Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link "Synthesis Report: Evidence on the Effects of OSHA Activities",,"OSHA Enforcement",,,,"Findings: According to the research, there is some evidence that OSHA inspections reduce injury rates, on average. Some recent research has strong current relevance and provides valuable descriptive information, but low causal evidence on the impact of inspections. There is little information on the characteristics of OSHA inspections and other OSHA activities.","OSHA Enforcement Activities",Inspections,,,,, "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt… "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up Plus intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up Plus program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up Plus program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Plus Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt… "Evaluation of commercially available seat suspensions to reduce whole body vibration exposures in mining heavy equipment vehicle operators","Kim, J. H., Marin, L. S., & Dennerlein, J. T. (2018). Evaluation of commercially available seat suspensions to reduce whole body vibration exposures in mining heavy equipment vehicle operators. Applied Ergonomics, 71, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.04.003","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of seat suspension systems on mine worker health and safety outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in a laboratory setting. The authors examined differences in whole body vibration (WBV) exposure between different seat suspension systems for three mining heavy equipment vehicles. The study found that seats with active vertical suspension were significantly more effective in reducing WBV exposure compared to the passive suspension seats. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the different seat suspension systems, and not to other factors.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2018,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.04.003 "The real effects of mandated information on social responsibility in financial reports: Evidence from mine-safety records","Christensen, H. B., Floyd, E., Liu, L. Y., & Maffett, M. (2017). The real effects of mandated information on social responsibility in financial reports: Evidence from mine-safety records. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 64(2-3), 284-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.08.001","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of mine safety disclosures (MSD) on health and safety outcomes. The authors used a difference-in-differences model to compare the changes in safety citations and injury rates for mines that are required to include MSD records in financial reports with mines that are not. The study found that including safety records in financial reports is associated with a significant reduction in mining-related citations and worker injuries. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the mandatory inclusion of mine safety disclosures (MSD), but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2017,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.08.001 "The Mining Healthy Worksite Program","Cherniack, M. (2016). The Mining Healthy Worksite Program. (Grant No. AFC113-9). Philadelphia, PA: Alpha Foundation for the Improvement of Mine Safety and Health, Inc.","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mining Healthy Worksite Program (MHWP) on mine worker health and safety outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to assess self-reported health and safety knowledge after mining apprentices completed underground mining or surface mining MHWP courses. Using survey data, the author conducted statistical models to examine differences in outcomes between the groups. The study found a significant positive relationship between knowledge and transfer of training in the Hearing Loss and Prevention module for both surface and underground mining apprentices. The study also found that participation in the surface mining course was significantly associated with higher knowledge scores than the underground mining course. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mining Healthy Worksite Program (MHWP); other factors are likely to have contributed.","Mining Healthy Worksite Program (MHWP)","Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2016,https://www.alpha-foundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/AFC113-9_Connecticu… "Evaluating the effectiveness of mine safety enforcement actions in forecasting the lost-days rate at specific worksites","Gernand, J. M. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of mine safety enforcement actions in forecasting the lost-days rate at specific worksites. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032929","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) inspection violations on future accidents and injuries in underground coal mines. The author used statistical models and publicly available MSHA data to predict whether a non-fatal or severe disabling injury would occur in the 12 months following an infraction. The study found that the rate of lost-time injuries could be significantly predicted by total worker time at the mine and the average penalty assessed by MSHA, with a lower likelihood of injury with increased number of worker days at the mine and higher penalties per violation. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MSHA inspection violations, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2016,https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032929 "Implementation of risk management programs: Identification of best practices to reduce injuries and maximize economic benefits","Burgess, J. L. (2016). Implementation of risk management programs: Identification of best practices to reduce injuries and maximize economic benefits. (Report No. AFC113-07). Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona.","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of risk management practices on mine worker health and safety outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the differences in 25-year injury rates and lost time injury rates between four mines that implemented risk management practices and a matched comparison group of mines that did not. The study found that implementation of risk management practices in one mine was significantly associated with a lower lost time injury rate than the comparison group of mines. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for preexisting differences between the groups before the intervention or include sufficient control variables. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the risk management practices; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Risk Management","Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2016, "Assessing the effects of virtual emergency training on mine rescue team efficacy","Hoebbel, C., Bauerle, T., Macdonald, B., & Mallett, L. (2015). Assessing the effects of virtual emergency training on mine rescue team efficacy. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) in Pittsburgh, PA.","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of virtual mine rescue training on mine rescue process efficacy. Using survey data, the authors used an interrupted time series design to compare mine rescue team members’ self-reported process efficacy before and after virtual mine rescue training. The study found that the virtual mine rescue training was significantly associated with an increase in process efficacy. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not observe outcomes for multiple periods before and after the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the mine rescue training; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2015,https://www.cdc.gov/Niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/ateov.pdf "Evaluation of automated vs. manual bagger exposures related to ergonomics, dust, and noise at a sand mine processing plant","Wilson, L. A. (2015). Evaluation of automated vs. manual bagger exposures related to ergonomics, dust, and noise at a sand mine processing plant (Unpublished master’s thesis). Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT.","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an automated bagging system on mine worker health and safety outcomes. Using data from a sand mining plant, the author used an interrupted time series design to compare the rates of mine worker injuries and health issues before and after implementing an automated bagging system. The study found that implementation of an automated bagging system is significantly associated with a reduction in noise exposure. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not observe outcomes for multiple periods before and after the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the automated bagging system; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2015,https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A//scholar… "Directional control-response compatibility relationships assessed by physical simulation of an underground bolting machine","Steiner, L., Burgess-Limerick, R., & Porter, W. (2014). Directional control-response compatibility relationships assessed by physical simulation of an underground bolting machine. Human Factors, 56(2), 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813490953","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of directional control-response relationships on errors made when controlling roof-bolting machines. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in a laboratory setting. The authors tested the role of the directional control-response relationships for roof-bolting machines on the amount of selection errors made by participants. The study found a significant effect of directional control-response relationships on the proportion of errors made for three of the five levers tested. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to directional control-response relationships for roof-bolting machines, and not to other factors.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813490953 "Occupational radon exposure and lung cancer mortality: Estimating intervention effects using the parametric G formula","Edwards, J. K., McGrath, L. J., Buckley, J. P., Schubauer-Berigan, M. K., Cole, S. R., & Richardson, D. B. (2014). Occupational radon exposure and lung cancer mortality: Estimating intervention effects using the parametric G formula. Epidemiology, 25(6), 829-834. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000164","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of three different historical U.S. radon exposure standards on lung cancer mortality. The author used statistical models and data from the Colorado Plateau Uranium Miners cohort to estimate the risk of lung cancer death based on different limits of radon exposure. The study found that all three federal standards that limited radon exposure were associated with lower cumulative lung cancer mortality by age 90. However, tests of statistical significance were not reported. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the historical radon exposure standards, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2014,https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000164 "Effect of control order on steering a simulated underground coal shuttle car","Burgess-Limerick, R., Zupanc, C., & Wallis, G. (2013). Effect of control order on steering a simulated underground coal shuttle car. Applied Ergonomics, 44(2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.007","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of first-order and second-order joystick controls on mining shuttle car steering accuracy over multiple trials. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in a laboratory setting. The authors compared the steering accuracy of mining shuttle car operators when the operators were using a first-order versus second-order joystick steering mechanism and how the accuracy varied with repeated trials. The study found that the operators using the first-order joystick control had significantly better steering accuracy than those using the second-order joystick control. Both groups significantly improved over the three trials and the difference in the performance of the two groups lessened over the three trials. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the joystick mechanism, and not to other factors.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","United States",2013,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.007 "Shape-coding and length-coding as a measure to reduce the probability of selection errors during the control of industrial equipment","Steiner, L. J., & Burgess-Limerick, R. (2013). Shape-coding and length-coding as a measure to reduce the probability of selection errors during the control of industrial equipment. IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(4), 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2013.844209","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of shape-coding and length-coding of roof-bolting machine levers on selection errors made when controlling the machines. The authors conducted three separate laboratory experiments to test the role of shape-coding and length-coding of roof-bolting machine levers on the amount of selection errors made by participants. In experiments 1 and 2, participants were randomized into different lever conditions (shape-coded, length-coded, or non-coded). In experiment 3, the participants used shape-coded levers only and the lever order was changed half-way through the experiment. The study found that the proportion of errors significantly improved over time for all lever conditions, indicating a learning effect. The study also found that participants in the length-coded group made significantly fewer selection errors than those in the non-coded group when the order of levers changed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for experiments 1 and 2 because they were based on well-implemented randomized controlled trials. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to shape-coding and length-coding, and not to other factors. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is low for experiment 3 because there are not sufficient pre and post measures of the outcome. This means that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to shape-coding; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2013,https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2013.844209 "A new estimate of the impact of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injury rates, 1998-2005","Haviland, A., Burns, R., Gray, W., Ruder, T., & Mendeloff, J. (2012). A new estimate of the impact of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injury rates, 1998-2005. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 55(11), 964-975.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect of OSHA inspections on injuries in single-facility manufacturing firms in Pennsylvania between 1998 and 2005. The study used a regression model to compare the changes in workplace injuries of firms that had received particular types of inspections to those that had not received those types of inspections. The study found that inspections with penalties were associated with a statistically significantly decrease in injuries by an average of 19 to 24 percent annually in the two years after the inspection. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in workplace injuries between firms that received particular types of OSHA inspections and firms that did not receive those types of inspections are attributable to the inspections.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",2012, "Randomized government safety inspections reduce worker injuries with no detectable job loss","Levine, D., Toffel, M., & Johnson, M. (2012). Randomized government safety inspections reduce worker injuries with no detectable job loss. Science, 336(6083), 907-911.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of random OSHA inspections on firms’ injury-related outcomes and performance. To do this, the authors used a regression model to compare changes over time in firms randomly chosen to receive inspections to changes in uninspected firms. The study found that the number of injuries and the cost of injuries declined after OSHA inspected a firm. In addition, the study found no evidence that the firms OSHA inspected had lower employment, sales, or credit ratings or were less likely to continue to operate than firms OSHA did not inspect. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because the study used a well-conducted nonexperimental design. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to OSHA inspections. However, other factors not accounted for in the study could also have contributed to the estimated effects.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workers compensation Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",2012, "The impact of regulatory enforcement and consultation visits on workers’ compensation claims incidence rates and costs, 1999–2008","Foley, M., Fan, J., Rauser, E., & Silverstein, B. (2012). The impact of regulatory enforcement and consultation visits on workers’ compensation claims incidence rates and costs, 1999–2008. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 55(11), 976-990.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the impact of inspections and consultations by Washington State’s Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) on workers’ compensation claim rates and their associated costs. The study used regression models to compare changes in the claim rates and claim costs across years for firms that had a DOSH inspection or consultation with those that did not. The study found that DOSH activities were associated with statistically significant reductions in workers’ compensation claim rates. The study also found reductions in claims’ costs in firms with DOSH activities, but this was not statistically significant. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we do not have confidence that the effects estimated in this study are attributable to DOSH activities.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workers compensation Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",2012, "A visual warning system to reduce struck-by or pinning accidents involving mobile mining equipment","Sammarco, J., Gallagher, S., Mayton, A., & Srednicki, J. (2012). A visual warning system to reduce struck-by or pinning accidents involving mobile mining equipment. Applied Ergonomics, 43(6), 1058-1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.03.006","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a visual warning system on motion detection time. The study was an experiment conducted in a laboratory setting. The authors assessed whether installing a visual warning system on a continuous mining machine improved participant motion detection time. The study found that the visual warning system significantly improved speed of detection for a variety of machine movements. Also, dynamic and flashing lighting patterns significantly enhanced motion detection time compared to static or non-flashing lights. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the visual warning system, and not to other factors.",,"Mine safety and health Workplace injury",Adult,,"United States",2012,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.03.006 "The Accelerated Benefits Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Impacts on health and employment at twelve months","Michalopoulos, C., Wittenburg, D., Israel, D., Schore, J., Warren, A., Zutshi, A., Freedman, S., & Schwartz, L. (2011). The Accelerated Benefits Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Impacts on health and employment at twelve months. New York: MDRC.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This is the 12-month survey impact report of the Accelerated Benefits Demonstration (ABD), an effort to provide immediate health insurance and employment and benefits counseling to new, uninsured Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients during the 24 month Medicare eligibility waiting period.  About 2,000 volunteers were randomly assigned as part of the demonstration; this report focuses on approximately 1,500 of them. Study data sources included Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative records, a baseline telephone survey, a follow-up 12-month survey, health claims data, and a case management information system. ABD health insurance increased health care utilization, reduced unmet medical care needs, and improved self-reported health. However, ABD employment supports did not increase employment in the first 12 months of follow-up. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is high because the study is a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we can be confident that the outcome differences between research groups are attributable to ABD, and not other factors.","Accelerated Benefits Demonstration","Disability insurance Health insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Job search assistance and supportive services",Disability,,"United States",2011,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_528.pdf "Mental Health Treatment Study: Final Report","Frey, W., Drake, R., Bond, G., Miller, A., Goldman, H., Salkever, D., & Holsenbeck, S. (2011). Mental Health Treatment Study: Final Report. Baltimore, MD: Westat.