Title,Citation,Topic_area,Study_type,Study_evidence_rating,Outcome_effectiveness,Findings,Intervention_program,Topics,Target_population,Firm_characteristics,Geographic_setting,Original_publication_date,Original_publication_link,"Review Protocol" "Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents' education, employment, and psychological wellbeing.","Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sabol, T. J., Eckrich Sommer, T., Chor, E., Cooperman, A. W., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., King, C., & Morris, A. (2019). Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents’ education, employment, and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(4), 433-443.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of CareerAdvance on education, employment, and earnings outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of parents who participated in CareerAdvance to outcomes of parents who did not participate. The study found that parents in the treatment group had significantly higher rates of certification, more years of education, and higher rates of enrollment in education and training programs than parents in the comparison group. The treatment group also had significantly higher rates of employment in the healthcare sector, higher rates of part-time employment, and worked more irregular hours than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CareerAdvance program, but other factors might also have contributed.","CareerAdvance Program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2019,https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-a-two-generation-human-capital…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers (CCT) only treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in households receiving the CCT only compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG 1.0) impact study interim report: Program implementation and short-term impacts. (Report No. 2018-16a)","Peck, L. R., Werner, A., Harvill, E., Litwok, D., Moulton, S., Fountain, A. R., & Locke, G. (2018). Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG 1.0) impact study interim report: Program implementation and short-term impacts. (Report No. 2018-16a). Washington, DC: Office of Planning. Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health and Human Services.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Health Profession Opportunity Grant (HPOG) program on educational progress, earnings, and employment. The authors used a randomized controlled trial to analyze the effects of the program between a treatment group, an enhanced treatment group, and a control group. The study found that HPOG participants had significantly higher rates of educational progress, significantly higher earnings in the fifth quarter, and a significantly higher likelihood to be employed in healthcare than the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is high for the employment and earnings outcomes because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. However, the quality of causal evidence is moderate for the educational progress and employment in healthcare outcomes because sample attrition for these outcomes was high, but the authors controlled for key differences between the treatment and control groups at baseline. This means we are somewhat confident that estimated effects on these outcomes would be attributable to HPOG, but other factors might have also contributed.","the Health Profession Opportunity Grant (HPOG)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2018,https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/hpog_interim_appendices_final_…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report.","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the PSSN group (both treatment groups) versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the probability of attending school significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso","Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating economic strengthening and family coaching to reduce work-related health hazards among children of poor households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, S6-S14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Health and safety-Low-No impacts Health and safety","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Trickle Up and Trickle Up Plus programs on children’s exposure to work-related hazards and abuse, and children’s work-related health outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Trickle Up Plus intervention group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in the Nord Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Using three waves of survey data administered to children and adults separately, the authors conducted statistical models to compare the outcomes of treatment and control group members. The study found that Trickle Up Plus program participation was significantly related to a reduction of hazardous work and abuse, compared with the control group. However, the study found no statistically significant relationship between the Trickle Up program and work-related health outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Trickle Up Plus program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Trickle Up Plus Program","Child labor Health","Female, Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322086777_Integrating_Economic_Strengt…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report","The Tanzania Cash Plus Evaluation Team (2018). Tanzania Youth Study of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) impact evaluation: Endline report. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) program on child labor and school participation outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison of the conditional cash transfers with Public Works Program component treatment group versus the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial where villages were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: conditional cash transfer (CCT) only, CCT with a supplemental public works program (PWP), and the control condition. The authors used difference-in-differences models to compare the changes in outcomes between the groups. The study found that the probability of participation in paid work outside the household significantly decreased for children in PWP households compared to children in control group households. However, the probability of participation in livestock herding significantly increased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. Also, the likelihood of dropping out of school significantly decreased for children in PSSN households compared to children in control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated impacts are attributable to the Productive Social Safety Net program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/942-.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact","Dillon, A., Porreca, E., & Rosati, F. (2018). Mali Speed School Program: Long term impact. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Mali Speed School Program on child labor and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children who participated in the Mali Speed School Program with children who did not. Using survey data, the authors conducted difference-in-differences models to examine long-term program outcomes between the groups. The study found that the percentage of children who worked in agriculture in the last seven days or wage employment in the previous 12 months was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group. The study also found that the percentage of children enrolled in school five years after program implementation was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mali Speed School Program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2018,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2017). The impact of the Child Grant Programme on child labour and education in Lesotho. Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Child Grant Programme (CGP) on child labor and education outcomes in Lesotho. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that participation in the CGP was significantly associated with increased school enrollment two years after the introduction of the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the treatment group received a second grant payment, the Food Emergency Grant, which presents a confound. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Child Grant Programme (CGP); other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Zambia Multiple Categorical Targeting Group (MCTG) program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found that children in the treatment group were significantly more likely than children in the control group to participate in livestock herding and collect water or firewood. However, program participants were significantly more likely to attend school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to Zambia's Multiple Categorical Targeting Group program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report","Price, D., Childress, L., Sedlak, W., & Roach, R. (2017). Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: DVP-PRAXIS LTD.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC) on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. This summary focuses on the comprehensive support services strategy. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of NRC students who received comprehensive support services to a matched comparison group. The study found a significant association between receipt of support services and increased program completion, credential attainment, credit accumulation, earnings for incumbent workers, and employment attainment and retention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NRC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Northeast-Resiliency-Cons…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs","de Hoop, J., Groppo, V., & Handa, S. (2017). Household micro-entrepreneurial activity and child work: Evidence from two African unconditional cash transfer programs. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/neudc2017/files/2017/10/paper_303.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor and school attendance in Malawi and Zambia. This summary focuses on the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not. The study found children in the treatment group were less likely to work for pay outside of the household, had less time spent in paid work, were more likely to attend school, but had an increase in hazardous work than children in the control group; these findings were statistically significant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Implementation of a certification program in supply chain management for early career professionals","Bruch, J., Baumgartner, S. et. al. (2017). Implementation of a certification program in supply chain management for early career professionals. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Community College","Study Type: Implementation Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the implementation of Leveraging, Integrating, Networking, Coordinating Supplies (LINCS), a program offered through a consortium of nine state and community colleges, in partnership with the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), universities outside the consortium, the National Urban League, Workforce Development Boards, and American Job Centers to train early career individuals in supply chain management. The study authors conducted an implementation evaluation using data gathered during telephone interviews with college staff and faculty, students, employers, the National Urban League, Workforce Development Boards, and the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals; document review; and administrative student data. The study found that the consortium colleges developed and implemented the program as planned and expanded the program by offering it to universities and colleges outside the consortium and through an online learning management system developed during the grant. The implementation study of LINCS was comprehensive in its design, which incorporated both qualitative and quantitative data. All colleges, and appropriate staff at those colleges, were included in the study, as were partner organizations and students. Evaluators used techniques and strategies to ensure the accuracy of their findings and interpretation. The companion impact study was reviewed by CLEAR in May 2020.","the Leveraging, Integrating, Networking, and Coordinating Supplies (LINCS) program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.skillscommons.org/bitstream/handle/taaccct/15663/TC24981%20LINCS%20…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report","Price, D., Childress, L., Sedlak, W., & Roach, R. (2017). Northeast Resiliency Consortium final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: DVP-PRAXIS LTD.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC) on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. This summary focuses on the continuing education to credit-based educational pathways strategy. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of NRC students who enrolled in continuing education to credit pathways to a matched comparison group. The study found a significant association between NRC program participation and increased credit accumulation, matriculation, and employment attainment and retention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the NRC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Northeast Resiliency Consortium (NRC)","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Northeast-Resiliency-Cons…,"Community College Review Protocol" "The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil","Pais, P. S. M., Silva, F. D. F., & Teixeira, E. C. (2017). The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(2), 206-221.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a matched comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a national household survey. The study found that the program was significantly related to an increase in child labor, with a 52.5 percent increase in hours spent on child labor for those receiving Bolsa Familia. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Outcomes from a certification program for early career professionals in supply chain management","Maxwell, N., Dolfin, S., Bruch, J., & Luca, D. L. (2017). Outcomes from a certification program for early career professionals in supply chain management. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Leveraging, Integrating, Networking, and Coordinating Supplies (LINCS) program on employment and earnings. Using a nonexperimental design, the study authors compared students in the LINCS program to a historical comparison group who had not participated in the LINCS program. The study found no statistically significant relationships between LINCS program participation and employment or earnings. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is moderate because it is based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to LINCS, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Leveraging, Integrating, Networking, and Coordinating Supplies (LINCS) program","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2017,https://www.mathematica.org/our-publications-and-findings/publications/outcomes…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy","de Hoop, J., Friedman, J., Kandpal, E., & Rosati, F. (2017). Child schooling and child work in the presence of a partial education subsidy. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, on children’s school attendance and participation and their participation in work inside and outside of their households. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The researchers used household surveys, administered at baseline and two and half years after the intervention began, to assess program impact on schooling and child labor outcomes between the treatment and control groups. The study found that, two and a half years after the program began, a significantly higher proportion of children participating in the program worked for pay outside of their household than children not participating in the program. However, there was a significantly greater proportion of children in the treatment group than the control group who attended school and attended school regularly. Similarly, children in the treatment group attended a significantly greater number of days of school than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, and not to other factors.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2017,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501961504719564270/pdf/WPS8182.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers","Martinson, K., Williams, J., Needels, K., Peck, L., Moulton, S., Paxton, N., Mastri, A., Copson, E., Comfort, A., & Brown-Lyons, M. (2016). The Green Jobs and Health Care impact evaluation: Findings from the impact study of four training programs for unemployed and disadvantaged workers. Retrieved from https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20from%20the%20Impact%20Study.pdf","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used a baseline information form, the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH), a follow-up survey, and administrative program data to compare the outcomes between the treatment and control groups over an 18-month follow-up period. The study found that the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program had a significant positive impact on completion rates for vocational training and life skills classes, and receipt of a vocational credential. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it is based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the GRCC Pathways to Prosperity program and not to other factors.","the Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) Pathways to Prosperity Program","Basic skills Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training","Adult, Justice-involved, Other barriers, Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2016,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP-2017-07%20Findings%20f…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi","de Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Labor intensive public works and children's activities: The case of Malawi. Retrieved from http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of Malawai’s Labour Intensive Public Works program (LIPW) on children’s school participation and involvement in paid work and household chores. The study was a randomized controlled trial where eligible villages were randomly assigned to a control group that would not receive any benefits, or to one of four treatment groups that differed by agricultural season (lean vs. post-harvest) and payment schedule (lump sum vs. installments). Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and work 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months after implementation. The study found that post-harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of paid work 6 months after participation for boys, whereas lean harvest program participation was significantly related to higher rates of household chores for girls one year after treatment. Lean program participation was also significantly related to school attendance 6 months after participation for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Malawi’s LIPW program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://ucw-project.org/attachment/11052017285Public_work_malawi_dehoop_rosati.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R, Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the UCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of an unconditional cash transfer was significantly associated with an increases in school attendance for the poorest households, but not significantly related to child labor outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the unconditional cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Making the Future: The Wisconsin strategy: Final evaluation report","Price, D., Sedlak, W., Roberts, B., & Childress, L. (2016). Making the Future: The Wisconsin strategy: Final evaluation report. Indianapolis, IN: Northeast Wisconsin Technical College.","Community College","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Wisconsin Making the Future program on education, earnings, and employment outcomes. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of students who were in the Making the Future program to a matched comparison group. Using institutional research data from the community colleges and workforce, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences between the groups. When compared to non-participating students, the study found that Making the Future program participation was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of credential attainment, credit accumulation, and receipt of a one-year technical diploma, a less than one-year technical diploma, and a local certificate. