. Because DMIE recruitment methods, participant populations, and services offered varied substantially across states, the authors reported impacts separately for each state and for Minnesota and Texas pooled together. With few exceptions, DMIE did not achieve statistically significant impacts on employment, annual earnings, or disability benefit applications. In Hawaii, DMIE participants worked fewer hours and reported fewer instrumental activities of daily living limitations. In Minnesota and Texas, the program reduced federal disability benefit receipt. The quality of the causal evidence is high for most outcomes examined, which means that we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable solely to the DMIE. However, for some outcomes, including the hours worked in Hawaii, the quality of the causal evidence is moderate, which means that factors other than DMIE might have contributed to the estimated effects.","Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE)","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2012,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/PDFs/disability/dmie_final… "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration projects: Interim report on Broadened Horizons, Brighter Futures","Fraker, T., Honeycutt, T., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., O’Day, B., Reed, D., & Thompkins, A. (2012). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration projects: Interim report on Broadened Horizons, Brighter Futures. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the Florida Broadened Horizons, Brighter Futures (BHBF) program, one of six project sites of the larger Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) projects that used randomized evaluations.  The Social Security Administration (SSA) sponsored the evaluation. BHBF provided services to help youth with severe disabilities improve their employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient. Data were collected from baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that BHBF had statistically significant impacts on employment and Social Security disability benefit receipt at the 12-month follow-up. There were no impacts on educational attainment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the effects estimated in the study are attributable solely to BHBF, and not to other factors.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, Broadended Horizons, Brighter Futures","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Youth, Disability",,"United States",2012,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/pdfs/disability/ytd_miami_i… "Long-term findings from an experimental evaluation of three service delivery models.","Perez-Johnson, I., Moore, Q., & Santillano, R. (2011). Long-term findings from an experimental evaluation of three service delivery models. Series: ETAOP 2012-06. Washington, DC: Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of individual training account (ITA) programs on employment, earnings, education and training, and benefit receipt. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They used Unemployment Insurance (UI) records of the full sample and a follow-up survey conducted on average seven years after random assignment for a random subsample of the full sample (4,800 of 7,920) to determine education and training, employment, and earnings outcomes. The study found that a significantly higher percentage of the maximum customer choice group (59 percent) had earned a certificate or degree from a training program within 3 years of random assignment compared with the guided customer choice group (53 percent). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ITA models, and not to other factors.","The Individual Training Accounts (ITA) models","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2011,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_06.pdf "The Impact of Changing Financial Work Incentives on the Earnings of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Beneficiaries","Weathers, R., & Hemmeter, J. (2011). The impact of changing financial work incentives on the earnings of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(4), 708-728.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Benefit Offset Pilot Demonstration (BOPD), which provided a more-generous work incentive for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients, on recipients’ employment status, earnings, and reliance on benefits.  The analysis used data from the Master Earnings File (MEF) and Master Beneficiary Record (MBR). The authors reported unadjusted and regression-adjusted program impacts. The study found that the BOPD had no earnings impacts but increased the probability of earning above the annualized SGA amount one and two years after baseline. The intervention also increased the average SSDI benefit payment to participants. The quality of the evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the BOPD, and not to other factors.","the Benefit Offset Pilot Demonstration","Disability insurance Other wages and benefits Supplemental security income (SSI)",Disability,,"United States",2011, "Influencing the disability trajectory for workers with serious mental illness: Lessons from Minnesota’s Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment","Linkins, K. W., Brya, J. J., Oelschlaeger, A., Simonson, B., Lahiri, S., McFeeters, J., Schutze, M., Jonas, J., & Mowry, M. A. (2011). Influencing the disability trajectory for workers with serious mental illness: Lessons from Minnesota’s Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34(2), 107-118.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The report’s objective was to examine the impacts of the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE) in the Minnesota site. The DMIE was designed to prevent or delay people with disabilities from leaving the workforce and applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. The study was a randomized controlled trial examining DMIE’s impacts on earnings, benefits applications, and activities of daily living (ADLs). Data sources included participant surveys and health care and employment service utilization information. Impacts were evaluated 12 months after sample members’ enrollment. The study found that program participants did not work more hours per month or earn more over the follow-up period than control group members, but were less likely to apply for SSDI or SSI benefits. The program also decreased the number of ADL limitations. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low. This means that we cannot be confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Minnesota’s DMIE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE) in Minnesota","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2011, "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration projects: Interim report on Colorado Youth WINS","Fraker, T., Baird, P., Black, A., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., Rangarajan, A., & Reed, D. (2011). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration projects: Interim report on Colorado Youth WINS. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the Colorado Youth Work Incentive Network of Supports (WINS) project, sponsored by the Social Security Administration (SSA), one of six project sites of the larger Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) projects that used a randomized evaluation. Youth WINS provided services to help youth with disabilities improve their education and employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient and less reliant on disability benefits. Data were collected from a baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and the Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that Youth WINS did not achieve any statistically significant impacts on the outcomes examined during the 12-month follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence in this study is high because it was a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Colorado Youth WINS and not to other factors.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, Colorado Youth WINS Program","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Youth, Disability",,"United States",2011,https://www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/CO%20Final%20Interi… "Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative","Poe-Yamagata, E., Benus, J., Bill, N., Carrington, H., Michaelides, M., & Shen, T. (2011). Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Nevada sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Nevada, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on duration and amount of UI benefits receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial. Of some 33,000 first-time UI claimants eligible for the study, about 5,100 were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which had to take part in REA and reemployment services (RES) to retain UI eligibility, and the rest were randomly assigned to the control group, which was not required to participate in such services. The authors compared state administrative records on UI benefits to estimate the program’s effectiveness. The study found statistically significant reductions in weeks of UI benefits receipt, total amount of UI benefits received, total number of weeks receiving UI benefits, and the probability of benefits exhaustion for the treatment group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA initiative, and not to other factors.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2011,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_08_Impact_of_the_R… "Working Well—the Texas Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment: 18-month outcomes","Bohman, T.M., Wallisch, L., Christensen, K., Stoner, D., Pittman, A., Reed, B., & Ostermeyer, B. (2011). Working Well—the Texas Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment: 18-month outcomes. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34, 97–106.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The report’s objective was to examine the impacts of the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE) in the Texas site. The DMIE was designed to prevent or delay people with disabilities from leaving the workforce and applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. The study was a randomized controlled trial examining DMIE’s impacts on employment, earnings, Social Security disability benefit receipt, and health status and access. Impacts were evaluated 18 months after sample members’ enrollment. The study found no statistically significant impacts on employment or earnings. However, there was evidence of modest reductions in SSDI and SSI receipt among treatment group members, as well as improvements in health care access, utilization, and satisfaction with health care. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we can be confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to Texas’s DMIE, and not other factors.","Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE) in Texas","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2011, "A two-generational child-focused program enhanced with employment services: Eighteen-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the enhanced services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project","Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., & Farrell, M. (2011). A two-generational child-focused program enhanced with employment services: Eighteen-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the enhanced services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS) participation on employment, earnings, public assistance receipt, and education for low-income families with young children. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either the Enhanced EHS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment and earnings data, as well as an 18-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and other outcomes. Outcomes were adjusted for characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, public assistance receipt, or education. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Enhanced EHS services and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Enhanced Early Head Start (EHS)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2011,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/two_generational.pdf "The Accelerated Benefits Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Impacts on health and employment at twelve months","Michalopoulos, C., Wittenburg, D., Israel, D., Schore, J., Warren, A., Zutshi, A., Freedman, S., & Schwartz, L. (2011). The Accelerated Benefits Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Impacts on health and employment at twelve months. New York: MDRC.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This is the 12-month survey impact report of the Accelerated Benefits Demonstration (ABD), an effort to provide immediate health insurance and employment and benefits counseling to new, uninsured Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients during the 24 month Medicare eligibility waiting period.  About 2,000 volunteers were randomly assigned as part of the demonstration; this report focuses on approximately 1,500 of them. Study data sources included Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative records, a baseline telephone survey, a follow-up 12-month survey, health claims data, and a case management information system. ABD health insurance increased health care utilization, reduced unmet medical care needs, and improved self-reported health. However, ABD employment supports did not increase employment in the first 12 months of follow-up. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is high because the study is a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we can be confident that the outcome differences between research groups are attributable to ABD, and not other factors.","Accelerated Benefits Demonstration","Disability insurance Health insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Job search assistance and supportive services",Disability,,"United States",2011,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_528.pdf "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on Transition WORKS","Fraker, T., Black, A., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., O’Day, B., O’Toole, M., Rangarajan, A., & Reed, D. (2011). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on Transition WORKS. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the Transition WORKS, one of six project sites of the larger Social Security Administration (SSA)–sponsored Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) projects that used a randomized evaluation.  Transition WORKS provided services to help youth with severe disabilities improve their education and employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient. Data were collected from a baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt.  The study found that Transition WORKS did not achieve any statistically significant impacts on paid employment, educational attainment, or Social Security disability benefit during the 12-month follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the effects estimated in the study would be attributable solely to Transition WORKS, and not to other factors.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, Transition WORKS","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Youth, Disability",,"United States",2011,http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/Erie%20Final%20Interim%20Report… "Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative","Poe-Yamagata, E., Benus, J., Bill, N., Carrington, H., Michaelides, M., & Shen, T. (2011). Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Illinois sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Illinois, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on duration and amount of UI benefits receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial that assigned 3,112 eligible UI claimants to the treatment or control group. Those in the treatment group were required to participate in REA services to retain their UI eligibility. Data for the analysis came from UI administrative records. The study found no statistically significant impacts on any UI benefits receipt outcomes examined. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA initiative, and not to other factors.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed, High-skilled",,"United States",2011,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_08_Impact_of_the_R… "Evaluation of the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care: Final Report","Courtney, M., Zinn, A., Johnson, H., and Malm, K. (2011). Evaluation of the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care: Final Report. OPRE Report #2011-14. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care (Outreach) on youths’ education, employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. Using a randomized controlled trial design, the authors estimated the program’s impact by comparing survey responses and college records for youth randomly selected to receive the Outreach program with those of youth randomly assigned to the control group. The study found that the Outreach program significantly increased college enrollment and persistence. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care, and not to other factors.","the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2011,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/eval_mass.pdf "Mental Health Treatment Study: Final Report","Frey, W., Drake, R., Bond, G., Miller, A., Goldman, H., Salkever, D., & Holsenbeck, S. (2011). Mental Health Treatment Study: Final Report. Baltimore, MD: Westat.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS), which provided supported employment services to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients with psychiatric disabilities. The study was a randomized controlled trial with 2,238 participants. The analysis used data from nine surveys administered over the two-year intervention period. The study found that MHTS had positive impacts on earnings measured 12 and 24 months after random assignment and on health outcomes 24 months after random assignment. There were no statistically significant impacts on disability benefits receipt. The quality of the evidence presented in this study is moderate for earnings and SSDI benefit receipt outcomes. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the MHTS, but other factors might also have contributed. For the health outcomes, the quality of evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MHTS; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS)","Health Disability insurance Job search assistance and supportive services Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2011,http://socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/MHTS_Final_Report_508.pdf "The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on the City University of New York’s project","Fraker, T., Black, A., Broadus, J., Mamun, A., Manno, M., Martinez, J., McRoberts, R., Rangarajan, A., & Reed, D. (2011). The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim report on the City University of New York’s project. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to measure 12-month impacts of the City University of New York (CUNY) Youth Transition Demonstration Project (YTDP) in the Bronx, one of six project sites of the larger Social Security Administration (SSA)-sponsored YTD projects that used a randomized evaluation.  