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS), which provided supported employment services to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients with psychiatric disabilities. The study was a randomized controlled trial with 2,238 participants. The analysis used data from nine surveys administered over the two-year intervention period. The study found that MHTS had positive impacts on earnings measured 12 and 24 months after random assignment and on health outcomes 24 months after random assignment. There were no statistically significant impacts on disability benefits receipt. The quality of the evidence presented in this study is moderate for earnings and SSDI benefit receipt outcomes. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the MHTS, but other factors might also have contributed. For the health outcomes, the quality of evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MHTS; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS)","Health Disability insurance Job search assistance and supportive services Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",2011,http://socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/MHTS_Final_Report_508.pdf "An impact evaluation of a federal mine safety training regulation on injury rates among US stone, sand, and gravel mine workers: An interrupted time-series analysis","Monforton, C., & Windsor, R. (2010). An impact evaluation of a federal mine safety training regulation on injury rates among US stone, sand, and gravel mine workers: An interrupted time-series analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(7), 1334-1340. https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2009.178301","Mine Workers and Mine Health and Safety","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Policy Part 46 on mine workers’ injury rates. The study used an interrupted time series design to compare injury rates before and after the policy implementation using injury rate data that is reported to MSHA by individual mining companies. The study found that policy implementation was associated with a significant decrease in mine workers’ likelihood of permanent disabling injuries. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for anticipation of the policy before it was implemented. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MSHA Policy Part 46; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Policy Part 46","Mine safety and health Workplace injury",,,"United States",2010,https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2009.178301 "What kinds of injuries do OSHA inspections prevent? ","Haviland, A., Burns, R., Gray, W., Ruder, T., & Mendeloff, J. (2010). What kinds of injuries do OSHA inspections prevent? Journal of Safety Research, 41(4), 339-345.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine whether OSHA inspections that resulted in penalties or citations prevented specific types of workplace injuries. The study used a regression model to compare the changes in the workplace injuries in single-facility manufacturing firms that had received an inspection that resulted in a penalty or citation to changes in firms that had not received a penalty or citation. The group of firms that had not received a penalty or citation combined two types of firms: firms that had not been inspected and firms that received inspections that did not result in a penalty or citation. The study found that inspections that imposed penalties were associated with statistically significant reductions in the rates of all types of injuries examined. Among the specific citations studied, only citations for violating the general standard for personal protective equipment were associated with reduced injury rates. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that OSHA inspections that resulted in penalties or citations caused the reductions in workplace injuries.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",2010, "Adding contingency management intervention to vocational rehabilitation: Outcomes for dually diagnosed veterans","Drebing, C. E., Van Ormer, E. A., Mueller, L., Hebert, M., Penk, W. E., Petry, N. M., . . . Rounsaville, B. (2007). Adding contingency management intervention to vocational rehabilitation: Outcomes for dually diagnosed veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 44(6), 851-865.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study examined the impact of contingency management (CM) on employment and health outcomes. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial, using a work history form and drug and alcohol screenings to collect participant data. At nine months, 50 percent of the individuals in the treatment group had obtained competitive employment compared with only 28 percent of those in the control group. Treatment group participants remained abstinent from drugs and alcohol longer than control group participants (11.8 weeks versus 9.4 weeks). Treatment group participants were also less likely to relapse by week 16 (50 percent versus 72 percent). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for employment outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CM program, and not to other factors.","Contingency Management","Veterans' reemployment","Veteran or military",,"United States",2007,https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/07/44/6/drebing.html "Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments.","Henggeler, S., Halliday-Boykins, C., Cunningham, P., Randall, J., Shapiro, S., & Chapman, J. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the marginal impacts of three layered treatments—drug court hearings, substance abuse therapy, and contingency management counseling—on criminal justice outcomes and positive drug screens among youth in Charleston, South Carolina, diagnosed with substance abuse or dependence. The authors randomly assigned eligible youth to one of three treatment groups—drug court, drug court with multisystemic therapy, or drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced by contingency management—or to a control group that received typical family court services. The study found no statistically significant differences between the groups on measures of recidivism after one year. However, the study found that participants in the treatment groups reported committing fewer delinquent acts than those in the control groups. Effects on drug screens were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for recidivism outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but moderate for self-reported delinquency and drug screen outcomes because they had high attrition and the authors demonstrated that the groups being compared had similar baseline characteristics.","the Treatments","Substance abuse recovery Youth programs Behavioral Interventions","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2006, "Regulatory federalism and workplace safety: Evidence from OSHA enforcement, 1981–1995","Bradbury, J. (2006). Regulatory federalism and workplace safety: Evidence from OSHA enforcement, 1981–1995. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 29(2), 211–224.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine if workplace fatalities were lower in states with federal or state enforcement of Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. The study used a regression model to compare changes over time in the workplace fatalities of states with federal or state enforcement of OSHA regulations. The study found that states with self-enforcement of OSHA regulations had lower fatality rates relative to states with federal OSHA enforcement; this difference was statistically significant. The quality of evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in workplace fatalities between states with self-enforcement and those with federal enforcement of OSHA regulations are attributable to the method of enforcement.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",2006, "Inside the black box: How do OSHA inspections lead to reductions in workplace injuries?","Mendeloff, J., & Gray, W. (2005). Inside the black box: How do OSHA inspections lead to reductions in workplace injuries? Law and Policy, 27(2), 219-237.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of OSHA inspections that resulted in penalties or citations on the types of injuries workers suffered. The study used a regression model to compare the changes in workplace injuries of manufacturing firms that had received an inspection that resulted in a penalty or citation to those that had not received a penalty or citation. The group of firms that had not received a penalty or citation combined two types of firms: firms that had not been inspected and firms that received inspections that did not result in a penalty or citation. The study found that OSHA inspections that resulted in a penalty were associated with statistically significant decreases in lost-workday injuries. Among the specific citations studied, citations for the standards for general requirements for personal protective equipment and general machine guarding were associated with statistically significant reductions in some types of lost-workday injuries. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that OSHA inspections that resulted in penalties or citations caused the reductions in workplace injuries.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",2005, "The impact of enhanced incentives on vocational rehabilitation outcomes for dually diagnosed veterans.","Drebing, C. E., Van Ormer, E. A., Krebs, C., Rosenheck, R., & Rounsaville, B. (2005). The impact of enhanced incentives on vocational rehabilitation outcomes for dually diagnosed veterans. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 38(3), 359-372.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study examined the impact of enhanced incentives within an existing Veteran’s Administration (VA) Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) program on sustained abstinence from substances, transitioning to competitive employment, retention in competitive employment, and wages. The study was a randomized controlled trial that compared outcomes for the intervention and control groups over 16 weeks. The CWT program’s clinical and financial records were used to assess employment and wage outcomes. Urine screens and participant reports were used to measure substance use outcomes. The study found that total wages for the enhanced incentives group were significantly higher than for the control group. The study also found that the intervention group abstained from substance use for a significantly longer time than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low for the employment and earnings outcomes because the authors did not establish that the intervention and control groups were equivalent one year before the intervention in terms of earnings or employment. This means we are not confident the estimated effects on these outcomes are attributable to the enhanced incentives in the CWT program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Veterans’ Administration’s Compensated Work Therapy Program with Enhanced Incentives","Health Substance abuse recovery Veterans' reemployment","Veteran or military","Health care and social assistance","United States",2005,https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ725227.pdf "The declining effects of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injuries, 1979-1998","Gray, W., & Mendeloff, J. (2005). The declining effects of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injuries, 1979-1998. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 58(4), 571-587.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of federal OSHA inspections in manufacturing establishments on workplace injuries during three separate time periods: 1979–1985, 1987–1991, and 1992–1998. The study used a regression model to compare the changes in workplace injuries in manufacturing establishments that had received an inspection within the past four years to those in establishments that had not received inspections. The study found that OSHA inspections were associated with statistically significant reductions in lost-workday injuries of 10 percent in 1979–1985 and 4 percent in 1987–1991, but had no statistically significant effect on these injuries in 1992–1998. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in workplace injuries between firms that did and did not receive OSHA inspections are attributable to the inspections.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",2005,http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=… "Evaluation of OSHA’s impact on workplace injuries and illnesses in manufacturing using establishment-specific targeting of interventions: programmed inspections vs. high hazard notification letters","ERG. (2004). Evaluation of OSHA’s impact on workplace injuries and illnesses in manufacturing using establishment-specific targeting of interventions: programmed inspections vs. high hazard notification letters. Final report. Lexington, MA: Author.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the impact of two types of notifications sent by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)—those with and without subsequent inspections—on workplace injuries. The study used a regression model to analyze annual changes in workplace injuries in manufacturing firms that received OSHA notifications of high existing injury rates and/or inspections in the current or past two years. The study found that firms that received notifications without a subsequent inspection experienced a statistically significant decline in injury rates. Firms that received a notification and an inspection experienced larger declines. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that OSHA notifications and inspections caused the reductions in workplace injuries.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",2004, "Long-term ethylene oxide exposure trends in U.S. hospitals: relationship with OSHA regulatory and enforcement actions","LaMontagne, A., Oakes, J., & Turley, R. (2004). Long-term ethylene oxide exposure trends in U.S. hospitals: Relationship with OSHA regulatory and enforcement actions. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1614-1619.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Mixed impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine differences in hospital worker exposures to ethylene oxide (EtO) after the implementation of the 1984 and 1988 OSHA EtO standards. The authors used a random effects model to examine changes over time in hospital worker exposures to EtO. The study reported a steady, statistically significant decline in EtO exposures for the first several years after each OSHA standard was set. The quality of evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that changes in worker EtO exposures over time are attributable to OSHA’s implementation of EtO standards.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Safety",Employed,"Health care and social assistance","United States",2004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448503/pdf/0941614.pdf "Workplace Health and Safety Regulations: Impact of Enforcement and Consultation on Workers’ Compensation Claims Rates in Washington State","Baggs, J., Silverstein, B., & Foley, M. (2003). Workplace health and safety regulations: Impact of enforcement and consultation on workers’ compensation claims rates in Washington State. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43(5), 483-494.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study examined the effects of Washington’s Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) State Plan (named WISHA) inspections and consultations on workers’ compensation claim rates for employers in Washington State. The study used a difference-in-differences model to compare the changes in compensable claim rates for employers that had received WISHA inspections or consultations in the previous year with those that had not received the specific WISHA intervention. The study found that WISHA enforcement activity was associated with a statistically significant reduction in workers’ compensation claims rates for fixed-site industries (for example, manufacturing) but not nonfixed-site industries (for example, construction). The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the relative reductions in the compensable claim rates between employers that experienced WISHA enforcement activities or consultations and employers that did not were attributable to the WISHA enforcement activities or consultations.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workers compensation Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",2003,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.10209/abstract "Effect of state workplace safety laws on occupational injury rates","Smitha, M., Kirk, K., Oestenstad, K., Brown, K., & Lee, S. (2001). Effect of state workplace safety laws on occupational injury rates. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 43(12), 1001-1010.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of four types of mandatory state workplace safety interventions on occupational injury rates in manufacturing industries. The study used a regression model to compare differences in injury rates for industries in which higher or lower percentages of the workforce were affected by the four mandatory safety requirements. The study found that the mandatory safety committee requirements were associated with statistically significant decreases in injury rates; the other three initiatives were not. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in injury rates between industries in states with the mandatory safety laws and industries in states without these laws are attributable solely to the laws.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",2001, "Impacts of the Project NetWork Demonstration: Final Report","Kornfeld R.., Wood M. L., Orr L. L., & Long D. A. (1999). Impacts of the Project NetWork Demonstration: Final Report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, Inc.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Health and safety-Mod/high-No impacts Health and safety Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: This study’s objective was to report impacts for Project NetWork. Created by the Social Security Administration (SSA), Project NetWork tested specific approaches to improving employment among Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) recipients and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) applicants and recipients, with a particular focus on case and referral management systems.  The study used multiple data sources, including the Master Earnings File (MEF), Master Beneficiary Record (MBR), Supplemental Security Record (SSR), and survey data collected 25 to 36 months after enrollment. The study found that Project NetWork increased earnings one and two years after enrollment, but these effects did not persist in the third follow-up year. The program led to a slight increase in the average number of months employed, but no changes in participants’ Social Security disability benefit receipt, health, or well-being. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is considered high for the annual earnings, proportion of months receiving SSI/SSDI benefits, and average monthly SSI/SSDI benefits outcomes measured through administrative data because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for annual earnings, hours and months worked, and mental and physical health outcomes due to high attrition for these domains.","Project NetWork","Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation Health Disability insurance Supplemental security income (SSI) Vocational rehabilitation",Disability,,"United States",1999,http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/19994080203411.pdf "The effect of OSHA lead exposure in construction standard on blood lead levels among iron workers employed in bridge rehabilitation","Levin, S., Goldberg, M., & Doucette, J. (1997). The effect of the OSHA lead exposure in construction standard on blood lead levels among iron workers employed in bridge rehabilitation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31(3), 303–309.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Lead Exposure in Construction Standard imposed by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), which was introduced in May 1993, on the blood lead levels of iron workers employed in the renovation of a large, lead-painted, steel bridge in New York City in 1993 and 1994. The study compared the blood lead levels of iron workers in 1993 and 1994, before and after the introduction of OSHA’s Lead Exposure in Construction Standard. The study found that there was no significant difference in the maximum blood lead levels of iron workers from 1993 to 1994, but there was a decline in the increment in blood lead levels, defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum levels. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that any differences in blood lead levels of iron workers before and after the introduction of the OSHA Lead Exposure in Construction Standard were attributable solely to the introduction of the standard.