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Making the Future program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Making the Future","Capacity building programs Community college education and other classroom training",Adult,,"United States",2016,https://www.dvp-praxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Final-Evaluation-Report-W…,"Community College Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment","Benedetti, F., Ibarrarán, P., & McEwan, P. J. (2016). Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64(4), 759-793. doi:10.1086/686583","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer on school enrollment and child labor. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in in low-income villages in Honduras. Villages were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. Baseline and follow-up survey data were collected from randomly selected households and analyzed using regression. The Bono 10,000 program significantly increased school enrollment but did not significantly reduce child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono 10,000 program and not to other factors.","Bono 10,000","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/bono.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Eliminating child labour in El Salvador through economic empowerment and social inclusion: Impact report","de Hoop, J., Kovrova, I., & Rosati, F. C. (2016). Eliminating child labour in El Salvador through economic empowerment and social inclusion: Impact report. Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/07032017224El_Salvador_IE_07042016_web.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the effects of a women’s entrepreneurship training program on children’s participation in school and work. The study was a regression discontinuity design, using baseline and follow-up household surveys to measure program outcomes. Households were selected into the program if they had a wealth score below a cut-off point. The authors compared the outcomes of children in households above and below the cut-off score to understand the program’s effects. The study found that selection and participation in the program was significantly associated with a decrease in the percent of children working-only and not attending school, and the number of hours that children worked per week. Selection and participation in the program was also significantly related to an increase in school attendance. This study used a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such, it does not receive a causal rating.","Eliminating Child Labour in El Salvador through Economic Empowerment and Social Inclusion","Child labor","Female, Parent, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/07032017224El_Salvador_IE_07042016_web.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor","Del Carpio, X. V., Loayza, N. V., & Wada T. (2016). The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor. World Development, 80, 33-47. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.013","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the amount and type of child labor conducted by children ages 8 to15. Types of child labor included household chores, farm labor (both at home and outside the home), and skill-forming activities defined as work in commerce, sales, or manufacturing activities outside the home. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in six municipalities in Nicaragua. Households from each community were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Treatment households received either the basic CCT or the basic CCT plus an additional a household grant for the creation of a micro business. Survey data were collected and child labor outcomes were analyzed using two statistical models. The study found that the program significantly reduced overall child labor, household chore labor, and farm labor for both treatment groups compared to the control group. The program had no effect on skill-forming labor for the treatment group that received the basic CCT but increased skill-forming labor for the children in the households that received the basic CCT plus the business grant. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Atención a Crisis program and not to other factors.","Atención a Crisis (“Attention to the Crisis”)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002934,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance?","Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Centre for Economic and International Studies, the International Labour Organisation, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2016). Do recent reforms of Mexico's nationwide cash transfer program affect children's work and school attendance? Understanding Children's Work (UCW) Working Paper Series. Rome, Italy: UCW.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the reformed Prospera cash transfer program on child work and education outcomes. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare outcomes between children in households that received the cash transfer with children in households that did not in two urban areas in Mexico. Outcomes were compared between the treatment and control groups at six months and 18 months post-intervention. The study found that for households with eligible primary and secondary school children, the rates of children working and working for pay were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at six months post-intervention. The study also found that for households with only eligible secondary school children, the rates of school attendance were significantly lower among children in the treatment group than the control group at 18 months post-intervention. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the reformed Prospera cash transfer program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines","Galang, I. M. (2016). Do conditional cash transfers reduce child labor?: Evidence from the Philippines (Unpublished Master's thesis). Tokyo, Japan: The University of Tokyo.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Philippines conditional cash transfer program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), on child labor and school attendance. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 12-14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with increased school attendance but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the 4Ps program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.31-MB-1.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J. W. (2016) Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that receipt of a conditional cash transfer was significantly associated with a reduction in child work and increases in school attendance for the poorest households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe","Fenton, R., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Thomas, R., & Eaton, J.W. (2016). Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: Findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 909-917.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and unconditional cash transfers (UCT) on child labor and schooling outcomes. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CCT group and the UCT group. The study was a randomized controlled trial in which households were randomly assigned to receive one of two cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) or to participate in the control group that did not receive a cash transfer. Using household survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on child labor and schooling outcomes a year after the intervention began. The study found that the CCT group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the UCT group for the least poor households. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in the number of hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the cash transfers. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the cash transfers; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer Program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044770/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets","Mert, K., & Kadioglu, H. (2016). Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets. International Nursing Review 63, 429–436. doi:10.1111/inr.12301","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a program developed to prevent children under 18 years of age from working on the street. The study was an interrupted time series design conducted in one neighborhood in the city of Izmit, Turkey. The authors compared the outcomes for mothers and their children before, immediately after, and three months after participating in The Streets are Not the Solution program. The study found that participating in the program was associated with a 44 percentage point decrease from pretest to posttest in the percentage of children who worked on the streets. However, the study did not include tests of statistical significance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the effects are attributable to the Streets are Not the Solution program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","The Streets are Not the Solution","Child labor","Female, Other, Parent",,International,2016,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings","Lincove, J. A., & Parker, A. (2016). The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings. Education Economics, 24(4), 352-373.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Nicaragua’s Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on attending school, working, and hours worked for children ages 6 to 16. The authors used data from an experimental design where communities were randomly assigned to participate in the program. The authors used difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the program, controlling for child and family demographics separately by child gender and child age groups. The CCT was not associated with the probability of attending school and working for boys, but was associated with a statistically significant decrease in hours worked for boys ages 6-11 (2.8 hours) and for boys as 12-13 (8.7 hours). The program was also associated with a statistically significant 15.8 percent increase in the probability of school enrollment for girls ages 6-11. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the RPS conditional cash transfer program, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2016,http://www.janelincove.com/uploads/3/7/2/0/37205101/educaton_economics_2015.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evidence from a randomized evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers","Akresh, R., de Walque, D., & Kazianga, H. (2016). Evidence from a randomized evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers (Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team Working Paper 7730). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on child labor and education outcomes.   The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in a rural province of Burkina Faso. Using household surveys and administrative data records, the authors conducted statistical models to examine differences in outcomes between the groups over two years. The study found that at the two-year follow-up, rates of school enrollment and attendance were significantly higher for children in households receiving conditional cash transfers relative to the control group. At the two-year follow-up, child labor rates were significantly higher when cash transfers (conditional or unconditional) were given to fathers rather than to mothers. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Nahouri Cash Transfer Pilot Project, and not to other factors.  ",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Child, Low income",,International,2016,https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/944741467047531083/pdf/WPS7730.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Honest Money Box program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Honest Money Box program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Honest Money Box program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Honest Money Box Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report","Berhane, G., Devereux, S., Hoddinott, J., Hoel, J., Roelen, K., Abay, K. Kimmel, M., Ledlie, N., & Woldu, T. (2015). Evaluation of the social cash transfer pilot programme, Tigray region, Ethiopia-endline report. New York, NY: UNICEF","Child Labor",,,"Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment in two districts in Ethiopia (Abi Adi and Hintalo Wajirat). The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children who received the cash transfer to those who did not. Outcomes were measured using baseline and follow-up household surveys and analyzed using regression. The study found that the number of days that girls were engaged in household business (non-farm activities) significantly decreased in Abi Adi; no significant impacts were found for boys in Abi Adi or any children in the Hintalo Wajirat. The study also found that the rates of school enrollment significantly increased for girls aged 6-11 in Hintalo Wajirat; there were no significant impacts for boys in Hintalo Wajirat or any children in Abi Adi. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the conditional cash transfer program and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects","De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2015). How do educational transfers affect child labor supply and expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of impact and flypaper effects. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM) program on child labor. The study used a nonexperimental design to assess the program’s impact. With data collected from a national survey, the authors compared the proportion of children that participated in work between those who received financial educational support in the past year before taking the survey, and matched comparison groups of children who had not received financial educational study. The study found that receipt of educational assistance was significantly associated with lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to BSM; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Cash Transfer for the Poor Students Programme/Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2015,https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66767/,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report","Cunningham, M. K., Biess, J., Emam, D., & Burt., M. R. (2015). Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration evaluation: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.",Veterans,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study examined the effect of the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program on the employment, earnings, public benefit receipt, and education and training outcomes of veterans at risk of homelessness. The study uses a nonexperimental design to examine whether there were changes in veterans’ outcomes from before the program began to six months after the program ended using self-reported data directly from the veterans. The study found statistically significant positive relationships between the VHPD program and veterans’ employment and earnings six months after the program ended compared with before the program. The study found mixed relationships between the VHPD program and public benefit receipt: significantly fewer veterans in the study received several types of public benefits, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Significantly more veterans in the study, however, received Veterans Pension benefits after the program compared with before it. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the VHPD program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration (VHPD) program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education","Low income, Veteran or military, Homeless",,"United States",2015,http://apps.urban.org/features/homeless-veterans/,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program","Lopez-Calva, L. F., & Patrinos, H. A. (2015). Exploring the differential impact of public interventions on indigenous people: Lessons from Mexico's conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 16(3), 452-467. doi:10.1080/19452829.2015.1072378","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor and school attendance for children ages 8 to 17 across 3 indigenous, Spanish-speaking, and bilingual households. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on indigenous households versus individuals who were bilingual or Spanish-speaking. The study found that the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program was significantly related to a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance for indigenous speaking children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for the required variables. As a result, we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2015,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242464961_Exploring_the_Differential_I…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana","Berry, J., Karlan, D., & Pradhan, M. (2015). The impact of financial education for youth in Ghana (Working Paper No. w21068). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21068","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two different financial literacy programs, Aflatoun and Honest Money Box, on child labor and school attendance of children in grades 5 and 7 in southern Ghana. This summary focuses on the comparison between the Aflatoun program group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in three districts in southern Ghana. Schools in each district were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups and a control group. Survey data were collected at baseline and at the end of the school year. Data were analyzed using regression. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on child labor or school attendance for children participating in the Aflatoun program compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the Aflatoun program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Aflatoun Program","Child labor",Other,,International,2015,https://www.nber.org/papers/w21068.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the EPA treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children receiving the EPA program to children over 12, who had not received the CEC program and were not attending school. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the EPA program and child work participation or hours worked. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the EPA program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s EPA program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya","Owoko, S. A. (2014). Effects of cash transfers on child labor and schooling in Kenya (Unpublished master's thesis). Nairobi, Kenya: University of Nairobi.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of Kenya’s Cash Transfer to the Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) program on children’s participation in work and school. The study used a post-test only design to assess differences in school enrollment and work participation between 5-17 year-old children in the CT-OVC program and those who were not in the program. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly related to lower rates of child labor and higher rates of school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program (Kenya CT-OVC)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children's activities","de Hoop, J., Ranzani, M., Rosati, F. C. (2014). The impact of the Kenya CT-OVC programme on children’s activities (Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_144552.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Program on child labor and school participation. The study used a randomized controlled trial to assess the intervention. Child outcomes were compared between the treatment and control group households, using data from follow-up surveys administered two years after the start of the intervention. The study found a 5 percent reduction in the proportion of children in the treatment group who were working in unpaid labor or conducting household chores compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because randomization was compromised and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means that if there were significant effects, we would not be confident that they were attributable to Kenya CT-OVC; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/The_impact_of_the_Kenya_CT-OVC20140423_14…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029 [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of low-income adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in the WIA Adult Program with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange Employment Services. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Adult Program had higher employment rates and average quarterly earnings and lower receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the stipend treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance and lower rates of carpet weaving than the control group at the end of the school year. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Stipend, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour","Ranzani, M., & Rosati, F. (2014). The impact of Oportunidades on school participation and child labour. Rome, Italy: Understanding Children’s Work.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades) on school attendance and participation in work for children ages 8 to 14 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the Oportunidades program on schooling and work for boys and girls using a statistical model. The study found that Oportunidades significantly increased school participation for boys and girls and significantly decreased participation in work for boys only. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Oportunidades, although other factors could also have contributed.",Oportunidades,"Child labor",Other,,International,2014,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/Oportunidades_school_part_child_labour_Ja…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal","Datt, G., & Uhe, L. (2014). A little help may be no help at all: Child labor and scholarships in Nepal. Monash Business School Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 50/14.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of school scholarships in Nepal on child labor. Using the 2010 Nepal Living Standards Survey III, the authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the labor outcomes of scholarship recipients to those who did not receive scholarships. The study found that scholarship receipt was significantly related to an increase in extended-economic work for girls. However, higher scholarship values were significantly related to a reduction in the number of hours spent in economic and extended-economic work for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.monash.edu/business/economics/research/publications/2014/5014childl…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation","Andisha, N., Chiquito-Saban, O., Emmerich, E., Figueroa, A., Jiang, Y., Lee, J. H., Manning, D., Ortega-Sanchez, A., & Gawande, K. (2014.) Reducing child labour in Panama: An impact evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(2), 128-146.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two components of the DESTINO program—CEC (a tutoring course) and EPA (an alternative primary school program)—on children’s participation in agricultural work in Panama. This summary focuses on the comparison between the CEC treatment group and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental comparison group design. Using post-intervention survey data, the authors compared the outcomes for children in schools receiving CEC services to those that were the same age as the CEC children but did not participate in the program. The study found that participation in the CEC program was significantly associated with a reduction in the number of hours that children worked per day but not the probability of children working. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEC program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","DESTINO’s CEC program","Child labor","Other barriers, Other",,International,2014,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673211_Reducing_child_labour_in_Pan…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families.","Matsudaira, J. D., & Blank, R. M. (2014). The impact of earnings disregards on the behavior of low‐income families. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 7-35.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of earnings disregards—the amount of earned income that is not counted when calculating whether someone is eligible for public benefits—for welfare assistance on the employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt of low-skilled single mothers. The study used a difference-in-differences approach to compare the outcomes of women before and after changes in the disregard rate within their state relative to women in other states over the same time period. The study did not find any statistically significant effects of earnings disregards on the outcomes of interest. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design; this is the highest causal evidence rating possible for a nonexperimental design. This means we would be somewhat confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to earnings disregards, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Earnings Disregards for Welfare Assistance","Other employment and reemployment","Female, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2014,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project","de Hoop, J. & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Does promoting school attendance reduce child labour? Evidence from Burkina Faso’s Bright project. Economics of Education Review, 39, 78-96. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.11.001","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the BRIGHT project on school participation and child labor in Burkina Faso in West Africa. The study used a regression discontinuity design. Villages were assigned to the treatment and comparison groups based on a numeric score (a constructed index score of how likely the program would be to benefit girls). Villages above the cut-off score received the program; villages below did not receive the program. Using survey data from schools and households, the authors analyzed the impact of the program on child labor, school enrollment, and school attendance for children aged 5-12. The study found that participation in the BRIGHT project was significantly associated with an increase in the probability of children working in the family business or selling goods on the streets. However, program participation was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment and attendance. This study used a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such, it does not receive a causal rating.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775713001556,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [WIA Youth]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029. [WIA Youth]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Program, held on community and technical college campuses, on the employment rate and earnings of low-income youth in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment and earnings between those who took part in the WIA Youth program relative to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange (Employment Services). The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, WIA Youth participants had higher employment and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Youth Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Youth programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Youth, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. [Dislocated worker sample]","Heinrich, C.J., and Mueser, P. (2014). Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. Columbia, MO: Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, unpublished. [Dislocated worker sample]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine whether participation in the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program services increased participants' earnings and if so, whether those gains were greater during a recessionary period than in periods before and after the recession. The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the quarterly earnings of participants receiving services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program with those of a matched comparison group that received Wagner-Peyser Employment Services (ES). The study presented impacts separately by gender and program year. The study found that males receiving services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program from July 2007 to December 2007 (before the recession), from January 2008 to June 2008 (at the beginning of the recession), and from July 2008 to June 2009 (during the worst of the recession) earned less than males in the comparison group in most of the 16 follow-up quarters examined. In no quarter did females participating in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program before, during, or after the recession earn more than females in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program services, but other factors might also have contributed. The report also examined the impacts of WIA Adult Program services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs Job search assistance and supportive services","Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/WDQI_MissouriReport_TrainingProgramImpacts…,"Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the scholarship treatment and control groups. There was also no statistically significant difference in rates of school attendance or school enrollment between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project Scholarship, and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029%20[WIA Dislocated Workers]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors assigned dislocated workers to the treatment group if they received employment-related services through the WIA Dislocated Worker Program and exited from July 2005 to June 2006 or from July 2007 to June 2008. The comparison group comprised workers who registered for services at the Labor Exchange during this period. The study found that in both the short and long term the employment rate and average quarterly earnings increased for those in the treatment group compared to those in the comparison group. Benefit receipt decreased for those in the treatment group compared with those in the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the treatment and comparison group were compared at different follow-up points and therefore were not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. [Adult sample]","Heinrich, C.J., and Mueser, P. (2014). Training program impacts and the onset of the Great Recession. Columbia, MO: Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, unpublished. [Adult sample]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine whether participation in the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program services increased participants' earnings and if so, whether those gains were greater during a recessionary period than in periods before and after the recession. The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the quarterly earnings of participants receiving services through the WIA Adult Program with those of a matched comparison group that received Wagner-Peyser Employment Services (ES). The study presented impacts separately by gender and program year. The study found that males and females receiving services from the WIA Adult Program from June to December 2007 (before the recession) earned more, on average, than the comparison group in some, but not all, of the 16 follow-up quarters examined. Males and females receiving services from July 2008 to June 2009 and from July 2009 to June 2010 (after the onset of the recession) tended to earn less, on average, than the comparison group in most of the 16 follow-up quarters. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program services, but other factors might also have contributed. The report also examined the impacts of WIA Dislocated Worker services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker, Female, Male",,"United States",2014,https://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/WDQI_MissouriReport_TrainingProgramImpacts…,"Review Protocol" "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Shrestha, M. (2014). You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 196-211. doi:10.1016/j.deveco.2014.09.005","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of financial schooling incentives (a scholarship and stipend) on school attendance and carpet weaving (a worst form of child labor) among youth ages 10-16 in Nepal. This summary focuses on the comparison between the scholarship treatment group and the stipend treatment group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which children were randomly assigned to receive one of two schooling incentives (a scholarship or stipend) or to participate in the control group that did not receive any incentives. Using administrative data from schools and survey data, the authors analyzed the impact of the treatment conditions on school attendance and child labor at the end of the school year and 16 months after the intervention ended. The study found that the stipend treatment group had significantly higher levels of school attendance than the scholarship treatment group at the end of the school year. However, the study found no statistically significant difference in rates of involvement in weaving carpets or the hours worked between the two groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Schooling Incentives Project, and not to other factors.","Schooling Incentives Project","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2014,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814001047,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya","Asfaw, S., Davis, B., Dewbre, J., Handa, S., & Winters, P. (2014). Cash transfer programme, productive activities and labour supply: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Kenya. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(8), 1172-1196. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2014.919383","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of a monthly cash transfer program on household food consumption, resources, and work, including child labor. The study used survey data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. Households from seven districts in Kenya were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. Within those locations, 20 percent of the poorest households were recruited if they had one or more children 17 years old or younger who was an orphan or had a chronically ill parent or caregiver.  The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in farm labor for children ages 10-15. This relationship was significant for boys but not for girls. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the program and an increase in school enrollment for children ages 12-18. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Experiment","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor","de Lima Amaral, E. F., Goncalves, G. Q., & Weiss, C. (2014). The impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications, 2, 101-125","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Familia, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 who resided in families who met the income threshold for the Bolsa Familia program compared with those who had not, based on data from the 2010 Brazilian Census. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment. However, receipt of the transfer was also associated with significantly higher rates of work. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Bolsa Familia program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Familia","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2014,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2014). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 13-029). Retrieved from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research website: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/tr13-029%20 [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-No impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical College (CTC) Worker Retraining (WR) program on employment, earnings, and benefit receipt of long-term unemployed and dislocated workers who are eligible for or have exhausted their unemployment benefits in Washington State. The authors assigned workers to the treatment group if they received training through the CTC WR program and exited from July 2005 to June 2006 or from July 2007 to June 2008. The comparison group comprised workers who registered at the Labor Exchange. The study found that both short- and long-term employment and earnings increased for those who participated in the WR program compared to those in the Labor Exchange. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CTC WR program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Community and Technical College Worker Retraining (CTC WR) Program","Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2014,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "STEM faculty and parental leave: Understanding an institution’s policy within a national policy context through structuration theory","Schimpf, C., Santiago, M., Hoegh, J., Banerjee, D., & Pawley, A. (2013). STEM faculty and parental leave: Understanding an institution’s policy within a national policy context through structuration theory. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 5(2), 103-125.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This study summarized the role of various factors, both within and outside a university, in shaping use of the university’s parental leave policy. The authors conducted semistructured interviews in 2009–2010 with 10 science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) faculty members (7 women and 3 men) at a Midwestern university. The interviews aimed to study the barriers STEM faculty face in using the university’s parental leave policy. The authors analyzed these data using a variety of qualitative coding techniques. The study found that faculty under-used the university’s parental leave policy for several reasons. First, the opinions of their department chairs and their peers often shaped faculty’s willingness to take parental leave. If faculty felt that their department heads, fellow faculty members, laboratory personnel, and students were supportive of parental leave policies, they were more willing to participate, because they felt less pressure to maintain their typical teaching and research workload after having a child. Additionally, the authors suggested that both knowledge of the parental leave policy and understanding of what was covered, among both the faculty themselves and their supervisors and administrators, was important to ensure that the policy was applied correctly in each specific case. The study also noted that faculty saw limitations in the university’s policy because it did not cover professional obligations outside the school, including writing and revising journal articles or managing externally funded laboratory experiments.",,"Other employer services Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","STEM professional, Parent",,"United States",2013,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES","Amarante, V., Ferrando, M., & Vigorito, A. (2013). Teenage school attendance and cash transfers: An impact evaluation of PANES. Economia, 61-93.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,"Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: This objective of this study was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES), on child labor and school attendance for children 14-17 years old in Uruguay. The primary design was a regression discontinuity design (RDD) using households within a 2 percent range of the cutoff score. The authors also used a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The study used administrative data collected before the launch of the program and household surveys implemented in two follow-up waves (at two months and 18 months after the program ended). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the program on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the comparison group. The study found no statistically significant relationships between the PANES program and child labor or schooling. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report under the DID design is low. The RDD does not receive a causal rating.","National Plan for Social Emergency Assistance (PANES)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265975653_Teenage_School_Attendance_an…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration","Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Miller, C., Nunez, S., Verma, N., & Yang E. (2013). Conditional cash transfers in New York City: The continuing story of the Opportunity NYC—Family Rewards demonstration. New York, NY: MDRC.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Family Rewards, an experimental privately funded conditional cash transfer program in New York City, on earnings, employment, public benefits receipt, and education. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and estimated the effect of the Family Rewards program on low-income families. The authors used New York City and New York State administrative data to compare average outcomes between families offered access to the program and families excluded from the program, after adjusting for chance initial differences between the groups. The authors found that, on average, the Family Rewards program decreased the likelihood of ever being employed at an Unemployment Insurance (UI)-covered job in the first year by 2 percentage points, but increased monthly earnings by $353 and decreased the share of families receiving income from Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or disability benefits by 3.9 percentage points. The authors also found that parents in the Family Rewards program group were 4.2 percentage points more likely to have achieved any trade license training certification. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for most outcomes because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program, and not to other factors. However, some outcomes in the study receive a moderate or low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are less confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Family Rewards program; other factors may have contributed.","the Family Rewards Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2013,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545453.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment","Orbeta, A., & Paqueo, V. (2013). Does Pantawid foster dependence or encourage work? Evidence from a randomized experiment. Philippine institute for Development Studies. Retrieved from http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%20Statistics/IPS-09_2%20Impact_of_4Ps_on_Labor_Market_Outcomes%20AO-VP-new.pdf  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, called Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (Pantawid) on child work participation and hours children worked per week. Using household survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the Pantawid program on child work participation almost 24-months after implementation. The study found that there were no significant relationships between participation in the program and child work participation or hours worked per week. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not control for pre-existing differences. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Pantawid; other factors are likely to have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-09%20Social%20Protection%2…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012","ICF International. (2013). Impact evaluation: Combating worst forms of child labor by reinforcing policy response and promoting sustainable livelihoods and educational opportunities in Egypt, 2011-2012. Calverton, MD: Author.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Combating Worst Forms of Child Labor by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt (CWCLP) on schooling and work for children ages 6 to 11 (at the time of the baseline survey). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the CWCLP program on schooling and work after approximately 12-16 months of implementation (the timing of implementation varied). When compared to control group children, the study found that CWCLP participating children spent significantly less time in economic activities and unpaid household services and significantly more time in school-related activities. Participating children also had significantly higher school enrollment and significantly higher school attendance than children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CWCLP program, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2013,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data","Luseno, W. K. (2012). Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on children's schooling, work and health outcomes: A multilevel study using experimental data (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (Accession No. 1240627043).","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS) on child labor and school outcomes.  The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Mchinji district of Malawi. Within the district, eight villages were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control groups. Using survey data, the author compared the child labor and school outcomes of children ages 6-17 in households that received the cash transfer with those that did not receive the cash transfer. The study found that when compared to the control group, children in the Mchinji SCTPS program had significantly: 1) increased school enrollment; 2) fewer school absences; and 3) worked fewer hours outside of the home. An unexpected finding was that children participating in the Mchinji SCTPS also had significantly higher rates of domestic work when compared to children in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme and not to other factors.","Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme (SCTPS)","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:7052544c-df44-46b5-aa01-500991b72…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico","Behrman, J. R., Gallardo-Garcıa, J., Parker, S. W., Todd, P. E., & Velez-Grajales, V. (2012). Are conditional cash transfers effective in urban areas? Evidence from Mexico. Education Economics, 20(3), 233-259.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on school enrollment and employment in paid activities for children ages 6 to 18 in urban areas. The study used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes from PROGRESA/Oportunidades program 1 and 2 years after implementation in urban areas. The study found that PROGRESA/Oportunidades was significantly related to reduced labor rates for boys who were 12-14 in the first and second year, and girls ages 15 to 18 in the first year. The program was also significantly related to an increase in school enrollment for boys and girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades; other factors are likely to have contributed.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Urban",2012,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Compliance-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Compliance Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the school meals treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the school meals program significantly increased all labor (productive labor plus domestic labor/household chores) for boys enrolled at the time of survey. However, the study also found that the school meals program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the school meals program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., & Rudd, T. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program. New York: MDRC.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional job program on earnings and employment outcomes. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They used administrative data from New York State and New York City, along with data from the National Directory of New Hires and the CEO program itself, to measure earnings and employment outcomes. The study did not find any significant differences between CEO program participants and the control group in Year 2 or Year 3 on any employment or earnings outcomes. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CEO program, and not to other factors.","The Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Job Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment",Justice-involved,,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_451.pdf,"Review Protocol" "Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor","Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children's education and labour among Malawi's poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of an unconditional cash transfer program, the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS), on child school participation and child labor. To assess the program’s effects, the authors used a randomized controlled trial in which villages were randomly assigned to the treatment group, which would receive the intervention, and the control group, which would not. Child labor was assessed using household surveys, and schooling outcomes were assessed using household surveys and school records. To understand the program’s impact on child school and work participation, the authors compared change in these outcomes over the first year of the program. The study found that children participating in the intervention had significantly greater decreases in school absences over one year, relative to the comparison group. In addition, over one year there was a significantly lower increase in the percent of both boys and girls who worked for income if they were in the intervention group rather than the comparison group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme, but other factors might also have contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other barriers, Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://interactions.eldis.org/sites/interactions.eldis.org/files/database_sp/Ma…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges","Costello, C. (2012). Increasing opportunities for low-income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This study examined the enrollment patterns for low-income women and students with children (including mostly mothers and some fathers, collectively referred to as student parents) in STEM fields at community colleges in the United States, comparing outcomes for 2000–2001 to 2008–2009. In addition, the study presented examples of promising strategies to encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM education at community colleges. To assess the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, the author analyzed publicly available data, including data from the U.S. Department of Labor and the National Center for Education Statistics at the U.S. Department of Education. The author also completed a review of existing programs at community colleges that encourage low-income women and student parents to participate in STEM fields, and consulted with 16 experts to formulate suggestions for additional programs to support these students in STEM fields. The study found that in the 2008–2009 school year, women earned 22 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in STEM fields—a 7 percentage point reduction in the proportion of STEM associate degrees earned by women eight years earlier. The study also found that, in 2008, roughly one-third of community college students were parents and student parents with children younger than 12 who ultimately earned a baccalaureate or master’s degree in a STEM field were more likely to have attended a community college at some point than students without young children. Given the decline in women’s share of STEM associate degrees earned over the study observation period, as well as the high proportion of student parents in STEM fields who attend community colleges (compared with students without young children), the author highlighted potential strategies to increase and improve the involvement of low-income women and student parents in STEM fields at community colleges, including targeted recruitment, financial support, child care services, strong developmental education options, and specific counseling and academic support for women. These recommendations were informed by information gathered from existing programs and consultation with experts.",,"Community college education and other classroom training Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, Male, Parent, Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/student-parent-success-initiative/increasing-op…,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Miller, C., Tessler B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in the Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment, and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Department of Labor, the Department of Social Services in Connecticut, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors also used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 3.9 percentage points less likely than the control group to have ever been employed in a Unemployment Insurance-covered job one year after the program began, and that members of the treatment group were 8.9 percentage points more likely to obtain a license or certificate one year after the program began than members of the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport and not to other factors.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration, Academy for Career Advancement—Bridgeport","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program","Redcross, C., Millenky, M., Rudd, T., and Levshin, V. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program. OPRE Report 2011-18. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment. The study found that treatment group members were 24.5 percentage points more likely to be employed during the first year after random assignment than control group members. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the employment program, and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/more_than_job.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso","Kazianga, H., De Walque, D., & Alderman, H. (2012). Educational and child labour impacts of two food-for-education schemes: Evidence from a randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of African Economies, 21(5), 723-760. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs010.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two food-for-education programs (a school meals program and a take home rations program) on education and labor outcomes for children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the take home rations treatment group and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in low-income villages in northern rural Burkina Faso, West Africa. Villages were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Survey data were collected from randomly selected households located close to the schools in the villages. Outcomes were analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study found that the take home rations program significantly decreased productive labor for all children, with a larger decrease for girls than boys. For children enrolled in school at the time of the survey, the program significantly decreased productive labor for all children. The study also found that the take home rations program significantly increased school enrollment for all children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the take home rations program, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs010,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "An effectiveness assessment and cost-benefit analysis of Registered Apprenticeship in 10 states","Reed, D., Liu, A., Kleinman, R., Mastri, A., Reed, D., Sattar, S., & Ziegler, J. (2012). An effectiveness assessment and cost-benefit analysis of Registered Apprenticeship in 10 states. Oakland, CA: Mathematica Policy Research.","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Registered Apprenticeship (RA) program on employment and earnings. The authors compared outcomes for participants in the RA program with people eligible for the program who did not participate in it. They used Unemployment Insurance wage record data to estimate regression models, controlling for demographic characteristics and pre-intervention measures of earnings and employment. The study found that employment rates were 8.6 percentage points higher among RA participants than those completing none of the program both six and nine years after program enrollment. Average annual earnings were $6,595 higher among RA participants than those completing none of the program in the sixth year after enrollment and $5,839 higher in the ninth year after enrollment. These differences were all statistically significant. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects were attributable to the RA program, but other factors might also have contributed.","Registered Apprenticeship (RA)","Registered apprenticeship Work based and other occupational training",Adult,,"United States",2012,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_10.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. [NYC PRIDE]","Butler, D., Alson, J., Bloom, D., Deitch, V., Hill, A., Hsueh, J., Jacobs, E., Kim, S., McRoberts, R., & Redcross, C. (2012). What strategies work for the hard-to-employ? Final results of the Hard-to-Employ demonstration and evaluation project and selected sites from the Employment Retention and Advancement project. (OPRE Report 2012-08). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [NYC PRIDE]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) program on employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors estimated the impact of PRIDE by comparing the outcomes of the treatment and control groups four years after random assignment using data from public assistance records and Unemployment Insurance wage records. The study found that those assigned to the PRIDE group were more likely to be employed and received less in cash assistance in the four years following random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study had a shift in the probability of assignment and did not sufficiently demonstrate that the treatment and control groups were similar. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PRIDE; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment (PRIDE) Program","Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2012,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/strategies_work.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. [San Diego—EARN!]","Miller, C., Tessler, B. L., & Van Dok, M. (2012). Strategies to help low-wage workers advance: Implementation and final impacts of the Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) demonstration. New York: MDRC. [San Diego—EARN!]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of participation in San Diego—EARN!, a Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC), on participants’ earnings, employment, educational attainment and benefit receipt. This study was a randomized controlled trial and used administrative data from the Employment Development Department in California, the San Diego County Health and Human Service Agency, and the National Student Clearinghouse to measure outcomes. The authors used a 12-month follow-up survey with a random subset of participants to measure receipt of work supports and job characteristics. The study found that members of the treatment group were 5.7 percentage points more likely than the control group to have ever received Food Stamps one year after the program began. The study also found that members of the treatment group received an average of $155 more in Food Stamps than the control group one year after the program began and an average of $320 more in Food Stamps than the control group three years after the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for outcomes measured with administrative data. This means we are confident that the estimated effects on these outcomes are attributable to San Diego—EARN! and not to other factors. However, outcomes measured with survey data receive a low causal evidence rating, meaning that we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to San Diego—EARN!; other factors may have contributed.","Work Advancement and Support Center Demonstration (WASC), San Diego—EARN!","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States, Urban",2012,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_627.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme","Covarrubias, K., Davis, B. & Winters, P. (2012). From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer scheme, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 50-77.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to assess the impact of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) on household work activities, including child labor. The study used household survey data from a randomized controlled trial. Due to pre-existing baseline differences between the original treatment and control groups, the authors used a matched comparison group design to compare child schooling and labor outcomes between children in the treatment group and those in the control group. The study found that the SCTS program significantly decreased the proportion of children in paid domestic work outside of the household and the proportion of children pulled from school to work for food or money. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS); however, other factors might have also contributed.","Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/p2p/Publications/MalawiSCT_ProductiveI…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Poverty alleviation and child labor","Edmonds, E. V., & Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), 100-124.