CUNY YTDP provided services to help youth with severe disabilities improve their employment outcomes and become more economically self-sufficient. Data were collected from a baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey, the Ticket Research File (TRF), and the Master Earnings File (MEF). The authors estimated program impacts on measures of paid employment, educational attainment, and Social Security disability benefit receipt. The study found that CUNY YTDP had positive and statistically significant impacts on employment during the 12-month follow-up period. The study found no statistically significant impacts on earnings, educational attainment, total income, or Social Security disability benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CUNY YTDP, and not to other factors.","the Youth Transition Demonstration Projects, The City University of New York","Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Youth programs","Youth, Disability",,"United States",2011,http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/CUNY%20Final%20Interim%20Report… "Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative","Poe-Yamagata, E., Benus, J., Bill, N., Carrington, H., Michaelides, M., & Shen, T. (2011). Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Idaho sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Idaho, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on duration and amount of UI benefits receipt. The study randomly assigned 18,156 eligible claimants to either the treatment group, which was eligible for REA services, or the control group, which was not offered REA services. Within the treatment group, claimants were randomly assigned either to receive a letter requiring them to enter work search activities into an online system, or to receive both the letter and an in-person interview. Data for the analysis comes from UI administrative records. The study found statistically significant reductions in weeks of UI benefits receipt, total amount of UI benefits received, total number of weeks receiving UI benefits, and the probability of benefits exhaustion for the treatment group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA initiative, and not to other factors.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2011,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_08_Impact_of_the_R… "Impact of early intervention programs for working adults with potentially disabling conditions: evidence from the national DMIE evaluation","Gimm, G., Ireys, H., Gillman, B., & Croake, S. (2011). Impact of early intervention programs for working adults with potentially disabling conditions: evidence from the national DMIE evaluation. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34, 71–81.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to examine short-term (that is, 6- to 12-month) impacts of the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE). DMIE was implemented in Hawaii, Kansas, Minnesota, and Texas with the aim of preventing or delaying people with disabilities from leaving the workforce and applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. The study was a randomized controlled trial examining DMIE’s impact on employment, hours worked, and benefits applications. Study data sources included the Ticket Research File (TRF), 831 File, and Uniform Data Set (UDS). Because DMIE recruitment methods, participant populations, and services offered varied substantially across states, the authors reported impacts separately for each state and for Minnesota and Texas pooled together. With few exceptions, DMIE did not achieve statistically significant impacts on employment, hours worked, or disability benefit applications. The quality of causal evidence is high for most outcomes, which means that we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable solely to the DMIE. However, for some outcomes including employment in Kansas and Hawaii, the quality of the causal evidence is moderate, which means that we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the DMIE, though other factors might also have contributed.","Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE)","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2011, "Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative","Poe-Yamagata, E., Benus, J., Bill, N., Carrington, H., Michaelides, M., & Shen, T. (2011). Impact of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment Initiative. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Florida sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Florida, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on UI benefits receipt, employment, and earnings. The study randomly assigned 80,531 eligible UI claimants to either the treatment group or the control group. Those in the treatment group were required to participate in REA services to retain their UI eligibility. Data for the analysis came from UI administrative and wage records.  The study found statistically significant reductions in weeks of UI benefits receipt, total amount of UI benefits received, and the probability of benefits exhaustion for the REA treatment group. In addition, participants in REA had a statistically significantly higher probability of employment and earnings over the four follow-up quarters. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the REA initiative, and not to other factors.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2011,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_08_Impact_of_the_R… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [TAAG—Medford]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [TAAG—Medford]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former and current public assistance recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Medford site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,164 employed single parents who were former or current public assistance recipients to either a treatment group that received services from Medford’s ERA project (Transition, Advancement, and Growth, or TAAG), or a control group that could participate in other programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those assigned to the Medford ERA project earned, on average, $41 more per week when surveyed one year after random assignment than those in the control group. However, treatment group members were also 6.7 percentage points more likely to have ever received Food Stamps at the three-year follow-up than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Medford ERA project and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Medford","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent, Employed",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Los Angeles EJC]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Los Angeles EJC]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge how a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests affected employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 36 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the interim report here.) The authors randomly assigned nearly 1,200 single-parent recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received traditional job club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and food stamp databases to obtain benefits receipt information. Thirty-six months after random assignment, the study found no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members’ employment, earnings, or benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California’s Proposition 36 drug treatment initiative","Evans E., Hser Y.-I., Huang D. (2010). Employment services utilization and outcomes among substance abusing offenders participating in California's proposition 36 drug treatment initiative. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 37 (4), 461-476.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of California’s Proposition 36 employment services on employment, earnings, receipt of public benefits, and recidivism. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare outcomes of people in drug treatment programs who have a criminal conviction and who received Proposition 36-funded employment services with outcomes of people in the same programs who did not receive proposition-funded employment services. The authors found that receipt of Proposition 36 employment services was associated with an increase in employment in the year after program participation. The authors also found that Proposition 36 was positively associated with the receipt of certain public benefits (public assistance and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) at three months and negatively associated with the receipt of Supplemental Security Income at three months. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to receipt of Proposition 36 employment services; other factors are likely to have contributed.","California’s Proposition 36 employment services","Substance abuse recovery Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2010,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9185-z "Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City’s conditional cash transfer program","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Greenberg, D., Miller, C., Rucks, Z., and Verma, N. (2010). Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City’s conditional cash transfer program. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program against the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The study found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at a job covered by unemployment insurance (UI) in the first year. However, the Family Rewards program increased the likelihood of being employed at a job not covered by UI after 18 months, total monthly income after 18 months, and the likelihood that adult recipients had received an associate’s degree after 18 months. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Unemployed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/FamRewards2010ONYC%20FULL%20Report%20RE… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Eugene site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,179 employed single parents who were former Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants to either a treatment group that received employment retention services from Eugene’s Progress Towards Retention, Opportunities, Growth, Enhancement and Self-Sufficiency (PROGRESS) program or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the PROGRESS group were 7 percentage points less likely than control group members to be employed in the third year after random assignment and 6.6 percentage points less likely to have been employed in every quarter of that year. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Eugene ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Eugene","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Employed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Chicago ERA]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Chicago ERA]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of a Chicago program to increase the earnings of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients. The Chicago site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,728 TANF recipients to either a treatment group, which received enhanced employment services, or a control group, which received benefits as usual. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Illinois Unemployment Insurance (UI) records over four follow-up years and Food Stamps and TANF receipt data from administrative records over three follow-up years. The study found that members of the treatment group received significantly less in average annual TANF benefits ($778 compared with $1,010 among control group members) but more in average annual Food Stamps ($4,111 compared with $3,959 among control group members). People in the ERA group were also more likely to be employed in the first year (69.7 percent) than people in the control group (66.2 percent). The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Chicago ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Chicago","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Training Focused and Work Plus—Riverside, California]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Training Focused and Work Plus—Riverside, California]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 3,029 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus and Training Focused) that received differing ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Riverside Work Plus group were 3.2 percentage points more likely to have received Food Stamps in the first year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project—Work Plus and Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,032 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the Houston ERA group received on average $56 more per year in TANF benefits across the first four years after random assignment, compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Parent, Low income",,"Urban, United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [PASS - Riverside]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [PASS - Riverside]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports and supportive services on recent welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,770 employed single parents who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and surveys administered 12 and 42 months after random assignment. The study found that individuals assigned to the Riverside PASS ERA program had significantly higher earnings in the first and fourth years after random assignment and were more likely to be employed in every quarter of the fourth year, compared with those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside PASS ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study receives a moderate causal evidence rating for outcomes from the 12-month survey because that data source had high attrition, yet the analysis included adequate statistical controls to correct for resulting imbalance.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_core.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Forth Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,572 unemployed single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Fort Worth ERA group received on average $162 more per year in Food Stamps across the first four years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [VISION—Salem, OR]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [VISION—Salem, OR]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Salem site was one of several across the United States that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,504 single parents eligible for welfare-to-work programs to either a treatment group that received Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) services or to a control group that received the state’s typical welfare-to-work program. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those in the VISION group were 6.7 percentage points more likely than those in the control group to have received TANF benefits at any point during the first follow-up year. The VISION group also received, on average, $298 more in annual TANF benefits during the first three follow-up years, compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Salem ERA program and not to other factors.","the Salem Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance Job search assistance and supportive services","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2","Smith, T. C., King, C. T., & Schroeder, D. G. (2010). Rapid employment model evaluation: Update #2. Austin, TX: Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Rapid Employment Model (REM) program on participants’ employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit claims. (See the CLEAR review of the 2008 report here.) Using program data and state UI records, the authors matched treatment to comparison group cases and conducted regression analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention. The study found that participation in the REM program was associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed in the 10 quarters following program participation among the 2006 cohort. Participation in the REM program was also associated with an increase in the likelihood that jobseekers were employed, a decrease in quarterly earnings, and an increase in the likelihood jobseekers filed UI claims in the six quarters following program participation among the 2007 cohort. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate for earnings outcomes in both cohorts and for employment outcomes for the 2006 cohort because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects on employment and earnings are attributable to the REM program, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented for the UI benefit claiming outcome for both cohorts and the employment outcome for the 2007 cohort is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on UI benefit claiming outcome are attributable to the REM program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Rapid Employment Model (REM) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Justice-involved, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2010,http://raymarshallcenter.org/files/2006/01/REM_eval_update_Jan2010.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,727 unemployed single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that, compared with the control group, those in the Corpus Christi ERA group were more likely to be employed at all or for four consecutive quarters in the fourth year after random assignment. Corpus Christi ERA group members also had higher earnings and received lower Food Stamps benefits. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "Testing a SSDI Benefit Offset: Evaluations of the Wisconsin SSDI Employment Pilot","Delin, B., Hartman, E., Sell, C., & Brown-Reither, A. (2010). Testing a SSDI Benefit Offset: Evaluations of the Wisconsin SSDI Employment Pilot. Menomonie, WI: University of Wisconsin-Stout.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Wisconsin’s Benefit Offset Pilot Demonstration (BOPD), which provided a more-generous work incentive for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients, on recipients’ employment status, earnings, and reliance on benefits. The study was a randomized controlled trial; eligible volunteers were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which was eligible for the more-generous work incentive, or a control group that was not. Data sources included state and federal administrative data on Wisconsin SSDI recipients who were enrolled in BOPD. The study found no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members on employment status, earnings, or reliance on benefits in the eight quarters of follow-up. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is high for results through the fifth quarter of follow-up, but moderate for subsequent periods because of high attrition in those periods. This means we would be confident that estimated impacts through the fifth quarter of follow-up were attributable to the BOPD and not other factors. However, the study found no such statistically significant impacts.","the Benefit Offset Pilot Demonstration","Disability insurance Other wages and benefits Supplemental security income (SSI)",Disability,,"United States",2010,http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/WI%20SSDI-EP%20EVAL%20Final%207… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [Moving Up—South Carolina]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [Moving Up—South Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after four years. The South Carolina site was one of 16 sites nationwide that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,776 single parents who had left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in the past three years to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on earnings, employment, or benefits receipt one to four years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the South Carolina ERA project and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, South Carolina","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [RFS-Los Angeles]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K.