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Safety Workplace injury",Employed,Construction,"United States",1997, "Falls in Construction: Injury Rates for OSHA-Inspected Employers Before and After Citation for Violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard","Nelson, N., Kaufman, J., Kalat, J., & Silverstein, B. (1997). Falls in construction: Injury rates for OSHA-inspected employers before and after citation for violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31(3), 296-302.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect of receiving an OSHA citation for violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard on injury claim rates among construction employers. The study used a regression model to compare injury claim rates for construction employers that had received a citation for violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard between 1991 and 1992 to rates for those that had not received a citation for violating this standard during this time period. The study found that being cited for violating the falls in construction standard was associated with a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of experiencing a subsequent reduction in injury claim rates compared to construction employers that were not cited. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in the likelihood of experiencing a reduction in injury rates between employers that received a citation for violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard and employers that did not receive such a citation are attributable to the citations.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Workers compensation Workplace injury",Employed,Construction,"United States",1997, "Does regulatory enforcement work? A panel analysis of OSHA enforcement","Gray, W., & Scholz, J. (1993). Does regulatory enforcement work? A panel analysis of OSHA enforcement. Law & Society Review, 27(1), 177-213.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect on injury rates of OSHA inspections that resulted in penalties during the 1980s. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The study used a regression model to compare the percentage change in injury rates when firms had received inspections that resulted in penalties during the past four years and when the same firms had not received penalties during the past four years. The study found that inspections that resulted in penalties were associated with statistically significant reductions in lost workday injuries (by 22 percent) and lost workdays (by 20 percent) during the three years following the inspection. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the changes in injury rates within firms when they received inspections that resulted in penalties are attributable solely to these penalties.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",1993, "Re-estimating OSHA’s Effects: Have the data changed?","Ruser, J. & Smith, R. (1991). Re-estimating OSHA’s effects: Have the data changed? Journal of Human Resources, 26(2), 212-235.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect of OSHA inspections and inspection procedures on injury rates in manufacturing firms between 1980 and 1985. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. For their main analysis, the authors used a regression model to compare differences in injury rates for manufacturing plants that received inspections in March and April (“early”) and those that received inspections in November and December (“late”) of the same year. The study found that, relative to late OSHA inspections, early OSHA inspections were not associated with a statistically significantly reduction in injury rates within the year of inspection. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated relationships in this study are the result of OSHA inspections and procedures.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1991, "The effect of OSHA records-check inspections on reported occupational injuries in manufacturing establishments","Ruser, J., & Smith, R. (1988). The effect of OSHA records-check inspections on reported occupational injuries in manufacturing establishments. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1(4), 415–435.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Mixed impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine whether OSHA’s records-check procedure—which was introduced in 1981 in states with federal OSHA enforcement and targeted inspections based on reports of past injuries—caused manufacturing plants to underreport injuries. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did around the time of the records-check procedure’s implementation, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The authors used several approaches, the strongest of which compared the percentage change in lost-workday injury rates in the years when the plant’s state had a records-check procedure and the years when the state did not have this procedure. The study found no statistically significant differences between the percentage change in reported injury rates in plants in states with the records-check procedure and plants in states without this procedure. However, plants in risky industries in records-check states reported a statistically significant 4.7 percent reduction in injury rates. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that any changes in reported injuries within plants in records-check states or in risky industries in records-check states could be attributed to the records-check procedure.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1988, "Safety Regulation and Workplace Injuries","Curington, W. (1986). Safety regulation and workplace injuries. Southern Economic Journal, 53(1), 51.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the introduction of OSHA regulation in 1971 on the severity and frequency of workplace injuries in manufacturing industries in New York. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The study used a regression model to examine the change in the frequency and severity of injuries from the period 1964 to 1970 compared with 1971 to 1976, which represent the time periods before and after the implementation of OSHA standards. The study found that the implementation of OSHA standards was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in the average frequency or the severity of all injuries. The study found a statistically significant association between implementation of OSHA standards and a reduction in ""struck by machine"" injuries. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in injuries from the period 1964 to 1970 compared with 1971 to 1976 are attributable to the introduction of OSHA standards.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1986, "The impact of Occupational Safety and Health regulations, 1973-1983","Viscusi, W. (1986). The impact of Occupational Safety and Health regulations, 1973-1983. RAND Journal of Economics, 17(4), 567–580.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-Mixed impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine changes in the effects of OSHA inspections and penalties on injury rates in manufacturing industries between 1973 and 1983. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The study used a regression model to examine the changes in injury rates in manufacturing industries associated with higher and lower rates of OSHA inspections and penalties during the prior two years. The study found that the evidence of the effectiveness of OSHA inspections and penalties in reducing injuries was mixed, and the effects of OSHA enforcement activities on most outcomes varied over time. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in injuries within industries are attributable to the inspections or penalties.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1986, "Direct and indirect effects of regulation: A new look at OSHA’s impact","Bartel, A., & Thomas, L. (1985). Direct and indirect effects of regulation: A new look at OSHA’s impact. Journal of Law and Economics, 28(1), 1–25.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Compliance-Low-Favorable impacts Compliance Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to determine the effect of Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) inspections on noncompliance with OSHA standards and the effect of noncompliance on lost-workday injuries in the 1970s. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during that period, this study provides historical context for later changes made to the program. The study used a structural model to examine differences in the injury rates and noncompliance for industries that received higher rates of OSHA inspections. The study did not find a statistically significant relationship between noncompliance with OSHA standards and workplace injuries. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in injury rates among industries with higher rates of noncompliance are attributable solely to noncompliance or that differences in noncompliance rates among industries with higher rates of inspections are attributable to inspections.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",1985, "Worker injuries: The effects of Workers’ Compensation and OSHA inspections","Robertson, L., & Keeve, J. (1983). Worker injuries: The effects of Workers' Compensation and OSHA inspections. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 8(3), 581-597.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Health and safety-Low-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study had two objectives: (1) to examine the effect of OSHA citations on injuries (method 1) and (2) to examine the effect of changes in OSHA inspections on changes in days of work lost because of injuries (method 2). Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during the study period, the study provides historical context for the program. Method 1 used a regression model to compare injuries across three firms from 1973 to 1980. Method 2 used a different regression model to compare changes in work days lost because of injuries from 1975 to 1976 to changes in OSHA inspections during the same period, using data at the industry-by-state level. The study found that firms had 35.8 fewer injuries in the years in which they received a citation; however, citations in past years were not significantly related to current year injuries. One additional OHSA inspection was associated with a 2.8 day reduction in the number of work days lost because of injuries.  The quality of causal evidence presented by both methods in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the differences in workplace injuries or lost work days are attributable to OSHA citations or inspections.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1983, "An assessment of OSHA’s recent effects on injury rates","McCaffrey, D. (1983). An assessment of OSHA’s recent effects on injury rates. Journal of Human Resources, 18(1), 131-146.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of OSHA inspections on injury rates in manufacturing and construction firms from 1976 to 1978. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The author used a regression model to compare the differences in injury rates of manufacturing and construction firms that received inspections in March and April (“early”) with those that received inspections in November and December (“late”). The study found that, relative to late OSHA inspections, early OSHA inspections were not associated with a statistically significantly reduction in injury rates within the year of inspection. The quality of causal evidence for some analyses presented in this study is moderate because the analyses used a well-conducted nonexperimental design. This means we have confidence that these findings provide some evidence that OSHA inspections had no effect on injury rates.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,"Construction, Manufacturing","United States",1983, "The Impact of OSHA Inspections on Manufacturing Injury Rates","Smith, R (1979). The Impact of OSHA Inspections on Manufacturing Injury Rates. Journal of Human Resources, 14(2),  145-170.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of OSHA inspections on injury rates in manufacturing firms in 1973 and 1974. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The authors used a regression model to compare the differences in injury rates of firms that received inspections in March and April (“early”) and those that received inspections in November and December (“late”). The study found that in 1973, firms receiving early inspections had significantly lower injury rates that year than those that were inspected later in the year. However, in 1974, firms inspected early and late in the year had similar injury rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because the study used a well-conducted nonexperimental design. This means we have confidence that the effects estimated in this study are attributable at least in part to OSHA inspections. However, as with any nonexperimental study design, other factors not accounted for in the study could also have contributed to the estimated effects.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Workplace injury",Employed,Manufacturing,"United States",1979, "The impact of Occupational Safety and Health regulation","Viscusi, W. (1979). The impact of Occupational Safety and Health regulation. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 117–140.","OSHA Enforcement","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of OSHA inspections and penalties at the industry level on workplace injuries between 1972 and 1975. Although OSHA no longer operates as it did during this period, this study provides historical context for changes that were later made to the program. The study used a regression model to examine differences in injury rates for industries and years with higher rates of OSHA inspections and penalties, relative to industries and years with lower rates of OSHA inspections or penalties. The study found that OSHA inspections and proposed penalties were not statistically significantly related to injuries. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the study’s findings provide causal evidence of the effect of inspections on injuries.","OSHA Enforcement Activities","Inspections Other health and safety Workplace injury",Employed,,"United States",1979,http://law.vanderbilt.edu/files/archive/009_Impact_of_Occupational_Safety.pdf