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of unconditional cash transfers on child labor, within the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program. The study was a randomized controlled trial, where households within each local parish were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, who are eligible for the cash transfers, or the control group, who are not. The authors compared child labor and school enrollment outcomes, using a follow-up survey administered over a year after the program began. The study found that children were significantly less likely to participate in child labor and more likely to be enrolled in school if they were assigned to the treatment group than if they were assigned to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program, and not to other factors.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2012,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.4.4.100,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers.","Blau, D., & Shvydko, T. (2011). Labor market rigidities and the employment behavior of older workers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(3), 464-484.","Older Workers","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of flexibility in hours of work on the likelihood that older workers separate from an employer. The study used a statistical model to compare the job exit behavior of older and younger workers in firms with different shares of women younger than age 30. The analysis used monthly data on workers ages 45 to 69 in the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1990 to 2001 matched to employers in the Longitudinal Employment and Household Dynamics data. The study found that workers in their sixties who work for employers with a higher share of women younger than age 30 are less likely to experience job separations compared with workers in their late 40s to mid-50s. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the groups being compared might not be similar before leaving their employer. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to employment flexibility, other factors are likely to have contributed.","Employment flexibility","Other employer services","Adult, Older worker",,"United States",2011,https://www.jstor.org/stable/41149475?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Three essays on investments in children's human capital","Bustelo, M. (2011). Three essays on investments in children's human capital (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4837518.pdf","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program, Red de Proteccion Social (RPS), on child work participation and school enrollment. The study was a randomized controlled trial that took place in Nicaragua. Data were obtained from a baseline and two follow-up surveys administered to treatment and control group households. The study found that the RPS program significantly increased school enrollment for targeted children by 18% in the first year post-intervention and 14% in the second year post-intervention. The study found no statistically significant relationships between RPS and work participation for targeted children. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the author demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to Red de Proteccion Social, although other factors could also have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor",Other,,International,2011,https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/29654/Bustelo_Monserrat.p…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT","Arriaz, I., & Rozo, S. (2011). Same bureaucracy, different outcomes in human capital? How indigenous and rural non-indigenous areas in Panama responded to the CCT. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Evaluation & Oversight.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Red de Oportunidades (RdO), a conditional cash transfer program in Panama, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used cross-sectional data to compare the treatment group to the comparison group on several outcomes, including child labor (if the child worked in the previous week) and school enrollment (if the child was enrolled in formal schooling). In the analyses for rural areas, the study found that the receipt of the RdO was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor by 6.2 percentage points and an increase in school enrollment by 8.8 percentage points. In the analyses for the indigenous areas, the receipt of RdO was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment by 6.3 percentage points, but not related to child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Oportunidades (RdO) program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Oportunidades (RdO)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2011,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1847124,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program","World Bank. (2011). Program Keluarga Harapan: Main findings from the impact evaluation of Indonesia’s pilot household conditional cash transfer program. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-Harapan-impact-evaluation-of-Indonesias-Pilot-Household-Conditional-Cash-Transfer-Program","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), on child school and work participation. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared outcomes between the treatment and control groups using household surveys conducted before and two years after initial program implementation. The study found a significant increase in time spent working in family enterprises for children 13-15 and children 7-12 in the treatment group compared to the control group. The study found that relative to the control group, children aged 13-15 who participated in the program had significantly larger increases in the hours attending school two years after program implementation began. However, school enrollment rates significantly decreased for children aged 7-12 who participated in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because randomization was compromised but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Program Keluarga Harapan, but other factors might also have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/589171468266179965/Program-Keluarga-H…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades","Behrman, J. R., Parker, S. W., & Todd, P. E. (2011). Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades. Journal of Human Resources, 46(1), 93-122. doi:10.3368/jhr.46.1.93","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on long-term schooling and work for children ages 9 to 15 (during the time of the intervention). Using survey data from a randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program on schooling and work 18-months after implementation. The authors also used a nonexperimental design to evaluate schooling and work outcomes five-and-a-half years post-implementation. The study found that 18 months of program exposure significantly increased the school grade completion by 2.4 percent for boys and 2.7 percent for girls. The 18-month program exposure significantly decreased participation in work by 4.1 percent for boys but had no significant effect for girls. The study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and increased school grade completion five-and-a-half years post-implementation for all groups except for girls aged 17-19. It also found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for boys aged 15-16 in 2003 but did not find a significant relationship between the program for girls or for any other age groups of boys. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high for short-term outcomes (18 months) because they are based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial but low for longer-term outcomes (five-and-a-half years) because the authors did not account for the outcomes of schooling and work at baseline.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2011,https://www.mcgill.ca/isid/files/isid/behrman_et_al_2011.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Earnings progression among workforce development participants: Evidence from Washington State.","Chrisinger, C.K. (2011). Earnings progression among workforce development participants: Evidence from Washington State. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.","Job Search Assistance, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the earnings of low-income adults ages 18 to 64 in Washington State. The author assigned workers to the treatment group if they received employment-related services through the WIA Adult Program from January 2002 to June 2008. Workers who participated in the Labor Exchange program during this time comprised the comparison group. The study found no statistically significant relationships between receiving services through the WIA Adult Program and quarterly earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we would not be confident that the estimated effects would be attributable to the WIA Adult Program; however, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Labor Exchange Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2011,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2011-11.pdf,"Job Search Assistance, Low-Income Adults Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between all treatment groups and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in treatment households, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys significantly decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.3 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work by 2.8 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Direct Support Program (DSP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among DSP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in the DSP was significantly associated with a lower amount of total time spent in work outside home, time spent in unpaid work outside the home and a composite measure of total work (paid and unpaid outside the home plus child care and household chores). The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Direct Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tuning in to local labor markets: Findings from the Sectoral Employment impact study","Maguire, S., Freely, J., Clymer, C., Conway, M., & Schwartz, D. (2010). Tuning in to local labor markets: Findings from the Sectoral Employment impact study. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures. [JVS-Boston]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Jewish Vocational Service (JVS)-Boston sectoral employment program on earnings and employment. The authors investigated similar research questions with two other programs, the profiles of which are available through the study search. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial, with the authors using survey data to estimate the effect of offering eligible JVS-Boston applicants the program by comparing average outcomes among those offered access to the program with the average outcomes of those not offered access to the program, after adjusting for differences between the groups. This review was conducted in collaboration with the Employment Strategies for Low-Income Adults Evidence Review (ESER). Because ESER did not report findings for studies that received a low causal evidence rating, the CLEAR profile does not report the findings either. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition, and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at or account for differences between the two groups in the analyses. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the JVS-Boston sectoral employment program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","JVS-Boston Sectoral Employment","Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education",Adult,"Finance and insurance","Urban, United States",2010,https://www.explorevr.org/sites/explorevr.org/files/files/Tuning%20In%20to%20Lo…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Mixed impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT plus the business grant, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.8 hours compared to girls. Older boys, aged 10-15, showed a larger reduction in economic work by 3.3 hours a week compared to their siblings. However, older girls, aged 10-15, showed an increase in economic work by 1.5 hours a week and domestic work of an hour a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil","Helfand, S.M., & Souza, A.P. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer program on human capital formation in Brazil. University of California, Riverside, CA: Sao Paulo School of Economics.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Escola program on school enrollment, school progression, and child labor for children ages 6 to 15 in rural areas. Using data from the 2001 and 2003 Brazilian Census, the authors used a structural model to examine the average program impact of the Bolsa Escola program. The study found that the Bolsa Escola program was significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment and school progression. However, the study did not find a statistically significant relationship between program participation and child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia","Attanasio, O., Fitzsimons, E., Gomez, A., Gutierrez, M. I., Meghir, C., & Mesnard, A. (2010). Child education and work choices in the presence of a conditional cash transfer programme in rural Colombia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(2), 181-210. doi:10.1086/648188.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the conditional cash transfer program, Familias en Acción, on children’s work and school participation in Columbia. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare labor and schooling outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer with a comparison group of children who did not, based on data from a survey. The study found that receipt of the cash transfer was significantly associated with a decrease in the likelihood of participating in domestic work for urban children aged 10 to 17, a decrease in the hours spent in income-generating work for urban children aged 14 to 17, and a decrease in the hours spent in domestic work for all but rural children aged 14 to 17. Receipt of the cash transfer was also significantly related to an increase in the hours spent in school for all children in urban and rural areas. The quality of causal evidence presented in the study is low because the authors did not control for pre-intervention outcomes. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Familias en Acción program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Familias en Acción","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5381/1/Child_Education.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Effectiveness of Institutional Intervention on Minimizing Demographic Inertia and Improving the Representation of Women Faculty in Higher Education","Bakian, A.V., & Sullivan, K.A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Institutional Intervention on Minimizing Demographic Inertia and Improving the Representation of Women Faculty in Higher Education. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 2(2), 207-234.","Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: This study’s objective was to examine the effect of the ADVANCE program sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) on women’s representation among tenured and tenure-track faculty. The study took place at one unnamed research university. The authors compared the transition probabilities (that is, the probabilities of being hired, retained, or promoted) for men and women, before and during the period ADVANCE was in effect. The study found that the ADVANCE program enhanced women’s representation among faculty in science and engineering departments. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is low. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ADVANCE program. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the ADVANCE Program","Other disparities or discrimination in employment and earnings Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs","Female, STEM professional",,"United States",2010,,"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models [TAAG—Medford]","Hendra, R., Dillman, K-N., Hamilton, G., Lundquist, E., Martinson, K., Wavelet, M., Hill, A., & Williams, S. (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. [TAAG—Medford]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former and current public assistance recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after three years. The Medford site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,164 employed single parents who were former or current public assistance recipients to either a treatment group that received services from Medford’s ERA project (Transition, Advancement, and Growth, or TAAG), or a control group that could participate in other programs in the community. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that those assigned to the Medford ERA project earned, on average, $41 more per week when surveyed one year after random assignment than those in the control group. However, treatment group members were also 6.7 percentage points more likely to have ever received Food Stamps at the three-year follow-up than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Medford ERA project and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Medford","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Unemployment Insurance","Low income, Parent, Employed",,"United States",2010,http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514699.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Agricultural Extension Support Program (AEP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among AEP participants and non-participants. The study found that AEP participation was significantly related to lower amounts of time spent in paid work and in a combined measure of all work, as well as greater amounts of time spent in school. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Agricultural Extension Support Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Tuning in to local labor markets: Findings from the Sectoral Employment impact study.","Maguire, S., J. Freely, C. Clymer, M. Conway, & D. Schwartz. (2010). Tuning in to local labor markets: Findings from the Sectoral Employment impact study. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures. [JVS-Boston]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Jewish Vocational Service (JVS)-Boston sectoral employment program on earnings and employment. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial and used survey data to estimate the effect of offering eligible JVS-Boston applicants the program by comparing average outcomes among those offered access to the program with the average outcomes of those excluded from the program, after adjusting for differences between the groups. This review was conducted in collaboration with the Employment Strategies for Low-Income Adults Evidence Review (ESER). Because ESER did not report findings for studies that received a low causal evidence rating, the CLEAR profile does not report the findings either. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with high attrition and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at or account for differences between the two groups in the analyses. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the JVS-Boston program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Jewish Vocational Service (JVS)-Boston Sectoral Employment Program","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income","Health care and social assistance","United States",2010,http://www.aspenwsi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/TuningIntoLocalLaborMarket…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation","Del Carpio, X. V., & Macours, K. (2010). Leveling the intra-household playing field: Compensation and specialization in child labor allocation. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition Between School and Work (pp. 259-295). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Atención a Crisis (""Attention to the Crisis”), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, on the allocation of child labor within poor households with two or more children. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group. The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in northwest Nicaragua. The authors analyzed data from a household survey given at baseline and nine months into the program. The authors compared household allocation of child labor by age and gender of children in households with two or more children. The study found that in households receiving the basic CCT, economic labor significantly decreased for boys but not girls. Boys decreased their hours per week in economic work (including agricultural, livestock, and non-agricultural economic activity) by 1.1 hours compared to girls. Older boys aged, 10-15, also showed a larger, significant reduction in economic work of 3.0 hours a week compared to their siblings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial with low attrition. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Atención a Crisis, and not to other factors.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4020/WPS4822.pdf?seq…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social","Gee, K.A. (2010). Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Red de Protección Social (RPS), in Nicaragua on child labor outcomes for children who are working. The study was an expansion of an earlier randomized controlled trial (RCT). The author used survey data from the RCT taken before the program started (2000) and two years after (2002) to examine the probability and duration of child work. The study found that the receipt of the cash transfer significantly reduced the probability that a child would work by approximately 10.6 percent and, for a child that was working, significantly reduced the hours worked per week by approximately 3.65 hours, on average. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Protección Social program, and not to other factors.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2010,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil","Ferro, A. R., Lúcia Kassouf, A., & Levison, D. (2010). The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil. In R. K. Akee, E. V. Edmonds, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Child Labor and the Transition between School and Work (pp. 193-218). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the Bolsa Escola program, which provided conditional cash transfers to families in Brazil, on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental matched comparison group design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had applied but who had not received it (waitlisted families), based on data from Brazil’s national household survey. The study found that receipt of the Bolsa Escola benefit was significantly related to higher rates of school enrollment and lower rates of child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bolsa Escola program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bolsa Escola","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,http://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2009/inscricao.on/arquivos/000-dde4869521f17def…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia","Woldehanna T. (2010). Productive safety net program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. In J. Cockburn & J. Kabubo-Mariara (Eds.). Child Welfare in Developing Countries (pp. 157-209). New York, NY: Springer.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Public Work Program (PWP) on child labor and schooling outcomes in rural Ethiopia. The study used a matched-comparison group design. Using data from a household survey, the author compared time spent in child labor and schooling among PWP participants and non-participants. The study found that participation in PWP was significantly associated with a lower amount of time spent on child care and household chores. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Public Work Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2010,https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6275-1_6,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Hollenbeck, K. (2009). Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation. [WIA Dislocated Worker]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker program on the employment rate, earnings, and benefit receipt of low-income adults who are dislocated workers. The author used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (three quarters after program exit) and long-term (seven quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program relative to those who participated in the WorkOne program. The study found that, compared with those who participated in the WorkOne program, WIA Dislocated Worker Program participants had higher employment and earnings and lower benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.indianachamber.com/images/media/studies/ROIanalysisWorkforceDevelopm…,"Review Protocol" "Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K. (2009). Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation. [WIA Adult]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the employment, earnings, and benefit receipt of low-income adults in Indiana. The author used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (three quarters after program exit) and long-term (seven quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and Unemployment Insurance benefits between those who took part in the WIA Adult Program and those who participated in the WorkOne program. The study found that, compared with those who participated in the WorkOne program, WIA Adult Program participants had higher employment and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Adult, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.indianachamber.com/images/media/studies/ROIanalysisWorkforceDevelopm…,"Review Protocol" "Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa","Badillo Bautista, C. (2009). Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program: The case of Progresa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (Accession No. 1314572898)","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor","Summary: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program (PROGRESA/Oportunidades) on child labor for children ages 8 to 17. Using survey data from a cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors analyzed the average program impact of the PROGRESA/Oportunidades program using a difference-in- differences (DID) regression model for the child labor outcome and cross-sectional models to estimate spillover effects on child labor. The study found the number of children aged 12-16 who worked significantly decreased in cash transfer participating households compared to control households. The quality of causal evidence presented in this study is high because it is based on a well-implemented, low attrition randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to PROGRESA/Oportunidades and not to other factors.",PROGRESA/Oportunidades,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,"Rural, International",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program","Redcross, C., Bloom, D., Azurdia, G., Zweig, J., and Pindus, N. (2009). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Implementation, two-year impacts, and costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of a comprehensive employment program on ex-offenders’ employment and wages. The authors randomly assigned former prisoners to an employment program offering transitional job placement and other services or to a control condition providing a more limited set of services. Employment and earnings data were collected quarterly for three years and compared between the two groups, controlling for characteristics before random assignment. The study did not find any statistically significant effects on employment in the sixth or eighth quarters after random assignment, nor on earnings in the sixth quarter or second year after random assignment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we would be confident that any estimated effects would be attributable to the employment program and not to other factors. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"Urban, United States",2009,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/ex_prisoners.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study did not find a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from PSNP and the number of hours worked (in domestic labor, agricultural labor, or total labor hours) or school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers.","Molina, F., van Dok, M., Hendra, R., Hamilton, G., and Cheng, W. (2009). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Findings for the Eugene and Medford, Oregon, models: Implementation and early impacts for two programs that sought to encourage advancement among low-income workers. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [TAAG - Medford]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to estimate the impact of post-employment job supports on former and current welfare recipients’ employment and benefits receipt outcomes after 1.5 years. The Medford site was one of four in Oregon that participated in the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project. The authors randomly assigned 1,164 single parents to either a treatment group that received ERA services or a control group that could participate in other programs in the community. People in the study were current or recent Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants or people enrolled in other benefit programs that required clients to participate in employment or training. The authors analyzed data from Unemployment Insurance (UI), TANF, and Food Stamps administrative records and a survey administered 12 months after random assignment. The study found that participants assigned to the Medford ERA program earned, on average, $40 more per week in the first year after random assignment than those in the control group. The quality of causal evidence provided in this study is high because it was based on a well-conducted randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Medford ERA program and not to other factors.","the Employment Retention and Advancement Project, Medford","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Unemployment Insurance","Low income",,"United States",2009,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_367.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Unfavorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving both the PSNP and OFSP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found a significant relationship between receipt of benefits from both PSNP and OFSP and an increase in domestic chores for girls. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention.This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program or the Other Food Security Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program","Maluccio, J. A. (2009). Education and child labor: Experimental evidence from a Nicaraguan conditional cash transfer program. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An economic perspective (pp. 187-204). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_12","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) cash transfer program on school attendance and enrollment and on child labor for children aged 7-13 in rural Nicaragua. Using panel survey data collected before and one year after program implementation, the author measured the impact of RPS using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study found that participation in RPS was significantly related to a reduction in child labor and a significant increase in school enrollment and attendance. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because, while it was based on an RCT, attrition was high and the authors did not demonstrate that the groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Red de Proteccion Social; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Red de Protección Social (RPS)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. [WIA Youth]","Hollenbeck, K. (2009). Return on investment analysis of a selected set of workforce system programs in Indiana. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation. [WIA Youth]",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-No impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Program on the employment and earnings of low-income youths in Indiana State. The author used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (three quarters after program exit) and long-term (seven quarters after program exit) employment and earnings between youth who took part in the WIA Youth Program relative to youth who participated in the WorkOne program. The study found no statistically significant relationships between WIA Youth Program participants and employment and earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we would not be confident that any estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Youth Program; however, the study did not find statistically significant effects. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs Youth programs",Youth,,"United States",2009,http://www.indianachamber.com/images/media/studies/ROIanalysisWorkforceDevelopm…,"Review Protocol" "The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil","Cardoso, E., & de Souza, A. F. (2009). The impact of cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment in Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child labor and education in Latin America: An Economic perspective. Houndmills, U.K. and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of two Brazilian income transfer programs (Minimum Income and Bolsa Escola) on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 10 to 15 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who had not, based on data from the 2000 Brazilian Census. Using several demographic characteristics, they created a matched comparison group of families who had not received the transfers but who had similar characteristics to the treatment group to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that the income transfer programs were significantly associated with an increase in school enrollment but not significantly associated with child labor. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the income transfer programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Income Transfer Programs (Minimum Income Program and Bolsa Escola)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://ideas.repec.org/p/van/wpaper/0407.html,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil","Yap, Y. T., Sedlacek, G., & Orazem, P. F. (2009). Limiting child labor through behavior-based income transfers: An experimental evaluation of the PETI program in rural Brazil. In P. F. Orazem, G. Sedlacek, & Z. Tzannatos (Eds.), Child Labor and Education in Latin America (pp. 147-165). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi.org/10.1057/9780230620100_10","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor on child labor and hours in school. The authors used an experimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 7 to 14 residing in municipalities who received income transfers with those residing in municipalities who did not receive income transfers. Based on data from Brazil’s national household survey, the authors used statistical models to assess the impact of the program in each group. The PETI program was significantly associated with an increase in time in school and less time in work for participating children. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the PETI program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Programa de Erradicacao do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) or Program to Eradicate Child Labor","Child labor","Other, Low income",,"International, Rural",2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program","Borraz, F., & González, N. (2009). Impact of the Uruguayan conditional cash transfer program. Cuadernos de economia, 46(134), 243-271. doi:10.4067/S0717-68212009000200006","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program (Ingreso Ciudadano) on school attendance (ages 8 to 14) and child labor (ages 6 to 14) among children in Uruguay from 2005 to 2007. Using the annual Uruguayan National Household Survey with cross sectional data from 2006 and 2007, the authors compared school attendance and child labor for households who received the conditional cash transfer to a group of non-participating households who had similar characteristics. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the conditional cash transfer program and school attendance. However, the study found a statistically significant relationship between the program and a reduction in child labor for females in the Montevideo region, but not for males in any region or females in the rest of the country. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not demonstrate that groups were similar at baseline. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Ingreso Ciudadano; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Ingreso Ciudadano","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cecon/v46n134/art06.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor","Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D. O., & Taffesse, A. S. (2009). The impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on schooling and child labor. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on child labor and school attendance, along with the potential added benefit of participation in the Other Food Security Program (OFSP). This summary focuses on the comparison between the group receiving a certain amount of the PSNP benefit and the comparison group. The study used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 6-16 that received the cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from the Food Security Program Survey. Using several demographic characteristics, the authors created a matched comparison group of households who did not receive the benefit to assess the effectiveness of the cash transfer program. The study found that for boys ages 6-16, there was a significant relationship between households receiving a certain amount of cash transfer and increased school attendance rates. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Productive Safety Net Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2009,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1412291,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Own and sibling effects of contiditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia","Ferreira, F. H. G., Filmer, D., & Schady, N. (2009). Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: Theory and evidence from Cambodia (Policy Research Working Paper 5001, Impact Evaluationo Series). Washington, DC: The World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP), a conditional cash transfer valued at 2-3 percent of household expenditure, on children’s and their ineligible siblings’ school enrollment and work participation in Cambodia. This study is an intent-to-treat regression discontinuity design. Data were collected from applications at all 100 CSP schools, as well as from household surveys at five randomly selected schools and households in five provinces, eighteen months after application. The cutoff score that was used to decide who would receive the scholarship offer was based on the application forms; 26 questions correlated with how likely the child was to drop out of school. Enrollment and work outcomes were compared for students around the cutoff score who did, and did not, receive a scholarship offer and their siblings. The study found children who received the scholarships were significantly more likely to be enrolled in school and less likely to work for pay than those that did not receive the scholarship. However, girls that received the scholarships were significantly more likely to work without pay. This study uses a regression discontinuity design and therefore was reviewed using CLEAR’s descriptive study evidence review guidelines. As such it does not receive a causal rating.","CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP)","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2009,,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II).","McNeil Education, Training and Evaluation (2008). Process evaluation of the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (Phase II). Chapel Hill, NC: McNeil Education.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of being matched to employment through the Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP) Phase I on youths’ average weekly earnings. The study compared the wages of employed youth who were matched to employment through DSYODP with the wages of employed youth who were eligible for the DSYODP but had secured employment through other means. The study found that average weekly wages of youth matched to employment through DSYODP were significantly higher than wages of youth who secured employment through other means. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the DSYODP; however, other factors might also have contributed.","Demand-Side Youth Offender Demonstration Project (DSYODP)","Job search assistance and supportive services Youth programs","Youth, Justice-involved, Disconnected youth",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Process%20Evaluation%20of%20…,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay","Hirata, G. I. (2008). The heterogeneous impact of CCT programmes on child labor: The case of Tekoporã in Paraguay. Brazil: International Poverty Centre/UNDP.