-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [RFS-Los Angeles]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of individualized and flexible post-employment job supports on employed welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Los Angeles Reach for Success (RFS) site was one of two in Los Angeles that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 5,700 employed single-parent participants in Los Angeles’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program who were working full-time to either a treatment group that received RFS services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and surveys administered 12 and 42 months after random assignment. The study found that, 12 to 42 months after random assignment, RFS group members’ employment, earnings, and benefits receipt did not differ significantly from those of control group members. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Los Angeles’ RFS and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Reach for Success (RFS)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf "Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation.","Lindquist, C. H., Lattimore, K. B., & Visher C. A. (2009) Prisoner reentry experiences of adult females: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI multi-site evaluation. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a violent prisoner reentry program, the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), on several outcomes of female prisoners reentering society, including employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism. The authors used a matched comparison group design, using propensity-score weights, to analyze impacts of the SVORI program for females released from prison. The authors collected four waves of survey data to analyze impacts from before release up to 15 months after release. In addition, the authors obtained state administrative data describing recidivism at 24 months after release. The study found that people in the SVORI group were more likely to be employed after release than those in the comparison group, but it found no significant differences between the groups in public benefit receipt or recidivism outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on survey data is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would have been attributable to SVORI and not to other factors had the study found statistically significant effects. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report for the recidivism outcomes based on administrative data and for the employment and public benefit receipt outcomes is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on employment are attributable to SVORI; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)",Reentry,"Justice-involved, Female",,"United States",2010,https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=252453 "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Los Angeles Reach For Success program","Anderson, J., Freedman, S., and Hamilton, G. (2009). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Los Angeles Reach For Success program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an individualized case management program called Reach for Success (RFS) on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt for recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance benefits. The study used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible people over a two-year period to either the RFS program or existing services. To estimate the program’s impacts, the authors used administrative employment, earnings, and public benefits data, as well as a 12-month follow-up survey emphasizing respondents’ employment, income, and other outcomes. Outcomes were adjusted for prerandom assignment characteristics. The study found that RFS participants were significantly more likely to receive TANF and Food Stamps benefits at the end of the two-year follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the RFS program and not to other factors.","Reach for Success (RFS)","Other employment and reemployment","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_la_rfs_embed.pdf "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and early impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [San Diego]","Miller, C., Tessler, B., & Van Dok, M. (2009). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and early impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York City: MDRC. [San Diego]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the early impacts of participation in the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration on employment, earnings, education and training, and receipt of public benefits outcomes. The authors randomly assigned eligible individuals to either a treatment group that received WASC services or to a control group that received existing job placement services focused on employment. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance records, San Diego county administrative records, and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment In the San Diego site’s first year, the study found that WASC increased participant’s receipt of Food Stamps by about 23 percent. It also found that 63.2 percent of WASC participants were employed for four consecutive quarters compared with 69.7 percent of control group members For outcomes measured with administrative data, the quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects on those outcomes are attributable to WASC and not to other factors. For employment and earnings outcomes measured with survey data, the quality of evidence is low because the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups being compared in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on those outcomes are attributable to WASC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) Demonstration","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_516.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers. [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Molina, F., van Dok, M., Hendra, R., Hamilton, G., & Cheng, W. (2009). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [PROGRESS—Eugene]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 1.5 years. The Eugene site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,137 employed people who were recent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on earnings, employment, or benefits receipt 1.5 years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Eugene ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Eugene","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_eug_medi.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers.","Molina, F., van Dok, M., Hendra, R., Hamilton, G., and Cheng, W. (2009). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [TAAG - Medford]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former and current welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 1.5 years. The Medford site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,164 single parents to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other programs in the community. People in the study were current or recent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants or people enrolled in other benefit programs that required clients to participate in employment or training. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that participants assigned to the Medford ERA program earned, on average, $40 more per week in the first year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Medford ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Medford","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_367.pdf "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and early impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [Dayton]","Miller, C., Tessler, B., & Van Dok, M. (2009). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and early impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York City: MDRC. [Dayton]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the early impacts of participation in the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration on employment, earnings, education and training, and receipt of public benefits outcomes. The authors randomly assigned eligible individuals to either a treatment group that received WASC services or to a control group that received existing job placement services focused on employment. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance records, Ohio state administrative records, and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. In the Dayton site’s first year, the study found that WASC increased participants’ receipt of Food Stamps by about 10 percent. The study also found that WASC participants were more likely to obtain a license or training certificate than control group members (18.1 percent compared with 11.3 percent, respectively). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WASC and not to other factors.","the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) Demonstration","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_516.pdf "Assessment of the impact of WorkSource job search services","Lee, K., Weeks, G., Bodeutsch, G., Clay-Poole, S., Garoflo, T., Petritz, M., Stromsdorfer, E., Field, J., Paterson, T., & Jennings, K. (2009). Assessment of the impact of WorkSource job search services. Washington: Washington State Employment Security Department Labor Market and Economic Analysis.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of Washington State WorkSource job search services. WorkSource services included staff-assisted job matching, provision of labor market information, job search and placement assistance, and initial assessments. Using a nonexperimental design, the authors compared the employment and earnings of Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants who received at least one WorkSource service with those of UI claimants who did not receive any WorkSource services using state UI administrative records for more than 64,000 Washington State UI claimants with no UI-reported wage earnings in the third quarter of 2007. The study found that WorkSource services were associated with a higher probability of employment and higher earnings growth for men and women who were intermittently (rather than continuously) employed in the baseline period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WorkSource services. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","JSA services","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services","Unemployed, Female, Male",,"United States",2009,https://esdorchardstorage.blob.core.windows.net/esdwa/Default/ESDWAGOV/labor-ma… "Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. [TAA]","Hollenbeck, K. (2009). Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation. [TAA]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program on the employment, earnings, and benefit receipt of dislocated workers in Indiana. The author used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (three quarters after program exit) and long-term (seven quarters after program exit) employment and earnings between those who took part in the TAA Program relative to those who participated in the WorkOne program. The study found that, compared with those who participated in the WorkOne program, TAA Program participants had higher employment and lower benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TAA Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2009,http://www.indianachamber.com/images/media/studies/ROIanalysisWorkforceDevelopm… "An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata.","Benítez-Silva, H., & Yin, N. (2009). An empirical study of the effects of Social Security reforms on benefit claiming behavior and receipt using public-use administrative microdata. Social Security Bulletin, 69(3), 77-95.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of three policy changes to the Social Security program that went into effect in 2000 on average monthly benefits and the proportion of new claimants by age. The study was a nonexperimental analysis that examined outcomes for older workers by age and year using data from the 2004 Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program public-use microdata files. The study found that the changes were associated with lower average monthly benefits for individuals ages 66 to 69 after the year 2000 relative to individuals of the same ages in 1994. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the intervention program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Policy Changes to the Social Security Program","Federal retirement benefits Older workers' programs","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2009,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1480653 "Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Hollenbeck, K. (2009). Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation. [WIA Dislocated Worker]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of low-income adults who are dislocated workers. The author used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (three quarters after program exit) and long-term (seven quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program relative to those who participated in the WorkOne program. The study found that, compared with those who participated in the WorkOne program, WIA Dislocated Worker Program participants had higher employment and earnings and lower benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.indianachamber.com/images/media/studies/ROIanalysisWorkforceDevelopm… "Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Study: FY 2005 Initiative: final report","Benus, J., Poe-Yamagata, E., Wang, Y., & Blass, E. (2008). Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Study: FY 2005 Initiative: final report. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Minnesota sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) initiative in Minnesota, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on UI benefits receipt, wages, and employment. The study randomly assigned 5,898 eligible claimants to one of two treatment groups, which received REA services of varying intensity, or the control group. Those in the treatment groups were required to participate in the services to retain their UI eligibility. The authors estimated the program’s effectiveness by analyzing state administrative records on UI payments and information from a follow-up survey of a subsample of study participants. The study found that UI claimants in the more-intensive treatment group claimed fewer weeks of UI benefits and were less likely to have an overpayment detected. There were no significant impacts on employment or earnings for either treatment group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is a randomized controlled trial with different selection processes for the treatment and control groups, but the authors controlled sufficiently for baseline characteristics in the analysis. This means we have some confidence that the estimated effects are attributable to REA, although other factors might also have contributed.","the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in Minnesota","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2008,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Reemployment%20and%20Eligibil… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Impacts for Portland’s Career Builders program.","Azurdia, G., & Barnes, Z. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Impacts for Portland’s Career Builders program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of the Portland Career Builders program on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt outcomes after two years. The Portland site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 634 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) applicants and recipients to either a treatment group that received Career Builder services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt outcomes one and two years after program entry. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that the estimated effects would be attributable to the Career Builders program, and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","The Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Portland Career Builders Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_550.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program in Salem, Oregon","Molina, F., Cheng, W., and Hendra, R. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program in Salem, Oregon. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Salem, Oregon, Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) program on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt among eligible single parents. VISION provided job search assistance and post-employment services to unemployed Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) applicants. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assign TANF applicants eligible for welfare-to-work programs to either VISION or the state’s typical welfare-to-work program, Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS), from May 2002 to May 2004. To estimate differences in outcomes between the two study groups, the authors retrieved data from unemployment insurance wage records, TANF and Food Stamps administrative records, and a 12-month follow-up survey. The study found that people in the VISION group received, on average, $365 more in TANF benefits and $160 more in Food Stamps than those in the JOBS group during the first year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to VISION, and not to other factors.","the Salem Valuing Individual Success and Increasing Opportunities Now (VISION) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2008,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501587.pdf "Teaching self-sufficiency: An impact and benefit-cost analysis of a home visitation and life skills education program. Findings from the rural welfare-to-work strategies demonstration evaluation","Meckstroth, A., Burwick, A., & Moore, Q. (2008). Teaching self-sufficiency: An impact and benefit-cost analysis of a home visitation and life skills education program. Findings from the rural welfare-to-work strategies demonstration evaluation. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Building Nebraska Families (BNF) rural welfare-to-work program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors randomly assigned Nebraska Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients identified as hard-to-employ to either a treatment group, which received in-home life skills and family management training, or a control group, which did not. The authors evaluated the treatment’s impact using Nebraska state administrative data and follow-up surveys. The study found that BNF increased the average likelihood of ever being employed in the first year after enrollment by 10.8 percentage points and that of ever being employed in the first 30 months after enrollment by 6.3 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the BNF rural welfare-to-work program and not to other factors.","Building Nebraska Families (BNF)","Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/teaching_self.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles","Navarro, D., Azurdia, G., & Hamilton, G. (2008). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: A comparison of two job club strategies: The effects of enhanced versus traditional job clubs in Los Angeles. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to gauge the effect of a Los Angeles job club focused on participants’ career interests on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after about 18 months. The Los Angeles site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. (See the CLEAR review of the final report here.) The authors randomly assigned almost 1,200 single-parent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to either a treatment group, which received Enhanced Job Club (EJC) services, or a control group, which received Traditional Job Club (TJC) services. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and used automated TANF and Food Stamps databases to obtain benefits receipt information. The study found that, 18 months after random assignment, there were no statistically significant differences between EJC and control group members’ employment, earnings, or public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the EJC and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Los Angeles’s Enhanced Job Club","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_la.pdf "Testing case management in a rural context: An impact analysis of the Illinois Future Steps program: Findings from the Rural Welfare-to-Work Strategies Demonstration evaluation.","Meckstroth, A., Person, A., Moore, Q., Burwick, A., McGuirk, A., Ponza, M., Marsh, S., Novak, T., Zhao, Z., & Wheeler, J. (2008). Testing case management in a rural context: An impact analysis of the Illinois Future Steps program: Findings from the Rural Welfare-to-Work Strategies Demonstration evaluation. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors randomly assigned Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Food Stamps recipients required to work to either a treatment group, which received job search and other services, or a control group, which did not. The authors evaluated the treatment’s impact using Illinois administrative data and follow-up surveys. The authors found that the Future Steps program increased the likelihood of being employed 30 months after enrollment by 8.6 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program and not to other factors.","the Future Steps Rural Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"Rural, United States",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/testing_case.pdf "Growing America Through Entrepreneurship: Findings from the evaluation of Project GATE","Benus, J., McConnell, S., Bellotti, J., Shen, T., Fortson, K., & Kahvecioglu, D. (2008). Growing America Through Entrepreneurship: Findings from the evaluation of Project GATE. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International.","Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of the Growing America Through Entrepreneurship (Project GATE) demonstration project, which offered entrepreneurship training and business counseling to low-income individuals, on participants’ employment, earnings, and public assistance benefit receipt. The authors randomly assigned study participants to a treatment group, which could participate in Project GATE, or a control group, which could not participate. The authors used Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records and survey data in their analyses. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of Project GATE on employment, earnings, or UI benefit receipt in any of the four quarters after random assignment, using UI wage record data. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for outcomes measured using UI wage record data because they were based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Project GATE and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects. Outcomes measured with survey data received a low evidence rating because there is high attrition and insufficient adjustment for differences in previous employment and earnings history.","the Project Growing America Through Entrepreneurship (GATE) Demonstration","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Findings%20from%20the%20Eval… "New Hope’s eight-year impacts on employment and family income.","Miller, C., Duncan, G., Classens, A., Engel, M., Hill, H., & Lindsay, C. (2008). New Hope’s eight-year impacts on employment and family income. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Hope program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors estimated the impact of the New Hope program by comparing average outcomes among a treatment group randomly selected to have access to the program with those of a randomly selected control group that did not have access to the program. The study found no statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or public benefit receipt eight years after the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the New Hope program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","The New Hope Program","Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_458.pdf "Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Study: FY 2005 Initiative: final report","Benus, J., Poe-Yamagata, E., Wang, Y., & Blass, E. (2008). Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Study: FY 2005 Initiative: final report. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [North Dakota sample]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Reemployment and Eligibility Assessment (REA) Initiative in North Dakota, a program that provided eligibility and reemployment case management services to Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants, on UI benefits receipt, wages, and employment. The study randomly assigned nearly 2,000 eligible claimants to either the treatment group, which could receive REA services, or the control group, which could not access the same REA services. Those in the treatment group were required to participate in the services to retain their UI eligibility. The authors estimated the program’s effectiveness by analyzing state administrative records on UI payments and information from a follow-up survey of a subsample of study participants. The study found no statistically significant impacts of REA on UI benefits receipt, employment, or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for the UI benefits receipt outcomes because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. For the employment and wages outcomes, the quality of evidence presented in this report is moderate.","JSA services","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2008,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Reemployment%20and%20Eligibil… "Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter?","Coile, C., & Levine, P. (2007). Labor market shocks and retirement: Do government programs matter? Journal of Public Economics, 91(10), 1902-1919.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on retirement decisions. The study used a statistical model and data from the March Current Population Survey for 1980–2004 to estimate impacts. The study found no relationship between the generosity of UI benefits and the likelihood of retirement or receipt of UI. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before changes in the generosity of UI benefits were observed. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to changes in the generosity of UI benefits; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Unemployment Insurance (UI)","Unemployment Insurance","Adult, Older worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2007,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/Coile/PDF%20files/coile-levine%20JPubE… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program in Riverside, California","Navarro, D., van Dok, M., & Hendra, R. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program in Riverside, California. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) program on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt after two years. The Riverside PASS site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,770 employed single-parent participants who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to a treatment group that received ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that Riverside PASS had positive impacts on earnings and employment in the first and second years after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Riverside PASS, and not to other factors.","the Riverside Post-Assistance Self-Sufficiency (PASS) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/riverside_pass.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from Minnesota’s Tier 2 program","LeBlanc, A., Miller, C., Martinson, K., & Azurdia, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from Minnesota’s Tier 2 program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the 18-month impact of Minnesota’s Tier 2 welfare-to-work program compared with existing Tier 1 services. Minnesota’s Tier 2 program was part of the nationwide Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned approximately 1,700 long-term Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to either a treatment group, which received Tier 2 services including intensive assessments and case management, or a control group, which received Minnesota’s existing Tier 1 TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Minnesota Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study found that, 12 months after random assignment, more people in the Tier 2 group (79.2 percent) reported that they received Food Stamps than in the control group (70.0 percent). After 18 months however, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group members’ employment, earnings, or benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Minnesota’s Tier 2 program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Minnesota’s Tier 2 Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Unemployed, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/minnesota_tier2.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from two education and training models for employed welfare recipients in Riverside, California.","Navarro, D., Freedman, S., & Hamilton, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from two education and training models for employed welfare recipients in Riverside, California. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, and benefit receipt outcomes after two years. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside, California, that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,907 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups that received differing ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that the households of participants in the Work Plus program were 10.5 percentage points less likely to receive TANF benefits relative to those in the control group 12 months after random assignment. The study found no statistically significant effects associated with the Training Focused program. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors. It also means that we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Riverside Training Focused program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects of the Training Focused program.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project—Work Plus and Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Other employment and reemployment","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/riverside_phase2.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City","Bloom, D., Miller, C., and Azurdia, G. (2007). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program in New York City. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) welfare-to-work program in New York City on the employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt of low-income single parents with physical or mental health problems that limited their ability to work. The study was a randomized controlled trial that used data from administrative records for the two years following assignment and a survey conducted with a random subset of the sample to assess outcomes one year after assignment. The study found that treatment group participants were significantly more likely than control group participants to have had a job and had higher average earnings. The treatment group was significantly less likely to receive cash assistance and received lower amounts of cash assistance benefits than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRIDE and not to other factors.","Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE)","Other employment and reemployment","Disability, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/era_pride.pdf "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Apprenticeships]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Apprenticeships]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act apprenticeship programs in Washington State on participants’ employment rates, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the apprenticeship programs and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the apprentice programs had higher employment rates, more hours worked and greater quarterly earnings. Receipt of Unemployment Insurance benefits was higher for those in the apprenticeship group, and receipt of other public assistance was lower. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the apprenticeship programs; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Apprenticeship Programs","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs",Adult,,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Chicago ERA site","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., & Page, J. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Chicago ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of a Chicago program to increase the earnings of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients after two years. The Chicago site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,615 TANF recipients to either a treatment group, which received enhanced employment services, or a control group, which received benefits as usual. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Illinois Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and Food Stamps and TANF receipt data from Illinois administrative records. The study found that members of the ERA group were more likely to be employed (70 versus 66 percent) in the first year after random assignment and received significantly less in TANF benefits ($1,307, compared with $1,586 among control group members). Effects on employment and benefits receipt persisted into the second year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Chicago ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Chicago","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/chicago_era.pdf "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020. [Community and Technical College Job Prep Training]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Community and Technical College Job Prep Training]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical College (CTC) Job Preparatory Training program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the CTC training program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the CTC training program had higher employment and earnings, although findings for public benefit receipt were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CTC Job Preparatory Training program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","Community and Technical College (CTC) Job Preparatory Training Program","Other training and education",Adult,,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program had higher employment and earnings, although the findings for public benefit receipt were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "Effects of housing vouchers on welfare families: Final report","Mills, G., Gubits, D., Orr, L., Long, D., Feins, J., Kaul, B., Wood, M., Jones, A., Cloudburst Consulting Associates, & the QED Group. (2006). Effects of housing vouchers on welfare families: Final report. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates Inc.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of providing low-income families with private market housing vouchers on employment, earnings, receipt of public assistance, and receipt of education and training. It also examined impacts on several measures of housing security, which are not included in this review. The authors implemented a randomized controlled trial and estimated regression models to compare outcomes of treatment and comparison families. The study found that treatment group members received more Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash benefits and food stamps than control group members. There were no statistically significant effects of the program on employment, earnings, or receiving education or training. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the housing voucher, and not to other factors.","the Welfare-to-Work Voucher Program","Other wages and benefits","Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2006,http://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/hsgvouchers_1_2011.pdf "New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000.","Song, J. G., & Manchester, J. (2006). New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following the changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000. (ORES Working Paper 107). Washington, DC: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. Also available in Journal of Public Economics, 91(3–4), 669–700 (2007).","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt outcomes of workers ages 65 to 69. The study was a nonexperimental analysis and used Social Security Administrative data to estimate the impacts. The study found that the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 was associated with significant increases in the rate of Social Security claims for both sets of individuals affected by the law. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000 and earnings. The quality of casual evidence presented in this report for Social Security claims and earnings outcomes is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000, but other factors might also have contributed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report on employment is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000","Older workers' programs Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2006, "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of low-income adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the WIA Adult Program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Adult Program had higher employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Labor Exchange Other employment and reemployment Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Other training and education","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Houston]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,800 single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment or earnings. However, the study found that treatment group members received, on average, $33 more in TANF benefits in the ninth quarter after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ERA program, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf "Evaluation of the strengthening the connections between unemployment insurance and the One-Stop Delivery Systems Demonstration Project in Wisconsin","Almandsmith, S., Ortiz Adams, L., & Bos, H. (2006). Evaluation of the strengthening the connections between unemployment insurance and the One-Stop Delivery Systems Demonstration Project in Wisconsin. Oakland, CA: Berkeley Policy Associates.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Worker Profiling Reemployment Services program for Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants in Wisconsin on several outcomes: the rate at which the UI claimants went back to work, average earnings, and UI benefit receipt.  The authors used a matching procedure and several statistical models to compare the outcomes of demonstration and comparison group members, using administrative data.  The study found that demonstration participants had higher average quarterly earnings, shorter durations of UI benefits, smaller proportions of maximum UI benefits paid, and a lower average total payout of UI benefits. The study found no statistically significant relationship between demonstration participation and employment outcomes.  The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Worker Profiling Reemployment Services program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","JSA services","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2006,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Stre… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Private career school programs]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Private career school programs]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Private Career School program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of adults with a high school education. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefits of those who took part in the Private Career School program relative to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for Labor Exchange services, Private Career School program participants had higher employment and earnings, and lower receipt of several types of public benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Private Career School program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Private Career School Programs","Other training and education","Adult, Unemployed","Other services, Transportation and warehousing","United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Martinson, K., & Hendra, R. (2006). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 18 to 24 months. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,300 single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administrative records. The study did not find statistically significant effects 18 to 24 months after random assignment on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/results_texas.pdf "College as a job advancement strategy: Final report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., & Beecroft, E. (2006). College as a job advancement strategy: Final report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, welfare receipt, and educational achievement. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions Project services compared with encouraging recipients to participate in other employment services. The authors used California public benefits and community college administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to New Visions with the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences in demographic and pre-intervention characteristics between the groups. The study found that participants in the New Visions program received $456 more in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) payments than control group participants in the third year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions Project, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/nv_final_pdf.pdf "Paths to work in rural places: Key findings and lessons from the impact evaluation of the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program.","Meckstroth, A., Burwick, A., Ponza, M., Marsh, S., Novak, T., Phillips, S., Diaz-Tena, N., & Ng, J. (2006). Paths to work in rural places: Key findings and lessons from the impact evaluation of the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program on earnings and public benefit receipt. The authors randomly assigned Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Food Stamps recipients required to work to either a treatment group, which received earnings-focused case management, job search, and other services, or to a control group, which did not receive services. The authors evaluated the treatment’s impact using Illinois administrative data and follow-up surveys. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on earnings or public benefit receipt in the first 18 months after participants were offered access to the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Future Steps rural welfare-to-work program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Future Steps Rural Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2006,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/paths_to_work.pdf "Effects of housing vouchers on welfare families: Final report","Mills, G., Gubits, D., Orr, L., Long, D., Feins, J., Kaul, B., & Wood, M. (2006). Effects of housing vouchers on welfare families: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Welfare-to-Work housing voucher on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors allocated the available vouchers by lottery to eligible families who were willing to participate in the study. Using Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), housing assistance administrative data, and baseline and follow-up surveys, the authors compared the outcomes of those randomly assigned to receive a voucher with outcomes of those who were not, adjusting for chance preintervention differences between the groups. The study found that the Welfare-to-Work vouchers increased the likelihood of receiving TANF benefits in the third half-year (months 12–18) after random assignment by 2.1 percentage points and the likelihood of receiving Food Stamps in the same period by 2.5 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Welfare-to-Work voucher and not to other factors.","the Welfare-to-Work Voucher Program","Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"Urban, United States",2006,https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/hsgvouchers_1_2011.pdf "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Comm. and Tech. ABE]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Comm. and Tech. ABE]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical Colleges Adult Basic Education (ABE) program on the employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt of low-income adults. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt between those who took part in the ABE program relative to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for Labor Exchange services, ABE program participants had higher employment and earnings, and lower public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ABE program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Community and Technical Colleges Adult Basic Education (ABE) Program","Other training and education","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "Managing customers’ training choices: Findings from the Individual Training Account experiment","McConnell, S., Stuart, E., Fortson, K., Decker, P., Perez-Johnson, I., Harris, B., & Salzman, J. (2006). Managing customers’ training choices: Findings from the Individual Training Account experiment. Final report, Series: ETAOP 2007-01. Washington, DC: Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt Training-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Training","Summary: The study’s objective was to compare the impacts of individual training account (ITA) approaches on customers’ training completion, employment, earnings, and benefits receipt outcomes after 15 months. The authors randomly assigned about 8,000 adults and dislocated workers from eight workforce investment agencies across the United States to three ITA approaches: structured customer choice, maximum customer choice, or guided customer choice. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and from a survey conducted on a random subsample of study participants. The study found the customers in the structured customer choice approach received significantly higher amounts of public assistance benefits than did customers in the guided customer choice group. The study also found that the structured customer choice group had higher earnings and lower education and training compared with the maximum customer choice group, whereas the maximum customer choice group had lower earnings and higher public assistance benefits compared with the guided customer choice group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to differences in the ITA approaches, and not to other factors.","the Individual Training Accounts (ITA) Approaches","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Low income",,"United States",2006,http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http%3A//cire.mathematica-mpr.com/~/m… "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical College (CTC) Worker Retraining program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of long-term unemployed and dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the CTC Worker Retraining program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those in the comparison group, participants in the CTC Worker Retraining program had higher employment and earnings, and lower public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CTC Worker Retraining program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","Community and Technical College Worker Retraining (CTC WR) Program","Community college education and other classroom training Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica… "Cost-effectiveness of targeted reemployment bonuses","O’Leary, C.J., Decker, P.T., Wandner, S.A. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of targeted reemployment bonuses. Journal of Human Resources, 40, 270-279.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration on the amount of Unemployment Insurance (UI) receipt and on earnings of UI claimants approximately one year after program enrollment, both overall and for subgroups of claimants defined by their likelihood of exhausting UI benefits. The authors also examined the impact of the Washington Reemployment Bonus Demonstration; this study is an additional source to the main source examining that intervention, profiled here. About 15,000 eligible claimants were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups or a control group. The six treatment groups were offered different combinations of reemployment bonus amounts and periods within which they were required to find a job in order to claim the bonus. The authors analyzed state administrative data and survey data of a subsample of approximately 5,000 participants from the original demonstration. The study found that the pooled bonus treatments in Pennsylvania reduced the total UI benefit amount received, but did not have a significant impact on earnings. Pooling across all bonus treatments, Pennsylvania treatment group members received $113 less in UI benefits, on average, than their control group counterparts. The quality of causal evidence for the Pennsylvania demonstration is low because the authors did not demonstrate that they adjusted for changes in rates of assignment to treatment and control conditions and did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration; other factors are likely to have contributed. See more CLEAR profiles related to The Reemployment Bonus Experiments.","Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration","Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2005, "Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Hollenbeck, K., Schroeder, D., King, C., & Huang, W. (2005). Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program’s core, intensive, and training services on the employment rate, earnings, and benefits receipt of low-income dislocated workers ages 22 to 64. The authors established three treatment groups based on the level of WIA services used and matched them to three comparison groups that participated in Employment Services (ES) and/or the core WIA services. The study found that the employment rate and average quarterly earnings were significantly higher for those in each of the treatment groups compared with their matched comparison groups. Benefit receipt was also significantly lower for those in the treatment groups than in their comparison groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2005,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Net%20Impact%20Estimates%20f… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [South Carolina] (Bloom et al. 2005)","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [South Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on former welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The South Carolina site was one of 16 sites nationwide that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,839 people who had recently left the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group (Moving Up) that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of Moving Up on employment, earnings, or benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Moving Up and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, South Carolina","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Riverside, CA – Work Plus]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K. & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Riverside, CA – Work Plus]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of a Riverside, California, program to increase the earnings of welfare recipients after one year. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,912 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus or Training Focused) that received different ERA services, or to a control group (Work Focused) that received standard public benefits and some limited case management. This review compared the Work Plus program and the control group. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study found that those in the Work Plus group were 5 percentage points more likely to receive Food Stamps in the year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Project—Work Plus (Phase 2), Riverside","Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Riverside, CA – Work Plus versus Training Focused]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Riverside, CA – Work Plus versus Training Focused]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of a Riverside, California, program to increase the earnings of welfare recipients after one year. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned eligible single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus and Training Focused) that received differing ERA services or to a control group that received standard TANF services. This review focuses on the comparison between the Work Plus program and the Training Focused program. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Work Plus program on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt compared with the Training Focused program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Riverside Work Plus program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project—Work Plus and Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., Schroeder, D., King, C., & Huang, W. (2005). Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program’s core, intensive, and training services on the employment rate, earnings, and benefits receipt of low-income adults ages 22 to 64. The authors established three treatment groups based on the level of WIA services used and matched them to three comparison groups that participated in Employment Services (ES) and/or the core WIA services. The study found that the employment rate and average quarterly earnings were significantly higher for those in each of the treatment groups compared with their matched comparison groups. Benefits receipt was also significantly lower for those in the treatment groups than in their comparison groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2005,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Net%20Impact%20Estimates%20f… "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the South Carolina ERA site","Scrivener, S., Azurdia, G., & Page, J. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the South Carolina ERA site. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of South Carolina’s Moving Up program on former welfare recipients’ employment, earnings and public benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The South Carolina site was one of 16 sites nationwide that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 2,864 people who had recently left Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to either a treatment group that received Moving Up services or a control group that could participate in other employment-related programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamp administrative records for the entire sample and a survey administered to a subsample of study participants 12 months after random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the South Carolina Moving Up program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, South Carolina","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2005,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED490879.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Chicago]","Bloom, D, Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Chicago]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of a Chicago program to increase the earnings of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients after one year. The Chicago site was one of 16 nationwide to participate in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 990 TANF recipients to either a treatment group, which received enhanced employment services, or a control group, which received benefits as usual. The authors collected employment and earnings data from Illinois Unemployment Insurance (UI) records and Food Stamps and TANF receipt data from Illinois administrative records. The study found that those in the Chicago ERA program received, on average, $193 less in TANF benefits in the first year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Chicago ERA project, and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Chicago","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Houston]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Houston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Houston site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,816 unemployed single-parent participants in Houston’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Houston ERA program on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Houston ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Houston","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "Turning welfare into a work support: Six-year impacts on parents and children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program.","Gennetian, L., Miller, C., & Smith, J. (2005). Turning welfare into a work support: Six-year impacts on parents and children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), a precursor to the national Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial: Families newly applying to Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or families that were recertifying their eligibility were randomly assigned to MFIP or AFDC. Evaluators analyzed outcomes using a 36-month follow-up survey and administrative data from the six years after the intervention. The study found that, among single parents in the year after MFIP began, the MFIP group experienced higher rates of short-term employment and higher rates and levels of cash assistance than the AFDC group. For two-parent households, the study found that, in the first year after the study began, the MFIP group had lower rates of employment, lower levels of earnings, and higher rates and levels of benefits receipt than the AFDC group. In both family types, higher receipt of cash assistance for the MFIP group persisted through six years after the study began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MFIP, and not to other factors.","the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Parent, Low income",,"United States",2005,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_594.