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Tekoporã conditional cash transfer program on children’s participation in non-domestic labor and school attendance. The author used a nonexperimental design to compare the outcomes of children ages 4 to 14 that received the conditional cash transfers with those who did not, based on data from a program eligibility questionnaire and a follow-up survey. The author used statistical models to estimate the effects of the program. The study found no significant relationship between the Tekoporã program and the number of children in the household who participated in non-domestic labor. However, the program was significantly related to decisions between school and work, with a decrease in the probability that children would “only work” or “neither work nor attend school.” The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not account for trends in outcomes before the intervention or adequately control for time-varying characteristics that might influence the outcome. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to Tekoporã; other factors are likely to have contributed.",Tekoporã,"Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/hirata.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of success in adult education programs: Evidence from experimental data with low-income welfare recipients","Leininger, L. J., & Kalil, A. (2008). Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of success in adult education programs: Evidence from experimental data with low-income welfare recipients. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27, 521-535. doi: 10.1002/pam.20357","Literacy, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an education-focused intervention and an employment-focused intervention on education outcomes. The authors used data from a randomized controlled trial, the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS). The NEWWS study randomly assigned individuals within seven geographic locations to one of three conditions: an education-focused intervention, an employment-focused intervention, or the control group. The current study used a subsample to examine participants’ completion of a high school diploma or equivalent two years after being assigned to one of the conditions. The study found that participation in the education-focused intervention was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of receiving a high school diploma or equivalent relative to the control group. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this study is moderate because, although it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, the authors demonstrated that the treatment and control groups were similar before the intervention. This means we have confidence that the estimated effects are attributable at least in part to the education-focused or employment-focused interventions, although other factors could also have contributed.","the Education-Focused and Employment-Focused Interventions","Basic skills Other training and education","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2008,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.20357,"Literacy, Low-Income Adults Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the savings treatment group and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor, school attendance, or school enrollment between students receiving the savings treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed. However, the study did not find statistically significant effects.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Teaching self-sufficiency: An impact and benefit-cost analysis of a home visitation and life skills education program. Findings from the rural welfare-to-work strategies demonstration evaluation","Meckstroth, A., Burwick, A., & Moore, Q. (2008). Teaching self-sufficiency: An impact and benefit-cost analysis of a home visitation and life skills education program. Findings from the rural welfare-to-work strategies demonstration evaluation. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employer benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employer benefits receipt Public benefits receipt-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Building Nebraska Families (BNF) rural welfare-to-work program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors randomly assigned Nebraska Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients identified as hard-to-employ to either a treatment group, which received in-home life skills and family management training, or a control group, which did not. The authors evaluated the treatment’s impact using Nebraska state administrative data and follow-up surveys. The study found that BNF increased the average likelihood of ever being employed in the first year after enrollment by 10.8 percentage points and that of ever being employed in the first 30 months after enrollment by 6.3 percentage points. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the BNF rural welfare-to-work program and not to other factors.","Building Nebraska Families (BNF)","Other employment and reemployment","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/teaching_self.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the tertiary treatment group and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the tertiary treatment group worked significantly less in the past week than students in the control group. They were also significantly more likely to report their primary activity as studying and less likely to report their primary activity as work or home versus students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the tertiary treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation. [Adult sample]","Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2008). Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Adult sample]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program’s impact on workers’ employment and earnings in 12 states. The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the employment and earnings outcomes of people receiving different tiers of WIA Adult Program services with two different matched comparison groups for 16 quarters after program entry. The study found that WIA Adult Program services had positive impacts on earnings and employment in most quarters examined. Those WIA Adult Program participants who received training earned more and were more likely to be employed than those who received only core and intensive services. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program services, but other factors might also have contributed. The report also examined the impacts of WIA Dislocated Worker services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Wagner-Peyser Act Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Other training and education","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Workforce%20Investment%20Act…,"Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-No impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in San Cristobal. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in grades 6-10 who received the basic treatment worked significantly fewer hours in the last week than students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in school attendance or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 08-024). [WIA-Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2008). Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. (Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 08-024). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA-Adult]","Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Title I program for adults (including dislocated workers) on participants’ employment and credential completion rates. The study used administrative records to compare the outcomes for low-income adults who took part in the WIA program with a nonexperimental-matched group of adults who did not take part in the program. The study found that the WIA program participants had higher employment and credential completion rates than those of people who did not participate in the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Title I program for adults (including dislocated workers); other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Title I Program for Adults","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2008,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia","Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., & Perze-Calle, F. (2008). Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features, peer and sibling effects. Evidence from a randomized experiment in Columbia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4580). Washington, DC: World Bank.","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Child labor-Mod/high-No impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), on school participation and child labor. This summary focuses on the comparison between the treatment group receiving the basic CCT and the control group in Suba. The study was a randomized controlled trial in two districts in Columbia (San Cristobal and Suba). The authors compared the differential effects of receiving the cash transfer on outcomes for those in the treatment group versus those in the control group. The study found that students in the basic treatment group had a significant increase in self-reported school attendance compared to students in the control group. The study did not find any significant differences in child labor or school enrollment between students receiving the basic treatment and the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because there was compromised randomization but the authors ensured that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar, but other factors might also have contributed.","Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Conditional Subsidies for School Attendance)","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2008,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547…,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 08-024. [TANF/VIEW]","Hollenbeck, K., Huang, W.-J., and WE Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (2008). Workforce program performance indicators for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 08-024. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [TANF/VIEW]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (TANF/VIEW) program on employment and credential completion rates. The authors used administrative records to compare outcomes for low-income adults who took part in the TANF/VIEW program to a nonexperimental matched group of adults who did not take part in the program. The study found that, compared with those who did not take part in the program, the employment rate was significantly lower for those who took part in the TANF/VIEW program, but the TANF/VIEW group earned significantly more educational or training credentials. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the TANF/VIEW program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (TANF/VIEW) Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Low income",,"United States",2008,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation. [Dislocated worker sample]","Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2008). Workforce Investment Act non-experimental net impact evaluation. Columbia, MD: IMPAQ International. [Dislocated worker sample]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program’s impact on workers’ employment and earnings in 12 states. The authors analyzed administrative data to compare the employment and earnings outcomes of people receiving different tiers of WIA Dislocated Worker Program services with two different matched comparison groups for 16 quarters after program entry. The study found that WIA Dislocated Worker Program services had positive impacts on earnings and employment in most quarters examined. However, those WIA Dislocated Worker Program participants who received core and/or intensive services had significantly better earnings and employment outcomes in the first seven quarters than those who also received training. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program services, but other factors might also have contributed. The report also examined the impacts of WIA Adult Program services; that profile is available here.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Other employer services Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2008,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Workforce%20Investment%20Act…,"Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance Review Protocol" "Evaluating multi-treatment programs: Theory and evidence from the U.S. Job Training Partnership Act experiment.","Plesca, M., & Smith, J. (2007). Evaluating multi-treatment programs: Theory and evidence from the U.S. Job Training Partnership Act experiment. Empirical Economics, 32, 491-528.",,"Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) on earnings and employment for disadvantaged adults. The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. They analyzed data from one baseline survey, two follow-up surveys, and earnings and employment records. The study found that men in the treatment group had earned more at the 30-month follow-up than men in the control group, and that women in the treatment group experienced significantly better earnings and employment outcomes at several points compared to the control group. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to JTPA, and not to other factors.","Job Training Partnership Act","Job search assistance and supportive services Supported employment or other employment supports Other training and education","Adult, Female, Male, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2007,,"Review Protocol" "Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program.","Bloom, D., Redcross, C., Zweig, J. & Azurdia, G. (2007). Transitional jobs for ex-prisoners: Early impacts from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) prisoner reentry program. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence","Employment-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effect of the Neighborhood Work Project (NWP) sponsored by the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) on the employment outcomes of former prisoners. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The authors used administrative data from the program and state data systems to compare the outcomes of former prisoners who had been randomly assigned to the NWP with those of former prisoners who were randomly assigned to a control group that received basic employment services. The study found that those assigned to the NWP were more likely than the control group to be employed in all four quarters during the year after the program and were more likely to be employed in the program’s worksite project in the fourth quarter after the program. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is high because it was based on a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. This means we are confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the CEO NWP’s transitional job services and not to other factors.","the Center for Employment Opportunities’ Neighborhood Work Project (NWP)","Other employment and reemployment Reentry",Justice-involved,,"United States",2007,http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/transitional_jobs.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia","Sparrow, R. (2007). Protecting education for the poor in times of crisis: An evaluation of a scholarship programme in Indonesia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 99-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00438.x","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Jaring Prengaman Sosial (JPS), a scholarship program in Indonesia, on child labor and school enrollment. The author used data from an annual Indonesian national survey to estimate an instrumental variable (IV) regression model to examine if scholarship receipt affected school enrollment, and probit models to examine the effects on child labor and school attendance. The study found that the receipt of a scholarship was significantly associated with a decrease in child labor and an increase in school attendance. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the author did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before receiving the JPS in the probit model and no evidence was provided on the strength of the instrument used in the IV model. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) scholarship program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Jaring Prengaman Sosial","Child labor Tuition assistance","Other, Low income",,International,2007,https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8f79/add16372936ea1e388e3a9c82e320435a87d.pdf,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Comm. and Tech. ABE]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Comm. and Tech. ABE]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical Colleges Adult Basic Education (ABE) program on the employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt of low-income adults. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt between those who took part in the ABE program relative to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for Labor Exchange services, ABE program participants had higher employment and earnings, and lower public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ABE program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Community and Technical Colleges Adult Basic Education (ABE) Program","Other training and education","Adult, Unemployed",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Final evaluation report of the SSI Work Incentives Demonstration Project","Kregel, J. (2006). Final evaluation report of the SSI Work Incentives Demonstration Project. Richmond, VA: State Partnership Systems Change Initiative Project Office, Virginia Commonwealth University.","Disability Employment Policy","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-No impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to measure employment and earnings impacts for the four State Partnership Initiative (SPI) sites that implemented the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Work Incentives Demonstration Project, also known as the SSI Waiver Demonstration Project. The author compared the outcomes of SSI Waiver Demonstration Project participants with those of nonparticipants using data from SPI project offices and Unemployment Insurance (UI) administrative records. The study found that during the intervention delivery period, SSI Waiver Demonstration Project participants’ earnings increased relative to (1) people at the same sites who chose not to participate in the demonstration and (2) people at other SPI sites that did not implement the demonstration. The quality of the causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study was a nonexperimental analysis that did not include adequate controls for underlying differences between the groups being compared. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the SSI Waiver Demonstration Project. Other factors are likely to have contributed.","the SSI Work Incentives Demonstration Project","Supplemental security income (SSI)",Disability,,"United States",2006,http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ua…,"Disability Employment Policy Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [WIA Youth]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Youth]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth program on the employment rate and earnings of low-income youth. The authors used a nonexperimental method to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefits receipt between those who took part in the WIA Youth program relative to those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for Labor Exchange services, WIA Youth program participants had lower employment, with mixed findings for earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Youth program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Youth Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Youth programs Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Youth, Low income",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Dislocated Workers]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Dislocated Worker Program had higher employment and earnings, although the findings for public benefit receipt were mixed. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Adult, Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [Community and Technical College Worker Retraining Program]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Mixed impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Community and Technical College (CTC) Worker Retraining program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of long-term unemployed and dislocated workers in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the CTC Worker Retraining program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those in the comparison group, participants in the CTC Worker Retraining program had higher employment and earnings, and lower public benefits receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to CTC Worker Retraining program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","Community and Technical College Worker Retraining (CTC WR) Program","Community college education and other classroom training Other training and education","Dislocated or displaced worker, Unemployed",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).","Wilson-Brewster, V.L. (2006). A comparison of two Welfare-to-Work strategies among African American women in Atlanta, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the effectiveness of two welfare-to-work programs—the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) program and the Human Capital Development (HCD) program—on the employment and earnings of African American women 25, 35, and 45 years old in Atlanta. The author analyzed a subsample of participants in the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) study. The study was a randomized controlled trial that assigned individuals within a geographic location to one of three groups: LFA, HCD, or a control group. The study found that women in the 35-year-old group who participated in LFA or HCD had higher earnings and needed less time to find a job than those in the other age cohorts. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the study was a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups being compared in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to LFA or HCD programs; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Labor Force Attachment (LFA) and Human Capital Development (HCD)","Other employment and reemployment Other training and education","Female, Black or African American, Low income, Parent",,"United States, Urban",2006,,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador","Schady, N. & Araujo, M. C. (2006). Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3930. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452  ","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program on child labor and school enrollment for children 6-17 years old. The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare the outcomes of children in households assigned to participate in the program to outcomes of those who did not participate. The study found a significant relationship between being selected for the BDH program and whether children worked and hours per week children worked; both were significantly lower for those in the treatment group than those in the control group. The study also found that children selected into the BDH program had significantly higher rates of school enrollment and significantly lower rates of having dropped out since the program began. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) program","Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2006,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8452,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., & Huang, W-J. (2006). Net impact and benefit-cost estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute technical report no. TR06-020). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Unfavorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program on the employment rate, earnings, and public benefit receipt of low-income adults in Washington State. The authors used a nonexperimental design to compare the short-term (3 quarters after program exit) and long-term (9 to 12 quarters after program exit) employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt between those who took part in the WIA Adult Program and those who registered for employment services at the state Labor Exchange. The study found that, compared with those who registered for services at the Labor Exchange, participants in the WIA Adult Program had higher employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors compared the treatment and comparison groups at different follow-up points and the groups were therefore not equivalent. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed. This study also examined the effectiveness of other workforce development programs. Please click here to find CLEAR profiles of those studies.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Adult and Dislocated Worker programs Job search assistance and supportive services Labor Exchange Other employment and reemployment Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Other training and education","Unemployed, Low income",,"United States",2006,http://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=up_technica…,"Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training, Job Search Assistance Review Protocol" "Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Hollenbeck, K., Schroeder, D., King, C., & Huang, W. (2005). Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. [WIA Dislocated Worker]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program’s core, intensive, and training services on the employment rate, earnings, and benefits receipt of low-income dislocated workers ages 22 to 64. The authors established three treatment groups based on the level of WIA services used and matched them to three comparison groups that participated in Employment Services (ES) and/or the core WIA services. The study found that the employment rate and average quarterly earnings were significantly higher for those in each of the treatment groups compared with their matched comparison groups. Benefit receipt was also significantly lower for those in the treatment groups than in their comparison groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Dislocated Worker Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Dislocated Worker Program","Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Dislocated or displaced worker",,"United States",2005,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Net%20Impact%20Estimates%20f…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Barriers to employment for out-of-school youth: Evidence from a sample of recent CET applicants.","Miller, C., & Porter, K. (2005). Barriers to employment for out-of-school youth: Evidence from a sample of recent CET applicants. MDRC working paper. New York: MDRC.","Opportunities for Youth","Study Type: Descriptive Analysis",,,"Summary: This report describes the associations between barriers to employment and employment outcomes of a sample of applicants in the Center for Employment Training (CET) replication sites. The CET program provided an intensive, short-term job training program for economically disadvantaged out-of-school youth that was designed to mirror the workplace. The overall impact of CET on youths’ employment outcomes is described in a different report (see CLEAR profile of Miller et al. 2005). This report described whether three barriers to employment—(1) lack of a high school diploma or general education development (GED) certificate, (2) childbearing, and (3) arrests—were associated with lower employment rates, and whether lower employment rates stemmed from employment instability or a longer length of time needed to find a job. The authors used data from the 54-month survey of CET applicants from the impact evaluation. For that evaluation, eligible youth were randomly assigned to receive CET services or to the control group, which was ineligible for CET services. The authors found that youth who did not finish high school or obtain a GED were less successful in the labor market than those who received a high school credential. Wages for dropouts were lower on average and dropouts worked less than high school graduates and GED recipients. Among male dropouts, job instability contributed to low average employment rates; for female dropouts, both job instability and longer spells of unemployment contributed to low employment rates. Having children at study entry was not associated with poorer employment outcomes for males or females. However, young men who had arrest records faced substantial challenges in finding jobs and were more likely to work in lower quality jobs in the retail or service industries than those without arrest records.","the Center for Employment Training (CET) Replication","Basic skills Job search assistance and supportive services Other training and education Work based and other occupational training Youth programs","Youth, Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2005,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_24.pdf,"Opportunities for Youth Review Protocol" "The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor marker outcomes","Dyke, A., Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2005). The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor marker outcomes. Institute for Research on Poverty, 1295(5). [Missouri]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of Missouri’s welfare-to-work program training activities on the quarterly earnings of women ages 18 to 65 years in single-parent households who were cash recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Using data from the state’s administrative records and unemployment insurance program, the authors compared the quarterly earnings of women who took part in the training activities with those who enrolled in the welfare-to-work program but never took part in any of the training. The study found that those taking part in the training activities experienced an initial (quarter 1) reduction in their quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in the training activities. However, both cumulative (based on all 16 quarters of follow-up) and average (based on quarters 11 to 15) quarterly earnings increased for those who took part in the training activities compared with those who did not. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the welfare-to-work program training activities, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services","Female, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://repec.iza.org/dp1520.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. [WIA Adult]","Hollenbeck, K., Schroeder, D., King, C., & Huang, W. (2005). Net impact estimates for services provided through the Workforce Investment Act. ETA Occasional Paper 2005-06. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. [WIA Adult]","Apprenticeship and Work-Based Training","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Employment-Low-Favorable impacts Employment Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program’s core, intensive, and training services on the employment rate, earnings, and benefits receipt of low-income adults ages 22 to 64. The authors established three treatment groups based on the level of WIA services used and matched them to three comparison groups that participated in Employment Services (ES) and/or the core WIA services. The study found that the employment rate and average quarterly earnings were significantly higher for those in each of the treatment groups compared with their matched comparison groups. Benefits receipt was also significantly lower for those in the treatment groups than in their comparison groups. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the WIA Adult Program; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult Program","Job search assistance and supportive services Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Workforce Investment Act (WIA)/Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) training programs","Low-skilled, Low income",,"United States",2005,https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/Net%20Impact%20Estimates%20f…,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes","Dyke, A., Heinrich, C., Mueser, P., & Troske, K. (2005). The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes. Institute for Research on Poverty, 1295(5). [North Carolina]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Mod/high-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of North Carolina’s welfare-to-work program training activities on the quarterly earnings of women ages 18 to 65 years in single-parent households who were cash recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Using data from the state’s administrative records and unemployment insurance program, the authors compared the quarterly earnings of women who took part in the training activities with those who enrolled in the welfare-to-work program but never took part in any of the training. The study found that those taking part in any of the training activities experienced an initial (quarter 1) reduction in their quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in the training activities. However, those who took part in the assessment or intensive training activities experienced an increase in both their cumulative (based on 16 quarters of follow-up) and average (based on quarters 11 to 15 of follow-up) quarterly earnings, compared with those who did not take part in any training activities. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is moderate because it was based on a well-implemented nonexperimental design. This means we are somewhat confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the welfare-to-work program, but other factors might also have contributed.","the Welfare-to-Work Program","Job search assistance and supportive services","Female, Low income, Parent",,"United States",2005,http://repec.iza.org/dp1520.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol" "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers","Galiani, S., & McEwan, P. J. (2013). The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers. Journal of Public Economics, 103, 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004","Child Labor","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Child labor-Low-Favorable impacts Child labor Education and skills gains-Low-Favorable impacts Education and skills gains","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Honduran Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF-II) conditional cash transfer program on child labor and school enrollment. The authors used census data from a randomized sample of municipalities to compare the outcomes of children who received the conditional cash transfer to those who did not. The authors used statistical models to estimate program effects. The study found a significant relationship between the PRAF-II and child labor, with work outside the home decreasing by 3 percentage points and work inside the home decreasing by 4 percentage points. Program participation was also significantly related to an 8-percentage point increase in school enrollment. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it is a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition and the authors did not account for preexisting differences between the groups before program participation. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the Programa de Asignación Familiar; other factors are likely to have contributed.",,"Compensation and Workplace Conditions Other Worker Protections Child labor","Other, Low income",,International,2003,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.04.004,"Child Labor Review Protocol" "The effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A longitudinal model analysis","Moon, S., Chung, K, & Yang, D. (2003). The effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A longitudinal model analysis. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs, 20(4), 433-445.","Employer Compliance","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Employment-Low-Mixed impacts Employment","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), both the original 1992 legislation and its 1994 extension, on working hours and employment among men with disabilities.  The authors applied a multiple regression model to panel data from the 1989–1995 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The study found that working hours and employment decreased on average among all men with disabilities, regardless of their labor force participation, relative to men without disabilities after the ADA was first implemented in 1992. In contrast, relative working hours and employment increased for labor force participants who self-reported a disability after the law’s 1994 extension went into effect. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because the authors did not control for possible disparities in pre-intervention trends in working hours and employment among men with and without disabilities. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to the ADA; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990","Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)","Disability, Male",,"United States",2003,,"Employer Compliance Review Protocol" "Improving basic skills: The effects of adult education in welfare-to-work programs","Bos, J. M., Scrivener, S., Snipes, J., Hamilton, G., Schwartz, C., & Walter, J. (2002). Improving basic skills: The effects of adult education in welfare-to-work programs. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.","Literacy, Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence","Earnings and wages-Low-Favorable impacts Earnings and wages Public benefits receipt-Low-Favorable impacts Public benefit receipt","Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of both education- and employment-focused welfare-to-work programs on earnings and public benefit receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in seven geographic areas. The authors randomly assigned welfare recipients to the treatment condition (an education-focused intervention or an employment-focused intervention) or the control group. The study sample included a subset of welfare recipients who lacked a high school diploma or GED. The study found that participation in the welfare-to-work programs significantly increased earnings and reduced public benefit receipt and that participation in the employment-focused programs had a greater impact on earnings. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because it was based on a randomized controlled trial with unknown attrition, and the authors did not ensure that the groups being compared were similar before the intervention. This means we are not confident that the effects are attributable the education-focused or employment-focused interventions; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Education-Focused and Employment-Focused Interventions","Basic skills Other training and education","Adult, Low income",,"United States",2002,https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERIC-ED464267/pdf/ERIC-ED464267.pdf,"Literacy, Low-Income Adults Review Protocol" "Final report on the implementation and impacts of the Minnesota Family Investment Program in Ramsey County. [MFIP-R versus AFDC, single parents in the early cohort]","Auspos, P., Miller, C., & Hunter, J. A. (2000). Final report on the implementation and impacts of the Minnesota Family Investment Program in Ramsey County. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. [MFIP-R versus AFDC, single parents in the early cohort]","Low-Income Adults","Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis","Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence",,"Summary: The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Minnesota Family Investment Program of Ramsey County (MFIP-R), a precursor to the national Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, on participants’ employment, earnings, and benefit receipt. The authors used a randomized controlled trial design, assigning eligible families to either MFIP-R or existing services. Employment, earnings, and benefit receipt data were collected quarterly from Minnesota’s Unemployment Insurance earnings and public assistance benefit records. This review was conducted in collaboration with the Employment Strategies for Low-Income Adults Evidence Review (ESER). Because ESER did not report findings for studies that received a low causal evidence rating, this CLEAR profile does not report the findings either. The quality of causal evidence presented in this report is low because assignment to condition was not fully random, and the authors did not account for potential pre-existing differences in group characteristics in their analysis. This means we are not confident that the estimated effects are attributable to MFIP-R; other factors are likely to have contributed.","the Minnesota Family Investment Program of Ramsey County (MFIP-R)","Job search assistance and supportive services Other employment and reemployment","Low income, Parent",,"United States",2000,http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_364.pdf,"Employment and Training Review Protocol"