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Fort Worth]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Fort Worth]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Fort Worth site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,163 unemployed single-parent participants in Fort Worth’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of the Texas ERA program in Fort Worth on employment, earnings, and benefits receipt one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Texas ERA and not to other factors. However, the study did not find any statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Fort Worth","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Texas ERA—Corpus Christi]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of pre- and post-employment job supports and intensive case management on welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after one year. The Corpus Christi site was one of three in Texas that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned about 1,300 single-parent participants in Corpus Christi’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to either a treatment group, which received ERA services, or a control group, which received standard TANF services. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects one year after random assignment on employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Corpus Christi ERA program and not to other factors. However, the study found no statistically significant impacts.","the Employment Retention and Advancement project, Corpus Christi","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites [Riverside, CA – Training Focused]","Bloom, D., Hendra, R., Martinson, K., & Scrivener, S. (2005). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Early results from four sites. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Riverside, CA – Training Focused]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of a Riverside, California, program to increase the earnings of welfare recipients after one year. The Riverside Phase 2 site was one of two in Riverside that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,912 employed single-parent participants in Riverside’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to one of two treatment groups (Work Plus or Training Focused) that received differing ERA services, or to a control group (Work Focused) that received standard public benefits and some limited case management. This review compared between the Training Focused program and the control group. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment, earnings, or benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means that we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to Riverside Training Focused program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Project—Training Focused (Phase 2), Riverside","Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2005,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/early_results.pdf "Evaluation of the Welfare to Work Voucher program: Report to Congress","Patterson, R., Wood, M., Lam, K., Patrabansh, S., Mills, G., Sullivan, S., . . . Zandniapour, L. (2004). Evaluation of the Welfare to Work Voucher program: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Welfare-to-Work housing voucher on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors allocated the available vouchers by lottery to eligible families who were willing to participate in the study. Using Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and housing assistance administrative data, as well as baseline and follow-up surveys, the authors compared the outcomes of those randomly assigned to receive a voucher to outcomes of those who were not, adjusting for chance pre-intervention differences between the groups. The authors found that the Welfare-to-Work vouchers reduced the total number of quarters employed in the first five quarters after random assignment by 0.165 quarters, on average. In the first five quarters, the program reduced total earnings by $325, on average. At the same time, the voucher program decreased the average likelihood of receiving TANF by 1.8 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Welfare-to-Work Voucher program and not to other factors.","the Welfare-to-Work Voucher Program","Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2004,https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/pdf/welfrwrkVchrPrg.pdf "Family Independence Initiative (FII): Follow-up study final report","Tao, F., & Alamprese, J. A. (2003). Family Independence Initiative (FII): Follow-up study final report. Retrieved from http://abtassociates.com/reports/2003/family-independence-initiative-%28fii%29-follow-up-stu.aspx.","Literacy, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Family Independence Initiative (FII) on education, earnings, employment, and public benefit receipt outcomes of low-income adults. The authors used a pre-post study design to compare outcomes before and after participating in a work-focused family literacy program. The study found that program participation was associated with increased employment, earnings, and receipt of a high school diploma or GED, and a reduction in government cash assistance. However, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not observe outcomes for multiple periods before and after the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Independence Initiative; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Family Independence Initiative","Basic skills Other training and education","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2003,http://abtassociates.com/reports/2003/family-independence-initiative-%28fii%29-… "College as a job advancement strategy: An interim report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., Beecroft, E., Long, D., & Robertson A. (2003). College as a job advancement strategy: An interim report on the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates Inc.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ employment, earnings, and welfare receipt. The study is based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions program by using California and community college administrative data to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program to the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences between the groups. The authors found that access to the New Visions program increased the average number of quarters during which participants received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits and increased the average amount of TANF benefits received in the first two years. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions program, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2003, "Is the threat of reemployment services more effective than the services themselves? Evidence from random assignments in the UI system","Black, D., Smith, J., Berger, M., & Noel, B. (2003). Is the threat of reemployment services more effective than the services themselves? Evidence from random assignments in the UI system. American Economic Review, 93(4), 1313-1327.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of the Kentucky Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS) on Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit receipt and earnings.  In this study, about 2,000 UI claimants in Kentucky were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which was required to participate in reemployment services, or to the control group, which was not required to participate but could receive services voluntarily. The authors collected administrative data on UI benefit receipt and earnings for all study participants. The study found that those in the WPRS treatment group had a statistically significant reduction in UI benefit receipt of 2.2 weeks during the six-quarter follow-up period, compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant impacts of the program on the fraction of recipients exhausting benefits or total UI benefits received. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial (RCT). This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WPRS and not to other factors.",Profiling,"RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2003, "Working with disadvantaged youth: Thirty-month findings from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Training replication sites","Miller, C., Bos, J., Porter, K., Tseng, M., Doolittle, F., Tanguage, D., & Vencill, M. (2003). Working with disadvantaged youth: Thirty-month findings from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Training replication sites. New York: MDRC.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This report’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of the Center for Employment Training (CET) model. Under this model, local employers helped to design training programs and provide them in a work-like environment to economically disadvantaged youth who were not in school or employed. The effectiveness of the CET model in improving employment, earnings, and participation in education and training programs was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in 12 sites in seven states. The study found few statistically significant impacts on outcomes measured over a 30-month follow-up period. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented RCT. This means we are confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the CET program and not to other factors. However, the study did not generally find statistically significant effects.","the Center for Employment Training (CET) Replication","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Youth programs","Youth, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2003,https://www.doleta.gov/reports/searcheta/occ/papers/cet_full_report.pdf "New Hope for families and children: Five-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare.","Huston, A., Miller, C., Richburg-Hayes, C., Duncan, G., Eldred, C., Weisner, T., Lowe, T., McLoyd, V., Crosby, D., Ripke, M., & Redcross, C., (2003). New Hope for families and children: Five-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Hope program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors estimated the impact of the New Hope program by comparing average outcomes among a treatment group randomly selected to have access to the program with those of a randomly selected control group that did not have access to the program. The study found that receiving access to New Hope services increased average earnings as determined through unemployment insurance data during the first year of the program by $1,088 and the average likelihood of ever being employed during the first year of the program by 8.2 percentage points. The authors also found that the program increased the likelihood of treatment group members reporting being employed in 12 consecutive quarters of the five years after the program began by 6.9 percentage points, on average. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Hope program, and not to other factors.","The New Hope Program","Health insurance Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2003,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_457.pdf "Evaluation of the Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants for the provision of reemployment services for UI claimants","Needels, K., Corson, W., & Van Noy, M. (2002). Evaluation of the Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants for the provision of reemployment services for UI claimants. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impacts of the Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants—awarded to 11 states to improve reemployment services for Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants—on weeks of UI receipt and UI benefit exhaustion. For each state, the authors compared outcomes before and at the end of the grant period using monthly data that states reported to the UI Service. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants and UI benefit receipt outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Significant Improvement Demonstration Grants","Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2002,https://www.doleta.gov/reports/searcheta/occ/papers/UI_final.pdf "Improving basic skills: The effects of adult education in welfare-to-work programs","Bos, J. M., Scrivener, S., Snipes, J., Hamilton, G., Schwartz, C., & Walter, J. (2002). Improving basic skills: The effects of adult education in welfare-to-work programs. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.","Literacy, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of both education- and employment-focused welfare-to-work programs on earnings and public benefit receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in seven geographic areas. The authors randomly assigned welfare recipients to the treatment condition (an education-focused intervention or an employment-focused intervention) or the control group. The study sample included a subset of welfare recipients who lacked a high school diploma or GED. The study found that participation in the welfare-to-work programs significantly increased earnings and reduced public benefit receipt and that participation in the employment-focused programs had a greater impact on earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the effects are attributable the education-focused or employment-focused interventions; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Education-Focused and Employment-Focused Interventions","Basic skills Other training and education","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2002,https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERIC-ED464267/pdf/ERIC-ED464267.pdf "Measuring the effect of public labor exchange (PLX) referrals and placements in Washington and Oregon","Jacobson, L., & Petta, I. (2000). Measuring the effect of public labor exchange (PLX) referrals and placements in Washington and Oregon (Workforce Security Research Publications 2000–06). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of receiving public labor exchange (PLX) job referrals and placements on the duration of Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit receipt for UI recipients in Oregon and Washington. The authors used statistical models to compare two distinct treatment groups to a comparison group within each state. The treatment groups both received PLX job search assistance, a job referral, and a job offer; one group did not actually work at the position offered while the other did. The comparison group received job search assistance but not PLX job referrals or placements. The authors used data from the Oregon Employment Department and the Washington State Employment Security Department. The study found that individuals in the treatment group tended to receive UI benefits for fewer weeks than individuals in the comparison group; this was a statistically significant difference. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to PLX job referrals or placements; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Other,"RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Labor Exchange Wagner-Peyser Act",Unemployed,,"United States",2000,https://wdr.doleta.gov/owsdrr/00-6/00-6.pdf "Assisting Unemployment Insurance claimants: The long-term impacts of the Job Search Assistance Demonstration","Decker, P., Olsen, R., & Freeman, L. (2000). Assisting Unemployment Insurance claimants: The long-term impacts of the Job Search Assistance Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Job Search Assistance Demonstration in Washington, D.C., and Florida on Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits receipt, earnings, and employment. In this demonstration, about 20,000 UI claimants were randomized into one of three intervention groups, all of which received some variation of job search assistance services, or into a control group, which could receive existing services in the community. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI receipt, earnings, and employment. The study found that structured job search assistance was generally successful at reducing UI benefits receipt and increasing earnings in Washington, D.C., but not in Florida. The findings for individualized job search assistance treatment groups were less robust. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the job search assistance strategies tested, and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2000, "Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system","Godley, S. H., Finch, M., Dougan, L., McDonnell, M., McDermeit, M., & Carey, A. (2000). Case management for dually diagnosed individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(2), 137–148.",Reentry,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Unfavorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the relationship between the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program and a range of outcomes, including education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes. The authors used a nonexperimental interrupted time series (ITS) study design to compare the outcomes of people with prior justice-system contact and mental health and substance abuse issues, before and after participating in the TASC/MISA program. Using survey data, the authors looked at the change in participants’ Addiction Severity Index (ASI) scores, incarceration, and other outcomes between baseline and six months following program intake. The study found that program participation was associated with less favorable employment and education outcomes but favorable recidivism outcomes. Associations between participation and public benefit receipt outcomes were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects on education and training, employment, public benefit receipt, and recidivism outcomes are attributable to the program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities/Mental Illness Substance Abuse (TASC/MISA) program","Substance abuse recovery Reentry","Justice-involved, Other barriers",,"United States",2000,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00027-6 "College as a job advancement strategy: An early report of the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Fein, D., Beecroft, E., Long, D., & Catalfamo, A. (2000). College as a job advancement strategy: An early report of the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a pilot for Riverside Community College’s New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project on welfare recipients’ welfare receipt. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of offering welfare recipients the New Visions program compared with encouraging recipients to participate in other employment services. The authors used California Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) records to compare average outcomes among those offered access to the program against the average outcomes of those excluded, after adjusting for differences in demographic and pre-intervention characteristics between the groups. The authors did not find any statistically significant effect of the New Visions program on the likelihood of receiving TANF or the amount of TANF benefits received. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Visions Project, and not to other factors.","the New Visions Self-Sufficiency and Lifelong Learning Project","Community college education and other classroom training Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2000,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED466834.pdf "Impacts of the Project NetWork Demonstration: Final Report","Kornfeld R.., Wood M. L., Orr L. L., & Long D. A. (1999). Impacts of the Project NetWork Demonstration: Final Report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, Inc.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Health and safety-Mod/high-No impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to report impacts for Project NetWork. Created by the Social Security Administration (SSA), Project NetWork tested specific approaches to improving employment among Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) applicants and recipients, with a particular focus on case and referral management systems.  The study used multiple data sources, including the Master Earnings File (MEF), Master Beneficiary Record (MBR), Supplemental Security Record (SSR), and survey data collected 25 to 36 months after enrollment. The study found that Project NetWork increased earnings one and two years after enrollment, but these effects did not persist in the third follow-up year. The program led to a slight increase in the average number of months employed, but no changes in participants’ Social Security disability benefit receipt, health, or well-being. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is considered high for the annual earnings, proportion of months receiving SSI/SSDI benefits, and average monthly SSI/SSDI benefits outcomes measured through administrative data because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for annual earnings, hours and months worked, and mental and physical health outcomes due to high attrition for these domains.","Project NetWork","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",1999,http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/19994080203411.pdf "Evaluation of Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services systems: Final Report.","Dickinson, K., Kreutzer, S., West, R., & Decker, P. (1999). Evaluation of Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services systems: Final report. Research and Evaluation Report Series 99-D. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment, and Training Administration.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study assessed the effectiveness of Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS), a system for predicting which Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients are at greatest risk of exhausting benefits and offering them early intervention services.  The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the UI benefit receipt, employment, and earnings outcomes of WPRS participants in six states to the outcomes of similar UI claimants who did not receive WPRS. The main data source was state UI administrative records for nearly 457,000 UI claimants. The study found that WPRS reduced UI benefit weeks and amounts in three of the states during the benefit year. However, there were few statistically significant impacts on employment rates or earnings in the four quarters after the initial claim, and some of the impacts were in an unexpected direction. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate, because it is a well-implemented nonexperimental study. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WPRS, but other factors might also have contributed.",Profiling,"RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1999, "New Hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare","Bos, J., Huston, A., Granger, R., Duncan, G., Brock, T., & McLoyd, V. (1999). New Hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Hope program on employment, earnings, public benefits receipt, and educational attainment. The authors estimated the impact of the New Hope program by comparing average outcomes among a treatment group randomly selected to have access to the program with those of a randomly selected control group that did not have access to the program. The study found that receiving access to New Hope services increased average earnings in the first year of the program by $583 and the average likelihood of ever being employed in the first and second year of the program by 7.8 percentage points and 5.5 percentage points, respectively. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the New Hope program, and not to other factors.","The New Hope Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States",1999,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED433455.pdf "Two essays on unemployment insurance: Claimant responses to policy changes. [Comparison between claimants who applied for UI benefits before and after WPRS]","Noel, B. J. (1998). Two essays on unemployment insurance: Claimant responses to policy changes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI (UMI No. 9922624). [Comparison between claimants who applied for UI benefits before and after WPRS]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of reemployment services through the Worker Profiling and Reemployment System (WPRS) on unemployment insurance (UI) benefit receipt and earnings for individuals who applied for UI in Kentucky. The authors investigated similar research questions for another contrast, the profile of which can be found here. The author compared outcomes for treatment group members, who were eligible to receive reemployment services, and comparison group members, who were not eligible to receive the reemployment services but could access other services in the community, using data from the Kentucky Department of Employment Services Unemployment Insurance administrative records. The study found statistically significant relationships between the WPRS reemployment services and UI benefit receipt and earnings, where those offered the reemployment services received fewer UI benefits in 26 weeks and earned more in one year, compared to those who did were not eligible to receive reemployment services. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to the WPRS reemployment services; other factors are likely to have contributed.  ",Profiling,"RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1998, "Two essays on unemployment insurance: Claimant responses to policy changes [Contrast 1: Comparison between claimants who applied for UI benefits after WPRS only]","Noel, B. J. (1998). Two essays on unemployment insurance: Claimant responses to policy changes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI (UMI No. 9922624). [Comparison between claimants who applied for UI benefits after WPRS only]",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of reemployment services through the Worker Profiling and Reemployment System (WPRS) on unemployment insurance (UI) benefit receipt and earnings for individuals who applied for UI in Kentucky. The authors investigated a similar research questions in another contrast, the profiles of which can be found here. The author compared outcomes for treatment group members, who were eligible to receive reemployment services, and comparison group members, who were not eligible to receive the reemployment services but could access other services in the community, using data from the Kentucky Department of Employment Services Unemployment Insurance administrative records. The study found statistically significant relationships between reemployment services and UI benefit receipt, where those who were offered the reemployment services received less UI benefits in 26 weeks, compared to those who did not receive reemployment services. There were no statistically significant relationships between reemployment services and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships are attributable to the WPRS reemployment services; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Profiling,"RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1998, "Evaluation of the Maryland Unemployment Insurance Work Search Demonstration","Benus, J., Johnson, T., Klepinger, D., & Joesch, J. (1997). Evaluation of the Maryland Unemployment Insurance Work Search Demonstration. Prepared for the Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, 1-43. Baltimore, MD: Maryland Department of Labor.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study assessed the effectiveness of four interventions designed to encourage rapid reemployment among Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients. The study was a randomized controlled trial with more than 27,000 participants. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, each of which had different work search requirements, or to a control group that abided by existing requirements for receipt of UI benefits. The study used state UI administrative records to estimate impacts on employment, earnings, and UI benefit receipt. The authors found that the three treatments that imposed stricter work search requirements than those imposed on the control group reduced the amount of benefits received by $75 to $116 and duration of benefit receipt by 0.6 to 0.9 weeks, on average. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups on employment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the work search treatments, and not to other factors.","the Maryland Unemployment Insurance Work Search Demonstration","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1997,http://wdr.doleta.gov/owsdrr/98-2/98-2.pdf "The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Six-year follow-up and summary report","Corson, W., & Haimson, J. (1996). The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Six-year follow-up and summary report. Revised edition. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper 96-2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the long-term impacts of the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project on the unemployment insurance (UI) receipt, employment, and earnings of UI claimants in New Jersey approximately six years after program enrollment. In this demonstration, about 11,000 UI claimants were randomized into one of three treatment groups, all of which received some variation of Job Search Assistance (JSA) services, or into the control group, which could receive only existing services in the community. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI receipt, employment, and earnings. The study found that the treatment group that received JSA services and a reemployment bonus had a statistically significant reduction in UI dollars received and UI weeks paid, compared with the control group. There were no significant impacts on the probability of working, level of earnings, or weeks worked in the long run for any of the treatment groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the interventions studied, and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1996,http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/dmstree/op/op95/op_02-95.pdf "Evaluating pooled evidence from the reemployment bonus experiments","Decker, P., & O’Leary, C. (1995). Evaluating pooled evidence from the reemployment bonus experiments. The Journal of Human Resources, 30(3), 534-550.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of Pennsylvania and Washington programs that aimed to encourage faster reemployment among Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients by offering them financial incentives for faster reemployment. Randomized controlled trials were conducted separately in both Pennsylvania and Washington State and included a total of about 27,500 UI claimants. The authors estimated impacts of the reemployment bonus programs on UI benefits receipt and earnings using state UI administrative records. The study found that, on average, UI claimants who had been randomly assigned to receive any of the reemployment bonus offers received 0.5 fewer weeks and $85 less in total UI benefits than those assigned to the control group. However, they were no more or less likely to exhaust UI benefits or have higher earnings in the year following random assignment than control group members. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on pooled analysis of two well-implemented randomized controlled trials. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to reemployment bonus incentives, and not to other factors.","the Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration and the Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment","Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1995, "Outcome evaluation of the Army Career and Alumni Program’s Job Assistance Centers (Study Report 96-04)","Sadacca, R., Laurence, J. H., DiFazio, A. S., Rauch, H. J., & Hintz, D. W. (1995) Outcome evaluation of the Army Career and Alumni Program’s Job Assistance Centers (Study Report 96-04). Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Mixed impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact Job Assistance Centers (JACs) and the Transition Assistance Program (TAP) offered to ex-servicemembers had on their earnings and public benefits receipt. The study used a nonexperimental analysis to compare the outcomes of ex-servicemembers transitioning from military to civilian jobs who received various JAC or TAP services to the outcomes of those who did not receive JAC or TAP services. The authors used administrative records from the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Army, and JACs, as well as data from a follow-up survey. The study showed mixed findings on the relationships between receipt of JAC and TAP services and earnings, as well as on the relationships between receipt of JAC and TAP services and receipt of unemployment compensation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to JACs and TAP; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Job Assistance Centers and the Transition Assistance Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Veterans' reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Veteran or military",,"United States",1995, "The impact of Reemployment Bonuses on Insured Unemployment in the New Jersey and Illinois Reemployment Bonus Experiments","Decker, P. (1994). The impact of Reemployment Bonuses on Insured Unemployment in the New Jersey and Illinois Reemployment Bonus Experiments. Journal of Human Resources, 29(3), 718-741.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of New Jersey and Illinois programs that aimed to encourage faster reemployment among Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients by offering them financial incentives for faster reemployment. Each state conducted separate randomized controlled trials. The authors calculated weekly UI exit rates using state UI administrative records. The study found that both programs significantly increased the weekly rates at which bonus-eligible UI claimants left the UI rolls during the qualification period relative to claimants who were not bonus-eligible, by 14 percent in New Jersey and 18 percent in Illinois. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on two well-implemented randomized controlled trials. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to reemployment bonus incentives and not to other factors.","the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project and Illinois Job Search Incentive Experiment","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1994, "Self-employment as a reemployment option: Demonstration results and national legislation","Benus, J., Johnson, T., Wood, M, & Grover, N. (1994). Self-employment as a reemployment option: Demonstration results and national legislation. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper, 94(3), 1-61.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study estimated the impacts of Washington State’s Self-Employment and Enterprise Demonstration (SEED) and the Massachusetts Enterprise Project. Both programs sought to determine how feasible self-employment was as a reemployment option for Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients. This profile focused only on the program design and outcomes of the Enterprise Project. The Enterprise Project was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial in which program applicants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which could receive Enterprise Project services, or a control group, which received UI benefits as usual. Outcomes of interest included measures of employment, self-employment, earnings, and UI benefit receipt. The study found that applicants in the treatment group entered self-employment and wage employment at higher rates than those in the control group. They also had higher earnings, on average, and reduced UI benefit duration and amount received. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is high. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Enterprise Project, and not to other factors.","the Enterprise Project Demonstration","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1994,http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/dmstree/op/op94/op_03-94.pdf "First impact analysis of the Washington State Self-Employment and Enterprise Development (SEED) demonstration","Benus, J., Johnson, T., & Wood, M. (1994). First impact analysis of the Washington State Self-Employment and Enterprise Development (SEED) demonstration. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper, 94(1), 1-172.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the impact of Washington State’s Self-Employment and Enterprise Demonstration (SEED) on reemployment via self-employment for Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants. SEED was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial in which SEED applicants were randomly assigned to a treatment group, which could receive several types of business start-up training and support services, or a control group, which received UI benefits as usual. Outcomes of interest included measures of employment, self-employment, earnings, and UI benefit receipt. The study found that applicants in the treatment group entered self-employment at significantly higher and faster rates than those in the control group did. SEED participants also earned significantly more from self-employment than nonparticipants did. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is high because it was a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to SEED, and not other factors.","Washington State’s Self-Employment and Enterprise Demonstration","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1994,http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/op_01-94.pdf "Time-varying effects of recall expectation, a reemployment bonus, and job counseling on unemployment durations","Anderson, P. (1992). Time-varying effects of recall expectation, a reemployment bonus, and job counseling on unemployment durations. Journal of Labor Economics, 10 (1), 99-115.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study assessed the effectiveness of a reemployment bonus on the reemployment rates of Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants with differing expectations of being recalled to their previous jobs. The study used data from the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project. For the demonstration, about 11,000 UI claimants were randomized into one of three treatment groups, all of which received some variation of Job Search Assistance (JSA) services, or into the control group, which could receive only existing services in the community. The author estimated weekly UI exit rates from state UI administrative records. The study found that the JSA-plus-reemployment-bonus group members were more likely than members of the JSA-only group to leave UI for a new job during weeks 7 through 12, which corresponded to the first half of the bonus qualification period, suggesting the bonuses were effective in spurring UI claimants to find new jobs more quickly. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is a secondary analysis of data from a well-implemented randomized controlled trial for which attrition cannot be calculated. However, the author included sufficient statistical controls to receive a moderate evidence rating. This means we have some confidence that the estimated effects are attributable to the interventions studied, although other factors also could have contributed.","the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1992, "Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration final report","Corson, W., Decker, P., Dunstan, S., & Kerachsky, S. (1992). Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration final report. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper 92-1. Washington, DC: Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of the Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration Project on the unemployment insurance (UI) receipt, employment, and earnings of UI claimants approximately one year after program enrollment. In this demonstration, about 15,000 eligible claimants were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups with varying financial incentives and qualification periods or a control group. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI benefits receipt, employment, and earnings. The study team also surveyed a subsample of approximately 5,000 participants about their experiences in the year following random assignment. The study found that two of the bonus treatments reduced the weeks of UI benefits and total UI benefit dollars received, but the others did not. The study found very few impacts of the bonus treatments on claimants’ reemployment rates or earnings. The quality of causal evidence is high for UI benefits receipt outcomes because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to reemployment bonus incentives, and not to other factors. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for the employment and earnings outcomes because study attrition could not be determined for those outcomes.","the Pennsylvania Reemployment Bonus Demonstration","Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1992,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/PDFs/pennreemploy.pdf "The Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment: Final report","Spiegelman, R., O’Leary, C., & Kline, K. (1992). The Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment: Final report. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impacts of the Washington Reemployment Bonus experiment, which aimed to encourage faster reemployment rates among Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants by offering them financial incentives, on the UI benefits receipt of UI claimants. In this demonstration about 15,500 eligible claimants were randomized into one of six treatment groups or a control group. The six treatment groups were offered different combinations of reemployment bonus amounts and periods within which they were required to find a job in order to claim the bonus. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI benefits receipt. The study found that three of the bonus treatments reduced the weeks of UI benefits and total UI benefits dollars received, but the other three did not. Pooling across all bonus treatments, treatment group members received 0.4 fewer weeks and $65 less in UI benefits, on average, than their control group counterparts. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the reemployment bonuses, and not to other factors.","the Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment","Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1992,http://research.upjohn.org/externalpapers/44/ "The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Follow-up report","Anderson, P., Corson, W., & Decker, P. (1991). The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Follow-up report. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper 91-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project on the unemployment insurance (UI) receipt, employment, and earnings of UI claimants in New Jersey three to four years after program enrollment. In this demonstration, about 11,000 UI claimants were randomized into one of three treatment groups, all of which received some variation of Job Search Assistance (JSA) services, or into the control group, which could receive only existing services in the community. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI receipt, employment, and earnings. The study found that, over the claim year and three follow-up years, the JSA-plus-reemployment-bonus group had statistically significant differences from the control group on UI dollars received ($293 fewer than control) and UI weeks paid (1.6 fewer weeks than control). The study found few statistically significant impacts on the probability of working, earnings, or weeks worked for any of the treatment groups compared with the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the interventions studied, and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1991,http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/dmstree/op/op91/op_01-91.pdf "Evaluation of the impacts of the Washington Alternative Work Search Experiment","Johnson, T., & Klepinger, D. (1991). Evaluation of the impacts of the Washington Alternative Work Search Experiment. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper, 91(4), 1–90.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study assessed the impacts of four different work search policy approaches implemented through the Washington Alternative Work Search Experiment on Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits receipt, employment, and earnings outcomes. Eligible UI claimants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups or a control group. The four study groups faced different work search requirements to continue receiving UI benefits. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI benefits receipt, employment, and earnings. The study found that UI claimants facing less-stringent work search requirements received more UI benefits for longer and were more likely to exhaust their benefits, on average, than those facing standard work search requirements. There were few differences in UI benefits, employment, or earnings among claimants subject to more stringent work search requirements compared with those facing standard work search requirements. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the alternative work search requirements, and not to other factors.","the Washington Alternative Work Search Experiment","Job search assistance and supportive services Unemployment Insurance","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1991, "The economic impact of the Nevada Claimant Employment Program","Hanna, J., & Turney, Z. (1990). The economic impact of the Nevada Claimant Employment Program. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper 90(4), 79-92.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study determined the effect of reemployment services, particularly job training for those with insufficient skills or education, on Unemployment Insurance (UI) receipt duration. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT), with sample members’ outcomes drawn from Nevada state UI records. The study found that reemployment services reduced UI receipt duration by 1.6 weeks, on average, during the first year. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Nevada Claimant Employment Project; other factors are likely to have contributed.","JSA services","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1990, "Back to work: Testing reemployment services for displaced workers","Bloom, H. (1990). Back to work: Testing reemployment services for displaced workers. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Texas Worker Adjustment Demonstration on the Unemployment Insurance (UI) receipt, employment, and earnings of UI claimants one year after program enrollment. In this demonstration, about 2,200 UI claimants across three sites were randomized into a treatment group, which received job-search assistance services and, if needed, occupational training, or into the control group, which could receive only existing services in the community. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data and conducted a one-year follow up survey. The study found that women who received services at the two El Paso sites earned $987 more and received $193 less in UI benefits in the first year, and were 10 to 20 percentage points more likely to be employed in the first three quarters after entering the program, compared with the control group. The study also found that men in the treatment groups at all three sites received $143 less in UI benefits than men in the control group, but there were no other statistically significant impacts one year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is an analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial for which attrition cannot be calculated, but for which the author included sufficient statistical controls. This means we have some confidence that the estimated effects are attributable to the demonstration services, although other factors also could have contributed.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services Basic skills Community college education and other classroom training Work based and other occupational training","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1990, "The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Final evaluation report","Corson, W., Decker, P.T., Dunstan, S.M., Gordon, A.R., Anderson, P., & Homrighausen, J. (1989). The New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project: Final evaluation report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the short-term impacts of the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project on the unemployment insurance (UI) receipt, employment, and earnings of UI claimants in New Jersey approximately one year after program enrollment. In this demonstration, about 11,000 UI claimants were randomized into one of three treatment groups, all of which received some variation of Job Search Assistance (JSA) services, or into the control group, which could receive only existing services in the community. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data, which provided information on UI receipt, employment, and earnings. The study team also surveyed a subsample of roughly 7,500 participants about their experiences in the year following random assignment. The study found that all three treatments reduced at least one measure of UI benefits received in the benefit year. According to the survey data, the JSA-only and JSA-plus-bonus groups had higher employment and earnings in the year following participants’ initial UI claims than control group members (no difference was found for the JSA-plus-training group). However, these impacts were not observed in the administrative data. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the interventions studied, and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1989,http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/dmstree/op/op89/op_03-89.pdf "Requiring Unemployment Insurance recipients to register with the Public Employment Service","Director, S., & Englander, F. (1988). Requiring Unemployment Insurance recipients to register with the Public Employment Service. The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 55(2), 245-258.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of New Jersey’s repeal of mandatory Employment Services (ES) registration for Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants on the length of claimants’ UI spells and their probability of exhausting available UI benefits. The authors compared UI outcomes before and after repeal using an interrupted time series design based on monthly, state-level time series data from 1971 to 1981. The study found that the UI exhaustion rate and weeks of UI benefits received were lower when ES registration was mandatory than when it was voluntary. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to mandatory ES registration; other factors are likely to have contributed.","More stringent work search requirements","RESEA Unemployment Insurance Wagner-Peyser Act","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1988, "The Illinois Unemployment Insurance Incentive Experiments","Spiegelman, R., & Woodbury, S. (1987). The Illinois Unemployment Insurance Incentive Experiments. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. UpJohn Institute for Employment Research.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Job Search Incentive Experiment and the Hiring Incentive Experiment in Illinois on Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit receipt and earnings. In this study, about 17,000 new UI claimants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, both of which could participate in a reemployment bonus program, or the control group, which faced existing UI program rules and could not receive a reemployment bonus. For all participants, the study team collected administrative data on UI benefits receipt. The study found that those in the job search incentive group had a significant reduction in UI benefits received, length of UI receipt, and proportion of claimants exhausting UI benefits, compared with the control group. Those in the hiring incentive group had a significant reduction in UI benefits received relative to the control group, but no other outcomes.  The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the reemployment bonuses, and not to other factors.","the Illinois Job Search Incentive and Hiring Incentive Experiments","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1987, "Evaluation of the perceivable demand list pilot project","Behrens, J. (1987). Evaluation of the perceivable demand list pilot project. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Labor.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The report’s objective was to evaluate the Perceivable Demand List (PDL) Pilot Project on the duration of unemployment insurance (UI) receipt among recent beneficiaries laid off from high-demand occupations.  For this evaluation, UI recipients in Hackensack, New Jersey, who were recently laid off from high-demand occupations, as determined by the New Jersey Department of Labor, were randomly assigned to either participate in the PDL pilot or receive services as usual. The PDL pilot reduced UI receipt by an average of 2.6 weeks, reduced total UI benefits received by $340, and reduced the proportion of UI recipients who exhausted their benefits by 9.8 percentage points. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable solely to the PDL Pilot, not other factors.","More stringent work search requirements","RESEA Other employment and reemployment Wagner-Peyser Act","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1987, "Evaluation of the Charleston Claimant Placement and Work Test Demonstration","Corson, W., Long, D., & Nicholson, W. (1985). Evaluation of the Charleston Claimant Placement and Work Test Demonstration. Department of Labor Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper, 85(2), 1-113.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the impact of a more-stringent work test and enhanced employment services on Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants’ benefits receipt and reemployment outcomes. The authors randomly assigned UI claimants to four conditions, comprising three distinct treatment groups and one control group. Administrative data sources, including UI and Employment Service (ES) records as well as records of claimants’ interactions with program staff provided outcomes for sample members in all four conditions. The study found that UI claimants in the more-intensive treatment conditions—treatment groups 1 and 2—collected UI benefits for fewer weeks than those in the control condition, by 0.76 weeks in treatment group 1 and 0.61 weeks in treatment group 2; these differences were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Charleston Claimant Placement and Work Test Demonstration, and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1985, "Impacts of transitional employment for mentally retarded young adults: Results of the STETS demonstration","Kerachsky, S., Thornton, C., Bloomenthal, A., Maynard, R. & Stephens, S. (1985). Impacts of transitional employment for mentally retarded young adults: Results of the STETS demonstration. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Structured Training and Employment Transitional Services (STETS) program on employment rates, earnings, and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) receipt. The STETS program included a suite of work-readiness training, transitional jobs, and postplacement support services for young adults with intellectual disabilities. The study was a randomized controlled trial that randomly assigned young adults to the treatment group, which could participate in the STETS program, or to the control group, which could not. The study drew on data from in-person interviews conducted 6, 15, and 22 months after the start of the program. The study found that young adults in the treatment group were employed at significantly higher rates and, on average, earned more than the control group 15 and 22 months after the program began. The study also found that 15 months after random assignment, the young adults in the treatment group were significantly less likely than those in the control group to receive SSI or SSDI benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the STETS program, and not to other factors.","Structured Training and Employment Transitional Services","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Disability, Low income",,"United States",1985,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/impacts_of_transitional_employment_fr.p… "Wisconsin Job Service: ERP Pilot Project final report","Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations (1984). Wisconsin Job Service: ERP Pilot Project final report. Madison, WI: DILHR.","Job Search Assistance, Reemployment","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study estimated the effect of mandatory participation in a job search workshop for Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients separated indefinitely from their previous employers. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in six sites in Wisconsin. Eligible UI recipients were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, which was required to attend a six-hour workshop, or a control group, which was not required to attend the workshop. In general, there were no statistically significant differences in duration of UI benefit receipt between treatment and control group members across all six sites or for individual sites. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented RCT. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the job search workshop and not to other factors.","JSA services","Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1984, "The Nevada claimant placement project.","Steinman, J. (1978). The Nevada claimant placement project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment & Training Administration.",Reemployment,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of the Nevada Claimant Placement Project (NCPP), an intervention designed to accelerate labor force reattachment among Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants through mandatory, intensive case management. The study was a randomized controlled trial; UI claimants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which received enhanced case management services, or to a control group, which received typical services available to UI claimants. The author used UI administrative records to compare the UI benefit receipt of treatment group members with that of control group members. The study found that the treatment group members received $318 less in UI benefits than control group members. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because attrition could not be determined and the study did not include controls for claimant characteristics in its analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NCPP.","Reemployment Eligibility Assessment","RESEA Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",1978,